Microglial Adenosine Receptors: Los ntawm Preconditioning Rau Modulating M1 / M2 Qhov Sib Nqus hauv Cov Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob Part 3
Mar 01, 2024
Nws yog qhov paub zoo tias kev txhim kho ntawm lub paj hlwb xav tau qhov programmeddeath ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov neurons [137]. Tsawg qhov paub zoo yog tias kev tuag neuronal yog txoj kev ua neej nyob mus ib txhis.
Lub paj hlwb yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Nws yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tswj hwm ntau yam kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev thiab lub siab lub ntsws ntawm tib neeg lub cev, ib qho ntawm cov cim xeeb. Tib neeg lub cim xeeb tseem ceeb heev, nws cuam tshuam rau peb lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab kev nco kuj tseem muaj nqis ntxiv.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub paj hlwb hauv kev nco yog feem ntau xav txog hauv ob yam:
Ua ntej, neurons tsim complex neural tes hauj lwm los ntawm kev txuas txuas ntxiv thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv. Cov tes hauj lwm no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim, khaws cia, thiab rov qab nco tau. Nco yog ib daim ntawv ntawm neural network. Thaum peb kawm paub tshiab lossis paub txog yam tshiab, kev sib txuas thiab kev sib kis ntawm cov neurons yuav hloov. Qhov kev hloov pauv no tso cai rau cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia zoo dua thiab rov qab tau txhua lub sijhawm. tawm tuaj. Yog li ntawd, kev noj qab haus huv ntawm neural networks yog qhov tseem ceeb los xyuas kom meej tias peb lub cim xeeb tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntxiv.
Qhov thib ob, lub paj hlwb tseem cuam tshuam rau peb lub cim xeeb los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neurotransmitters. Muaj ntau ntau hom neurotransmitters hauv tib neeg lub cev, xws li acetylcholine, dopamine, thiab lwm yam, thiab lawv qhov kev tso tawm thiab kev ua haujlwm yuav cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau peb lub cim xeeb. Piv txwv li, acetylcholine yog ib qho tseem ceeb neurotransmitter uas cuam tshuam rau kev nco. Nws tso tawm yuav ua rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov neurons los ze zog, yog li ua kom cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia thiab khaws cov ntaub ntawv nco.
Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias lub paj hlwb noj qab haus huv tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kab mob Alzheimer. Alzheimer's kab mob feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm kev tuag ntawm cov neurons hauv lub hlwb thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov neurons. Kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub paj hlwb tuaj yeem ua rau cov txheej txheem no qeeb thiab tiv thaiv kev nco ntawm cov neeg laus.
Nyob rau hauv luv luv, kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab nco yog heev ze. Kev sib txuas ntawm cov neurons thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neurotransmitters yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kev sib txuas ntawm kev nco thiab cuam tshuam kev nco. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tsum tau xyuam xim rau kev tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub paj hlwb, koom nrog kev tawm dag zog ntau dua, thiab ua kom muaj kev noj qab haus huv zoo los tswj peb lub cim xeeb zoo thiab tag nrho lub neej zoo. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho kev nco, thiab Cistanche deserticola tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco, vim Cistanche deserticola tseem tuaj yeem tswj hwm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov neurotransmitters, xws li nce qib ntawm acetylcholine thiab kev loj hlob. Cov khoom no tseem ceeb heev rau kev nco thiab kev kawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, Cistanche deserticola kuj tseem tuaj yeem txhim kho cov ntshav khiav thiab txhawb nqa cov pa oxygen, uas tuaj yeem ua kom lub hlwb tau txais cov as-ham txaus thiab lub zog, yog li txhim kho lub hlwb tseem ceeb thiab kev ua siab ntev.
Nyem paub cov tshuaj ntxiv los txhawb kev nco
Tseeb tiag, cov tib neeg uas muaj qaug dab peg qaug dab peg poob neuronsin txhua ntu [138,139]. Tab sis, kuj, cov tib neeg noj qab haus huv zoo li poob cov neurons tom qab. Hmoov zoo, kev poob ntawm neurons ib se tsis ua rau muaj kab mob, txawm tias vim muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv cov kab mob neural lossis vim kev tuag neuronal tsis yog tsom rau thaj tsam tshwj xeeb.
Redundancy kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv lub cev muaj zog tswj circuits ntawm basal ganglia vim nws kwv yees tias cov tsos mob ntawm cov neeg mob Parkinsonian tshwm sim thaum tus naj npawb ntawm nigral hlwb poob yog 70%.
