Ntau Thiab Dissociable Effects Of Sensory History On Working-Memory Performance Part 2
Dec 19, 2023
MEG kev yuav khoom
Cov neeg koom tau zaum hauv MEG scanner tom qab tau qhia txog cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Lawv ua tiav ib qho kev xyaum thaiv thaum zaum hauv lub scanner ua ntej MEG kaw qhov pib.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) yog cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no uas tuaj yeem kaw tib neeg lub hlwb ua haujlwm thiab cov teeb liab neural. Nws tau siv dav hauv kev tshawb fawb txog neuroscience, kuaj mob thiab kho cov kab mob neurological, thiab lwm yam. Los ntawm kev xav ntawm kev nco, magnetoencephalography tuaj yeem pab peb delve tob rau hauv tib neeg lub cim xeeb mechanisms thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hlwb.
Los ntawm kev siv magnetoencephalography, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua qee qhov kev tshawb pom txog kev nco. Piv txwv li, lawv pom cov cheeb tsam hauv lub hlwb koom nrog kev ua haujlwm thiab kev nco mus ntev, xws li prefrontal cortex, temporal lobe, thiab hippocampus. Tsis tas li ntawd, magnetoencephalography tuaj yeem kuaj pom qhov txawv txav hauv lub hlwb kev ua haujlwm nrog kev nco, xws li Alzheimer's disease. Yog li ntawd, cov cuab yeej siv no muaj ntau yam kev cia siab rau kev kuaj mob thiab kho cov teeb meem nco.
Ntxiv nrog rau qhov muaj peev xwm kho tau zoo, magnetoencephalography tseem tuaj yeem pab tib neeg txhim kho lawv txoj kev nco. Los ntawm kev nkag siab yuav ua li cas peb lub hlwb ua cov ntaub ntawv thiab khaws cia, peb tuaj yeem nkag siab zoo txog kev kawm thiab kev nco qab zoo dua. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom qee qhov kev qhia paub txog kev nco, xws li rov ua dua thiab koom nrog, uas tuaj yeem pab peb khaws cov ntaub ntawv zoo dua.
Nyob rau hauv luv luv, magnetoencephalography yog ib tug technology ze ze rau kev tshawb fawb nco. Nws tuaj yeem ua qhov kev tshawb nrhiav qhov tob ntawm peb lub cim xeeb thiab lub hlwb hauv cheeb tsam, pab daws cov teeb meem nco thiab txhim kho kev nco. Cia peb nquag tshawb nrhiav thiab kawm kom zoo dua los siv lub peev xwm ntawm magnetoencephalography los pab peb nkag siab zoo dua thiab siv peb lub hlwb. Nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho kev nco, thiab Cistanche deserticola tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco, vim Cistanche deserticola tseem tuaj yeem tswj hwm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov neurotransmitters, xws li nce qib ntawm acetylcholine thiab kev loj hlob. Cov khoom no tseem ceeb heev rau kev nco thiab kev kawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, Nqaij kuj tuaj yeem txhim kho cov ntshav khiav thiab txhawb nqa cov pa oxygen, uas tuaj yeem ua kom lub hlwb tau txais cov as-ham txaus thiab lub zog, yog li txhim kho lub hlwb tseem ceeb thiab kev ua siab ntev.
Nyem paub txoj hauv kev los txhim kho lub hlwb
Cov neeg koom nrog tau qhia kom lawv saib xyuas ntawm qhov chaw teeb tsa hauv nruab nrab thiab kom txo qis blinking thoob plaws qhov kev sim.
Cov ntaub ntawv Neuromagnetic tau txais los ntawm kev siv tag nrho-lub taub hau VectorViewsystem suav nrog 204 cov phiaj xwm gradiometers thiab 102 magnetometers (Elekta Neuromag Oy) hauv chav sib nqus hlau nplaum.