Hnub nyoog yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov kab mob CNS neurodegenerative feem ntau, Parkinson's thiab Alzheimer's. Yog li ntawd, kev poob ntawm cov neurons nyob rau hauv CNS ntawm cov neeg laus tsis ua rau cov kab mob hauv lub cev laus tab sis yuav ua rau cov kab mob neurodegenerative uas tsis muaj kev kho mob. Muaj ob peb txoj kev kho mob tsis zoo los tiv thaiv Alzheimer's lossis Huntington's kab mob.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Parkinsonism, kev ua hauj lwm thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm Hornykiewicz thiab cov npoj yaig tau tso cai rau kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov poob ntawm dopaminein qee lub hlwb ntawm cov neeg mob. Lawv pom lub hlwb tsis zoo ntawm dopamine thiab qhia txog kev kho mob nrog cov neeg ua ntej ntawm cov neurotransmitter, levodopa (L-DOPA).
L-DOPA tseem siv niaj hnub no los kho cov tsos mob PD tab sis, hmoov tsis, nws tsis ncua kev kis kab mob. Qhov teeb meem yog, yog li ntawd, yuav ua li cas them taus neuroprotectionin neurodegenerative kab mob thiab, thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv cov neeg noj qab nyob zoo nyob ntev.
Ntawm no peb yuav tham txog yuav ua li cas microglia tuaj yeem muaj lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv neuroprotective hauv ob qho tib si physiological thiab pathological laus. Cov teeb meem hauv kev ua kom pom qhov ua tau zoo ntawm neuroprotectioninterventions hauv tib neeg (saib [75]) yog ib lub ntsiab lus kub uas nws qhov kev sib tham yog tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no.6. Ischemic Preconditioning tom qab lub hlwb ischemia
Preconditioning yog ib lub tswv yim los ntawm qhov uas raug kev thuam npaj rau tag nrho lub cev kom zoo dua rau qhov kev thuam thib ob. Rau peb txoj kev paub, nws tau pom thawj zaug hauv cov hlab plawv.
Thaum muaj sia nyob ntawm lub plawv infarction, cov hlab plawv system zoo dua los teb rau qhov thib ob. Qhov kev kho ua ntej no yog kev siv tshuab ua haujlwm nyuaj tab sis adenosine receptors (AR) yog cov tseem ceeb. Qhov no yog tej zaum vim hais tias, nyob rau hauv cov piam thaj thiab / los yog oxygen deprivation, ATP yog nkag mus rau hauv adenosine, uas nws concentration nce nyob rau hauv cov ntshav thiab tej (hauv zos) extracellular ib puag ncig.
Thawj cov txiaj ntsig txuas AR rau kev kho ua ntej hauv ischemic (luav) lub plawv tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo cuaj caum [145]. A1type tau nthuav tawm raws li qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws receptor nyob rau hauv preconditioning [146] tab sis qhov no yog tej zaum vim tsis saib xyuas rau ntau xyoo lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lwm yam AR hom nyob rau hauv lub plawv muaj nuj nqi.
Nyob rau hauv ib tug qauv ntawm ischemia-reperfusion, synergistic kev txiav txim ntawm A1R thiab A2AR agonists oncardioprotection tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv 2010 [147] .Ischemic preconditioning nyob rau hauv lub plawv system prompted cov kws tshawb fawb tsom rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug zoo xws li cov mechanism nyob rau hauv lub ischemic hlwb. Kev tiv thaiv ntawm hippocampal cell tuag tau them los ntawm sub-lethal ischemia yog cov kev tshawb pom ua ntej hauv qhov teeb meem no [148].
Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, nws tau tshaj tawm tias ARs tau koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem ua ntej [149–152].Cov lus nug ntsig txog cov kab lus tam sim no yog seb microglial ARs ua lub luag haujlwm ua ntej. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws tau paub sai sai tias ob qho tib si microglia thiab astroglia ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ischemic preconditioning [153,154]. Txawm hais tias lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm AR inmodulating microglial muaj nuj nqi, cov kev tshawb fawb tsom los teb cov lus nug ntawm kev koom tes ntawm microglial AR nyob rau hauv preconditioning tom qab lub paj hlwb hypoxia yog tsawg [131,155].
Ob leeg microglialARs tsis tseem ceeb rau lub hlwb ischemic preconditioning los yog ua hauj lwm muaj feem xyuam rau lub ischemic brainhas tsom rau cov neurons, raws li lub hom phiaj nyob rau hauv ischemic plawv tau muab tso rau cardiomyocytes.
Nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ischemia-reperfusion raug mob, lub luag hauj lwm neuroprotective ntawm lub hom phiaj ARs tau tshwm sim, txawm hais tias ua kom cov A1R receptor yog neuroprotective, cov tshuaj uas activatethes receptors muaj mob plawv; Yog li lwm txoj hauv kev muaj kev thaiv qhov cuam tshuam los ntawm A2AR los ntawm kev siv cov antagonists uas, feem ntau, muaj kev nyab xeeb heev [156].Ntxiv, qhov kev qhia ntawm ARs tuaj yeem hloov kho tom qab kev thuam ntawm ischemic [105,157–162].
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, ARs yuav muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm thiab txoj hmoo ntawm microgliathat ua rau hauv ischemia [97,163–167]. Abbracchio thiab Cattabeni, twb nyob rau hauv 1999, qhia tias antagonists ntawm A2AR yuav pab tau nyob rau hauv neuroprotection los ntawm ob qho tib si txo cov neuronal tso ntawm glutamate, ib tug excitatory neurotransmitter, thiab tswj lub activation ntawm microglial hlwb [105].
7. Microglia hauv Kev Laus thiab Cov Kab Mob Neurodegenerative, Phooj Ywg lossis Foe?
Microglia yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov xwm txheej ua rau kev tuag neuronal thaum lub sij hawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab, kuj, nyob rau hauv kev tu tom qab xws li neuronal tuag. Nws yuav tsis zoo xav tias, thaum tsis muaj ib qho kev tshwm sim ua rau cov tsos mob tshwm sim, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv / lub hlwb noj qab haus huv, microglia nyob twj ywm zoo li qub.
Txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv tsis tshua muaj, kev tuag neuronal tshwm sim thoob plaws hauv tib neeg lub neej, txawm hais tias ntawm tus nqi qis dua thaum lub sij hawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub paj hlwb. Kev tshuaj xyuas kev hais lus hauv xyoo 2007 [168] qhia tias kev sib tham ntawm microglia thiab neurons hauv cov theem kev loj hlob encompass, ntawm lwm yam, Purkinje cell tuag viamicroglia-induced respiratory burst, tso tawm los ntawm microglia ntawm yam uas ua rau neuronalapoptosis thiab microglia-induced synaptogenesis thiab synaptic. khoom. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm microglia hauv kev tswj hwm CNS homeostasis hauv lub hlwb noj qab haus huv tsis tshua paub.
Nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm Graeber, nws hais txog microglia li: "analogous rau electricians, lawv muaj peev xwm tshem tawm defunctaxon terminals, yog li pab neuronal kev sib txuas kom nyob twj ywm" [169].
Sib nrug los ntawm lub luag haujlwm tshem tawm cov hlwb uas tau tsom mus rau tuag raws txoj kev loj hlob, qhov kev xav yog tias, cov theem tsis muaj hnub nyoog, microglia pab tshem tawm cov hlwb uas tau tsom mus rau tuag, xws li cov uas tsis muaj zog thiab tuag, los txhawb kev sib txuas ntawm cov neeg muaj sia nyob. cell thiab ruaj upthose neural circuits uas zoo li tsim nyog.
Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev tuag neuronal feem ntau yog tsom rau kev kuaj pom tus kab mob hauv qab.
Hauv peb lub tswv yim, qhov no yuav tsum raug nug, vim tias kev tuag neuronal tsis tuaj yeem txiav tawm hauv lub hlwb noj qab haus huv. Nws yog kev ntxias kom xav tias kev laus ntawm lub cev muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev poob neuronal tab sis ntxiv dag zog rau kev sib txuas synaptic uas tus neeg xav tau tshaj plaws hauv lawv lub neej niaj hnub. Ob peb xyoos dhau los nws tau sau tseg tias neurons tuaj yeem tuag ntau txoj hauv kev: "intrinsic thiab extrinsic apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, parthanatos, ferroptosis, apoptosis, autophagic cell tuag, autos, autolysis, proptosis, pyroptosis, apoptosis, thiab mitochondrialpermeability [5] ].