Thoob plaws hauv qhov kev sim, cov neeg koom nrog lub taub hau txoj hauj lwm tau saib xyuas txuas ntxiv siv cov ntsuas ntsuas coils tso rau ntawm plaub lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub taub hau. Magnetic fieldstrength raug coj mus kuaj ntawm tus nqi ntawm 1000 Hz thiab bandpass lim online ntawm 0.03 thiab 300 Hz. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntsug thiab kab rov tav electro-oculograms tau ntsuas siv cov electrodes tso rau saum toj, hauv qab, thiab nyob ib sab ntawm lub qhov muag. Qhov muag txav tau saib xyuas siv EyeLink 1000 (SR Research) qhov muag tracker ntawm zaus ntawm 1000 Hz.
MEG cov ntaub ntawv ua ntej
Cov ntaub ntawv tau ua ntej offline siv Fieldtrip (Oostenveld li al., 2011), OHBA software tsev qiv ntawv (OSL) kos duab ntawm SPM8 (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spam), thiab Elekta software.
Ua ntej ua ntej ua ntej, cov ntaub ntawv MEG tau pom qhov muag kom tshem tawm thiab cuam tshuam cov kev cuam tshuam uas pom ntau lub suab nrov thiab tau tom qab de-noised thiab cov lus tsa suab-kho siv Maxfilter Signal SpaceSeparation (Taulu li al., 2004) ua ntej tshem tawm cov khoom ywj pheej ntsig txog plawv. thiab qhov muag-blink artifacts.
Cov ntaub ntawv tau epochedaround thawj grating thiab thib ob grating (los ntawm 400 ms ua ntej grating pib mus rau 900 ms tom qab pib) thiab downsampled mus rau 200 Hz. Trialswith high variance nyob rau hauv gradiometers los yog magnetometers tau txheeb xyuas thiab tsis suav nrog ib tug generalized ESD (extreme studentsized deviation; Rosner, 1983) xeem ntawm 0.05 qhov tseem ceeb pib.
Rau kev ntsuam xyuas kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm kev sib tw, peb tau cob qhia tus txheej txheem ntawm txhua qhov kev nthuav qhia txhawb nqa los ntawm txhua qhov kev sim tsis raug lees paub. Txij li thaum peb tsis suav nrog kev sim siab nrog qhov sib txawv siab (7.49 6 3.85%, txhais tau tias 6 SD, sib xws rau 45 6 23 kev nthuav qhia kev txhawb nqa) los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas ntxiv, tus txheej txheem tau raug tshem tawm ntawm qhov seem 555 6 23 stimulus nthuav qhia.
Ua ntej xam kev tsis ncaj ncees, peb tshem tawm thawj qhov kev sim ntawm txhua qhov thaiv (2%), thiab kev sim nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv nrog lub hom phiaj kev taw qhia ntawm qhov kev sim ua ntej ntawm .60 degree (; 33%), ua rau 370 6 21 kev sim rau qhov no tsom xam rau ib tus neeg koom.
Rau kev soj ntsuam kev tsis ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv, peb tau cob qhia cov neeg faib tawm ntawm txhua qhov kev sim siab uas qhov kev txhawb nqa 2 tau nthuav tawm tshwj tsis yog cov uas tau muab tshem tawm rau qhov sib txawv siab, tawm hauv 278 6 11 kev sim hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam.
Rau qhov kev xam pom tsis zoo, ntawm cov kev sim no peb tau xaiv cov uas stimulus 1 kuj tau nthuav tawm, thiab nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm .10 degree thiab,50 degree ntawm stimuli 1 thiab 2. Tom qab ntawd, qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees tau suav nrog cais rau kev sim nrog kev tiv thaiv thiab hloov tshiab cues, ua rau 62 6 5 thiab 63 6 5 sim, raws li.
Linear discriminant tsom xam kev faib tawm
Cov ntaub ntawv tau ua ntej ua ntej. Magnitudes ntawm magnetometers tau kwv yees sib npaug rau gradiometers los ntawm kev sib npaug (yam 20) thiab raug rau kev txiav txim siab spatiotemporal (code muaj nyob ntawm https://pypi.org/project/temp-dec/; raws li tau piav qhia yav dhau los, Wolff li al., 2017, 2020; Hajonides et al., 2021). Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm tag nrho 306 MEG sensors thoob plaws lub qhov rais swb ntawm 30- lub sijhawm cov ntsiab lus (150 ms) tau muab sib xyaw ua ke rau hauv 9180- vector vector.
Dimensionality raug txo los ntawm kev tsom xam cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, xam cais rau txhua lub sij hawm taw tes, tswj 90% ntawm qhov sib txawv (nruab nrab ntawm 250 thiab 600 ms, qhov no yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 209 6 39 cov khoom rau ib tus neeg koom, txhais tau tias 6 SD).
Qhov no tau ua haujlwm rau de-suab nrov cov ntaub ntawv, nce qhov sib txawv tshwj xeeb encoded los ntawm txhua qhov loj me, thiab pab kom cov chav kawm suav nrog kev sib txawv matrices zoo dua. Prestimulusbaselining tsis tau siv los tswj cov ntaub ntawv ruaj khov los ntawm kev nthuav tawm yav dhau los.
Txhawm rau cob qhia ib qho kev cais cais tawm (LDA) cais tawm, cov ntaub ntawv tau muab faib rau hauv kev cob qhia thiab kev sim cov txheej txheem siv {{0}}fold stratified cross-validation. Grating lub kaum sab xis tau muab tso rau hauv qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, tsim 10 chav kawm sib txawv (0-18 degree, 18-36 degree, 36-54 degree, 54-72 degree, 72-90 degree, 90-108 degree, 108-126 degree, 126-144 degree, 144-162 degree, 162-180 degree). Txhawm rau cob qhia LDA classifier, cov ntaub ntawv tau muab faib ua cov kev cob qhia thiab kev sim siv 10-fold stratifiedcross-validation.
Raws li cov txheej txheem kev cob qhia, LDA classifier project cov ntaub ntawv mus rau hauv qhov chaw qis (ntawm cuaj qhov ntev; tus naj npawb ntawm cov chav kawm rho tawm 1) uas sib cais cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm 10 chav kawm. Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov ntawv xeem tau muab tso rau hauv tib yam {{ 3}}dimensionalspace. Peb tau txais 10 LDA qhov kev ncua deb rau txhua qhov kev sim hauv qhov kev sim ntsuas los ntawm kev suav nws Euclidean deb ntawm txhua qhov kev cob qhia cov chav kawm txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv qhov chaw qis.
Qhov kev ncua deb no tso cai rau peb los kwv yees qhov yuav tshwm sim uas ib qho kev sim sim tau sib raug rau txhua qhov ntawm kaum chav kawm.Qhov no tau rov ua dua rau txhua qhov kev sib tw sib tw thiab txhua lub sijhawm. Instimulus decoding analyses, lub kaum sab xis nthuav tawm tau siv rau kev faib tawm.
Hauv kev txheeb xyuas kev txiav txim siab, LDA classifiers tau kawm txog kev taw qhia ntawm ib qho kev tshwm sim (piv txwv li, nthuav tawm grating) tab sis cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj sib txawv nyob ib puag ncig cov khoom ntawm lwm qhov kev taw qhia (piv txwv li, lub hom phiaj kev taw qhia ntawm kev sim yav dhau los). Cov txiaj ntsig sawv cev zoo sib xws nkhaus tau sib xyaw nrog cosine.
Txhawm rau kuaj seb lub ntsuas ntsuas twg tau ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws rau cov khoom lag luam zoo li tau pom hauv peb txoj hauv kev sib txawv, peb kuj tau khiav ib qho kev ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas (Kriegeskorte li al., 2006).