Qee tus ntawm cov no tej zaum yuav ua haujlwm hauv lub hlwb ntawm tus neeg laus noj qab haus huv, piv txwv li, tsis yog hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj kab mob neurodegenerative lossis hauv cov neeg mob mob stroke. Txawm hais tias muaj teeb meem hauv kev ntsuam xyuas neuronaldeath thiab neuron-microglia cross-hais lus hauv cov neeg laus lub hlwb, kev ua haujlwm yav tom ntej yuav tsum tau ua kom paub meej txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ob txoj kev thiab decipher cov txheej txheem hauv qab.
8. Skewing qhov M1 / M2 Balance ntawm Neuroprotective M2 Phenotype
Lub xeev tiag tiag ntawm microglia nyob rau hauv cov laus lub hlwb tsis yog tag nrho elucidated. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau pom zoo tias senescent microglia tuaj yeem ua rau muaj hnub nyoog ntsig txog cov kab mob neurological.Qhov txo qis ntawm phagocytosis hauv senescent microglia tej zaum yuav tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj cov khib nyiab txaus thiab qhov ua kom muaj zog los ntawm txoj kev M1, thaum qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tsim M2 phenotype tuaj yeem cuam tshuam. lub physiological muaj nuj nqi ntawm kev tiv thaiv neurons los ntawm kev tuag [170–172]. Txawm li cas los xij, zam kev tsis pom kev hauv microgliaappears raws li lub tswv yim zoo los txo qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob neurodegenerative.
Hauv lwm lo lus, txo microglia senescence tuaj yeem ua rau kev laus ntawm lub cev. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ib feem ntawm microglial hlwb yog qhib rau hauv physiological laus. Siv cov cim cim ntawm activated microglia, (R)-[11C]PK11195, positron emission tomography (PET) hlwb scans ntawm cov neeg noj qab haus huv muaj hnub nyoog 19 txog 79 xyoos pom tias muaj kev ua kom muaj zog ntxiv thaum muaj hnub nyoog laus. Thaum noj qab haus huv laus, tawm tswv yim dav neuronal poob" [173].
Ua haujlwm ntawm kev qhia thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cannabinoid receptors nyob rau hauv so thiab ua kom lub microglia peb pom tias qhov kev qhia ntawm cannabinoid CB1 thiab CB2 receptors inmicroglia (so) los ntawm tus qauv transgenic nas ntawm AD tau zoo ib yam li qhov kev pom zoo ntawm microglia los ntawm cov nas qus. Raws li kev paub txog kev tsis txaus ntseeg hauv AD tsiaj qauv tsuas yog tshwm sim thaum laus, nws tau ntxias kom xav tias qee qhov kev ua haujlwm ntev ntev yog neuroprotective. Nws tau xav tias qhov kev ua kom zoo li no yog tsim los ntawm cov cell skewed rau M2 phenotype [174].
GPCR muaj nuj nqi yog hloov kho los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam nrog lwm tus tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg superfamily. Peb tau pom cov txiaj ntsig zoo nrog cannabinoid receptors. Muaj ob hom cannabinoidreceptors, CB1 thiab CB2, thiab ob qho tib si muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam nrog AR. Nyob rau hauv microglia, A2ARmay ncaj qha cuam tshuam nrog CB2R thiab cov qauv ntawm qhov tshwm sim yog qhov kev thaiv ntawm A2AR los ntawm kev xaiv antagonist nce signaling los ntawm CB2R [54].
A2AR antagonists tshwm sim, ib zaug ntxiv, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo; Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, los ntawm kev nce qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib tug receptor uas, qhia nyob rau hauv glial hlwb, yog xam tau tias yog neuroprotective [175-177]. Cannabinoid receptors tam sim no suav tias yog cog lus kho lub hom phiaj rau kev tawm tsam cov kab mob neurodegenerative [178-180]. Kev tshuaj xyuas lub luag haujlwm ntawm A2AR-muaj heteromersin neurodegenerative txheej xwm thiab microglia ua kom muaj zog yog muab rau hauv [57].Lub A2AR tswj ntau lub luag haujlwm tau muab los ntawm microglial activation.
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, A2AR ua kom hloov pauv microglial motility [181]. Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv cov kab lis kev cai sib xyaw glial (astrocytes / microglia) peb pom tias kev ua kom A2AR ua rau muaj peev xwm tso tawm nitric oxide los ntawm activated microglia. Cov nyhuv yog nyob ntawm qhov muaj ntawm astroglia txawm hais tias ob qho tib si A2AR qhia thiab TSIS MUAJ synthase-II immunoreactivity tsuas yog pom hauv microglia.
Cov kev ua no, uas tsis tau kuaj pom hauv cocultures tau txais los ntawm A2AR KO tsiaj, hais tias cov neuroprotection muab los ntawm A2AR blockade los, tsawg kawg yog ib feem, los ntawm cov teebmeem kev sib kho los ntawm receptors qhia hauv activated microglia [129].Lwm qhov kev ua ntawm A2AR antagonists tau los ntawm qhov tsis zoo. crosstalk thaum A2A thiab CB2receptors tau qhia ua heteromers [54,182].
Los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm interprotomer nyob rau hauv heteromer, ua kom A2AR ib nrab thaiv CB2R-mediated signaling, uas nyob rau hauv microglialeads rau zus tau tej cov neuroprotective yam. Yog li ntawd, thaiv A2AR yuav txo tau qhov kev qhia ntawm pro-inflammatory mediators (ntawm A2AR) thiab tso tus nres rau CB2Ractivation, ua rau zus tau tej cov neuroprotective molecules (Daim duab 2B). Kev tshawb fawb hauv hippocampus kuj tau txheeb xyuas A2AR raws li kev hloov kho kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm thiab ua kom microglia [102]. Hauv kev sim ua nyob rau hauv kab microglial cell, A2AR antagonists txo qis kev loj hlob ntawm activated microglia thiab tso tawm los ntawm cov hlwb ntawm hlwb-derivedneurotrophic factor (BDNF) [182].
Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm lub hom phiaj microglial A2ARto tiv thaiv cov kab mob neurodegenerative muaj nyob hauv [183]. Lwm hom AR tuaj yeem koom nrog kev kho qhov ua kom microglia cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob neurodegenerative tab sis lawv zoo li tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig dua li A2AR. Whereas A3R tau hais tawm hauv cov hlwb microglial [184], cov ntawv arecent qhia qhov kev ua ntawm A2AR antagonists thiab A1R agonists ntawm kev tsim cov cytokines pro-inflammatory [185].
Dab tsi yog qhov tsim nyog tam sim no yog hais txog kev qhia ntawm AR hom nyob rau hauv so, thiab hauv activated M1 thiab M2 microglia thiab hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm skewing rau M2 phenotype tsom AR thiab AR-muaj heteromers.
Sau Kev Koom Tes: RF thiab GN tsim daim ntawv. IR-R., AL, thiab RR-S. scanned databasesto xaiv ad hoc cov ntaub ntawv thiab pab pawg raws li lub npe ntawm cov ntu sib txawv. RF sau ntu 1 txog 5 thiab GN 6 txog 8. Txhua tus kws sau ntawv kho cov ntawv sau thiab pom zoo rau qhov kawg version. Allauthors tau nyeem thiab pom zoo rau cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm cov ntawv sau.
Kev Nyiaj Txiag: Txoj haujlwm no yog ib feem txhawb nqa los ntawm MCIU/AEI nyiaj pab #RTI2018-094204-BI00 thiab SAF2017-84117-R los ntawm Spanish "Ministerio de Ciencia, Universidades e Investigación" thiab Spanish"Agencia Estatal de Investigación" (nws suav nrog EU FEDER cov nyiaj). Cov pab pawg tshawb fawb ntawm University of Barcelona yog suav tias yog kev ua tau zoo (pab pawg sib koom ua ke # 2017 SGR 1497) los ntawm Lub XeevCatalonian Government, uas tsis muab ib qho nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau cov tshuaj reagents lossis them cov kev pabcuam lossis cov nqi qhib qhib).
Institutional Review Board Statement: Tsis siv tau.
Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Pom Zoo: Tsis siv tau.
Cov Lus Qhia Txog Cov Ntaub Ntawv: Cov ntaub ntawv hauv Table 1 yog ncaj qha rov qab los ntawm https://www.proteinatlas.org/search/adenosine+receptor (Tau txais rau 12 Plaub Hlis 2021).
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev txaus siab: Cov kws sau ntawv tshaj tawm tsis muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev txaus siab. Cov nyiaj txiag tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tsim qauv ntawm kev kawm; hauv kev sau, txheeb xyuas, lossis txhais cov ntaub ntawv; nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau, lossis hauv kev txiav txim siab tshaj tawm cov txiaj ntsig.
Cov ntaub ntawv
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4. Rogers, J.; Luber-Narod, J.; Styrene, SD; Civin, WH Kev Tshaj Tawm ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib txuas nrog antigens los ntawm cov hlwb ntawm humancentral paj hlwb: Kev sib raug zoo rau cov kab mob ntawm Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Xyoo 1988, 9, 339–349. [CrossRef]
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