Hauv qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no, weiteratively suav tias yog ib pawg me me ntawm cov sensors thiab yog li tuaj yeem ua qhov kwv yees qhov chaw ntawm cov txiaj ntsig pom. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, peb tau xaiv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm txhua lub sensor ntxiv rau nws 47 cov neeg nyob sib ze uas nyob ib sab (magnetometers thiab gradiometers suav nrog) thiab tau khiav tib qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas raws li tau piav qhia saum toj no.
Kev suav ntawm neural asymmetry qhab nia raws li kev ntsuas ntawm neural bias
Rau kev tsis ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv kev sim siab, peb tau soj ntsuam qhov ua tiav ntawm qhov thib ob grating thiab tsuas yog txiav txim siab ob yam khoom sim. Tus classifier tau kawm txog tag nrho cov kev nthuav qhia ntawm qhov thib ob grating thiab bin yuav raug tsim rau txhua qhov kev sim. Rau kev ntsuam xyuas nruab nrab ntawm kev sim, peb tau txheeb xyuas cov kev taw qhia ntawm ob qho tib si thawj thiab thib ob grating hauv qhov kev sim tam sim no. Vim li no, wetrained tus classifier ntawm tag nrho cov kev sim thiab generated bin kwv yees rau alltrials.
Tom qab ntawd, raws li cov txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm kev ntsuas kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, peb tau xaiv cov kev sim uas qhov kev ncua deb ntawm qhov inducerand lub grating orientation ntawm cov zaub ua rau muaj kev coj cwj pwm tseem ceeb ntawm pab pawg.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv-kev sim siab phem, theinducer yog qhov taw qhia ntawm thawj grating ntawm tib qhov kev sim. Rau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas nruab nrab ntawm qhov kev sim, tus inducer yog lub hom phiaj taw qhia ntawm qhov kev sim yav dhau los (tshwj tsis yog rau kev tswj xyuas, qhov uas tsis tau tshaj tawm tau siv los ua lub hom phiaj). Raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, peb tau txiav txim siab qhov kev kwv yees qhov tshwm sim rau txhua qhov kev taw qhia rau hauv, qhov twg peb cia siab tias yuav muaj feem ntau tshaj plaws rau lub angular bin uas muaj pes tsawg offset rau qhov kev taw qhia nthuav tawm thiab txo qis qhov tshwm sim rau cov bins nrog loj angular nrug rau qhov nthuav qhia.
Peb cais cov kev kwv yees zoo li kev kwv yees rau kev sim uas qhov inducer orientation yog clockwise (CW) piv rau counterclockwise (CCW) txog qhov kev taw qhia tam sim no. Rau ob qho tib si CW thiab CCW kev sim, peb cais qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov pov thawj los ntawm kev taw qhia bins CW (72 degree txog 18 degree) thiab pov thawj los ntawm CCW bins (18 degree txog 72 degree ).
Asymmetry cov qhab nia raug xam los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm ob pawg ntawm cov angular bins (CWminus CCW). Thaum kawg, peb suav tag nrho cov qhab nia neural bias los ntawm rho tawm cov qhab nia asymmetry ntawm kev sim nrog CW piv rau CCW inducers.
Qhov ntxim nyiam ntawm neural biases ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo (piv txwv li, kev sim nrog CWangular nrug tau ua rau muaj pov thawj CW ntau dua, CCW angular nrug ua rau muaj pov thawj CCW ntau), qhov kev xav tsis zoo ntawm neural biases ua rau qhov tsis zoo (piv txwv li, CW angular nrug ua rau muaj pov thawj tsawgCW ntau dua. CCW trials, thiab vice versa).
Kev ntsuam xyuas
Cov ntawv xeem tau suav nrog JASP (JASP Team, 2020) thiab Scipy (Virtanen li al., 2020).
Peb tau sim lub sij hawm series ntawm cosine-convolved classifier pov thawj tiv thaiv xoom siv ib pawg-raws li permutation test, uas hais txog cov teeb meem sib piv ntau (siv MNE; Gramfort li al., 2013). Weran 100, 000 iterations.
Cov pawg nrog cov pab pawg ntawm lub sijhawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm xoom yog qhia hauv cov duab uas siv cov kab kab rov tav. Cluster-based permutation testing kuj tau siv qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws nyob thoob plaws lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov kev taw qhia qhia thiab qhov inducer orientation.
Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm peb qhov kev ntsuam xyuas kev tsis ncaj ncees, peb tau tsim qhov kev faib tawm tom qab txiav txim siab theem. Thaum cov kev sim tau txheeb xyuas raws li kev txheeb ze ntawm qhov kev sim / kev txhawb nqa yav dhau los, peb random kos npe-flipped qhov angular nrug thiab rov xam qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees. Peb suav qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees rau txhua tus neeg koom thiab nruab nrab qhov qhab nia no. Cov txheej txheem no tau rov ua dua 10, 000 zaug, thiab qhov kev faib tawm tau qhab nia z.
Qhov kev hloov pauv z-cov qhab nia zoo ib yam tau siv rau qhov pom kev tsis ncaj ncees thaum tsis muaj kev kos npe-flipping raug siv. Qhov z qhab nia no tuaj yeem siv tau kom tau txais (ob-tailed) p-tus nqi ntawm cov txiaj ntsig qub txheeb ze rau kev faib tawm (hauv txhua qhov qhia txog lub sijhawm nruab nrab, lub sijhawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm 250 thiab 600 ms tau siv).
Tag nrho cov kev ntsuam xyuas yog ob tog tshwj tsis yog hais tias lwm yam.
Cov txiaj ntsig
Cov nqi yuam kev
Cov neeg koom ua ke tau raug tsim kho lub hom phiaj kev taw qhia (txhais tau tias teb yuam kev 11.73 6 0.70 degree SEM; txhais tau tias SD 17.61 61.07 degree SEM; saib Table 1 rau kev ua tau zoo-zoo). Ib qho ob-los ntawm ob qhov rov ua dua-kev ntsuas ANOVA ntawm qhov kev ua yuam kev tau pom cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm hom cue (F(1,19)=16.49, p, 0.001, h2=0.374) thiab ntau yam stimuli nthuav tawm (F(1,19)=29.78, p, 0.001,h2=0.075).
Cue hom yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ob qho tib si ib yam khoom lossis ob yam kev sim, nrog qhov ua yuam kev ntau dua ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm thawj thanon tshaj tawm qhov kev sim thib ob rau ob qhov kev sim (t(19)=3.972,p, {{6} }. 18.883 ib.). Los ntawm qhov sib txawv, ntau yam khoom nthuav qhia feem ntau cuam tshuam rau daim ntawv tshaj tawm thawj cov xwm txheej.
Kev ua yuam kev tau siab dua ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm thawj ob tshaj li kev tshaj tawm thawj qhov kev sim ib yam (t(19)=5.665, p, 0.001, d=1.267) tab sis tsis tau zoo heev sib txawv ntawm daim ntawv qhia thib ob-yam khoom thiab tshaj tawm thib ob ib-yam sim (t(19)=1.885, p=0.075,d=0.421), ua rau muaj qhov tseem ceeb kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ob yam (F(1,19)=10.90, p=0.004, h2=0.026).
Kev tshuaj xyuas kev siv cov qauv kev sib xyaw (Bays li al., 2009) tau lees paub tias qhov ua yuam kev los ntawm cov lus teb rau qhov kev taw qhia tsis raug grating tsis tshua muaj (swap tus nqi ntawm 0.033 6 0.01 ntawm ob qhov kev sim; seealso Huang , 2020).
Kev ua haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg hauv kev sim siab
Peb tau txheeb xyuas qhov tsis txaus ntseeg nyob rau hauv kev sim siab hauv kev coj tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas seb qhov kev qhia qhia tau qhia tau zoo npaum li cas los ze dua lossis ntxiv kom deb ntawm qhov kev taw qhia uas tsis yog lub hom phiaj ntawm tib qhov kev sim (saib Cov Khoom Siv thiab Cov Txheej Txheem).
Peb txwv qhov kev txheeb xyuas rau ob yam khoom sim. Daim duab 2A qhia txog kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo rau txhua qhov kev sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm thawj thiab thib ob grating orientation rau kev tshaj tawm thawj zaug thiab tshaj tawm cov kev sim thib ob.Nyob rau hauv kev sim nrog tshaj tawm thawj cues, tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau lossis deb ntawm qhov cuam tshuam thib ob grating orientation uas tsis cuam tshuam rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm tes (t(19)=0.74, p=0.467).
Hauv qhov sib piv, kev sim nrog cov ntawv tshaj tawm thib ob tau qhia qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tseem ceeb ntawm qhov pib nkag mus rau thawj qhov kev taw qhia grating (t(19)=2.33, p=0.031; illustrated nyob rau hauv daim duab 2B). Daim ntawv ceeb toom kev tsis txaus ntseeg thib ob tau lees paub tias siv qhov kev sim ua raws li pawg, uas qhia cov pawg tseem ceeb (p=0.012) thaum lub kaum sab xis ntawm ob qhov kev taw qhia yog nruab nrab ntawm 10 degree thiab 49 degree (Fig. 2A).
Txaus siab rau kev ua haujlwm tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev sim siab
Peb tom ntej no tau soj ntsuam qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov kev tsis txaus siab ntawm cov lus teb hauv qhov kev sim tam sim no mus rau qhov kev taw qhia uas tau hais txog qhov kev sim ua dhau los (Daim duab 3). Peb tau soj ntsuam qhov kev ua tsis zoo raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub hom phiaj grating ntawm qhov tam sim no thiab ntawm qhov kev sim dhau los.
Kev tsom xam kuj tau txiav txim siab txoj haujlwm ntawm lub hom phiaj grating hauv qhov kev sim tam sim no (thawj lossis thib ob) thiab tom qab ntawd cov khoom ntawm qhov kev sim tam sim no (ib yam khoom lossis ob yam khoom). Forconsistency, peb hais tag nrho cov kev sim siab uas cov neeg tuaj koom qhia qhov firstgrating orientation qhia thawj qhov kev sim thiab cov kev sim uas cov neeg tuaj koom qhia qhov thib ob orientation qhia thib ob sim, tsis hais tus naj npawb ntawm gratings qhia.
Ntxiv dua thiab, peb suav cov sumof cov kev tsis ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv angular nrug ntawm lub hom phiaj nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no thiab yav dhau los sim (Fig. 3A, B). Hauv qhov sib piv rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg uas tau piav qhia nyob rau hauv ntu dhau los, peb pom tias txhua qhov xwm txheej tau qhia txog kev ua tau zoo txaus nyiam (tag nrho p, 0.05 hauv ob-sidedstatistical tests). Qhov zoo nkauj serial bias yog feem ntau pronounced rau me me mus rau nruab nrab angular nrug ntawm lub inducer thiab tam sim no orientation (0-60 degree).
Ib qho kev ntsuas rov ua dua ANOVAon qhov suav ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees thoob plaws qhov kev ncua deb tau qhia tias muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cue hom, nrog kev tsis ncaj ncees loj dua tshwm sim hauv kev tshaj tawm thawj qhov kev sim (F(1,19)=5.706, p=0.027, h2=0.172), tab sis tsis yog ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm gratings nthuav tawm hauv kev sim (F(1,19)=0.980, p=0.335, h2 =0 .007). Ob yam tsis cuam tshuam (F(1,19)=0.377, p=0.547,h{23}}.002). Qhov no qhia tau hais tias qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees muaj zog dua thaum rov hais dua thawj yam khoom, uas tau muab zais ze dua rau lub sijhawm rau kev sim ua ntej.
For more information:1950477648nn@gmail.com
