Methyl Jasmonate: Kev Coj Tus Cwj Pwm Thiab Molecular Implications hauv Neurological Disorders Ⅰ

Methyl jasmonate (MJ) yog ib qho derivative ntawm tsev neeg jasmonate uas muaj nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov cheeb tsam sov ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thiab tam sim no nyob rau hauv ntau txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub xws li grapevines, txiv lws suav, mov, thiab qab zib. MJ yog cyclopentanone phytohormone uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab thiab kab mob hauv cov nroj tsuag. Qhov no tau ua rau nws cais tawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag rau kev kawm hauv cov tsiaj. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau ua tiav los ntsuas nws cov kev kho mob ntawm kev coj cwj pwm thiab kev ua haujlwm neurochemical. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau raug pom zoo kom muaj peev xwm muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ntau yam kev mob hlwb.

Nyem rau cistanche koob tshuaj rau neuroprotection

Li no, qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no yog tsom los muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom siv neuroprotective ntawm MJ thiab nws cov txheej txheem tsim nyog rau kev kho mob hlwb. Cov ntaub ntawv siv rau qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no tau muab los ntawm cov ntawv tshawb fawb thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb siv 'methyl jasmonate', 'tus cwj pwm', 'neuroprotection', 'neurodegenerative kab mob', thiab 'mechanisms' raws li cov lus tshawb fawb. Kev tshuaj xyuas qhia txog nws cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm kev ntxhov siab, kev ua phem, kev nyuaj siab, kev nco, kev xav, thiab kev ntxhov siab. Cov txheej txheem molecular xws li kev hloov kho ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant, inflammatory biomarkers, neurotransmitter kev tswj hwm, thiab kev tsim kho neuronal, hauv qab nws cov kev ua hauv kev tswj cov kab mob neurodegenerative zoo li Alzheimer's thiab Parkinson's kab mob kuj tau tham. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no, yog li ntawd, muab kev soj ntsuam ntxaws ntxaws ntawm methyl jasmonate ua lub peev xwm neuroprotective compound nrog lub peev xwm los hloov kev coj tus cwj pwm thiab molecular biomarkers hauv qab cov kab mob neurological. Li no, MJ tuaj yeem ua qauv raws li kev kho mob rau kev tswj cov kab mob hlwb.

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: Methyl jasmonate; Neuroprotection; Cwj pwm; Cov kab mob neurodegenerative; Kev nyuaj siab; Kev ntxhov siab

Taw qhia

Jasmonates yog cyclopentanone phytohormones uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv cov nroj tsuag tiv thaiv kab mob abiotic stressors thiab pathogenic invasions [1]. Txawm hais tias lawv tau pib cais tawm ntawm Jasminum grandiflorum L., ib tsob nroj feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv thaj chaw sov [2], lawv tau nthuav dav hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab qee cov kab mob [1]. Lawv yog cov regulators ntawm tes, paub los qhib intracellular signaling mechanisms nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag loj hlob, tiv thaiv, thiab teb rau kev ntxhov siab vim [3]. Lawv biosynthesis los ntawm linolenic acid nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag yog analogous mus rau lub synthesis ntawm eicosanoids los ntawm arachidonic acid nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj [3,4]. Tsev neeg ntawm jasmonates suav nrog Cis-jasmone (CJ), Jasmonic acid (JA), thiab Methyl jasmonate (MJ) [3].

Ntawm tag nrho cov tswv cuab ntawm Jasmonates tsev neeg, MJ yog qhov kev kawm tshaj plaws. MJ yog ib qho adaptogenic phytohormone [5] tso tawm los ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv cov lus teb rau ib puag ncig kev ntxhov siab, raug mob, thiab cov kab mob cuam tshuam. Nws induces lub synthesis ntawm proteinase inhibitor proteins, uas muaj kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag tiv thaiv ntau yam biotic thiab abiotic stressors [5]. Thaum raug cov nroj tsuag rau cov stressors, MJ yog synthesized, uas ua rau lub activation ntawm cov proteinase inhibitor noob thiab tom qab ntawd, qhia txog proteinase inhibitor proteins [5,6]. Nws txoj kev koom tes hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm cov nroj tsuag rau kev ntxhov siab yog txhawb ntxiv los ntawm nws qib nce ntxiv tom qab cov nroj tsuag raug cuam tshuam rau kev ntxhov siab [5,7]. Nws kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev qhia intracellular thiab kev tiv thaiv hauv kev teb rau cov kab mob cuam tshuam [1].

Ib qho ntawm ntau yam adaptogenic zog ntawm MJ tso siab rau nws lub peev xwm los tswj cov kev ua ub no ntawm antioxidants thiab tawm tsam cov teebmeem ntawm oxidant molecules [8]. Jasmonates thiab lawv cov derivatives tau pom dav dav hauv kev coj ua aromatherapy rau kev nyuaj siab, ntxhov siab, ntxhov siab, ntxhov siab vim, thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws [5,9]. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los ntawm MJ feem ntau ntawm nws cov peev xwm kho mob ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav cancer uas tau nyiam thoob ntiaj teb kev lees paub tias yog tus neeg sawv cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm MJ hauv kev mob qog noj ntshav yog cuam tshuam nrog nws lub peev xwm los tua cov qog nqaij hlav cancer ntawm ntau lub cev tsis sib haum xeeb yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub cev lub cev. Cov kev tshawb pom no tau piav qhia tias yog cov pov thawj txhawb siab uas yuav txhawb nqa nws txoj kev loj hlob rau kev kho mob qog noj ntshav thiab lwm yam kab mob debilitating uas xav tau kev kho mob ntev [1,5,7,10-15].

Lub caij no, qhov ua tau ntawm nws cov txiaj ntsig muaj txiaj ntsig hauv cov kab mob neuropsychiatric tshwm sim los ntawm cov lus ceeb toom ntawm Hossain li al. [16], uas tau pom tias MJ nthuav tawm cov nyhuv sedative thiab txhim kho GABAergic neurotransmission. Cov kev tshawb pom no tau ua rau muaj kev tshawb fawb dav dav txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm MJ ntawm cov kab mob neurological thiab cov txheej txheem hauv qab nws cov kev tiv thaiv neuroprotective hauv nas [17-23]. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no nthuav tawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov haujlwm neuroprotective ntawm MJ thiab cov txheej txheem hauv qab nws cov peev xwm kho mob hauv cov kab mob neurological. Nws kuj tseem qhia txog cov txheej txheem uas cov cuab yeej zoo li adaptogenic ntawm MJ tuaj yeem pab txo qis kev ntxhov siab ntev-ntxias kev puas siab puas ntsws.

SAIB THIAB TOXICITY

Lub peev xwm ntawm MJ los muab kev tiv thaiv ntawm tes tau ua rau muaj kev saib xyuas ntau dua rau nws txoj kev siv los ua tus neeg sawv cev kho mob hauv ntau yam kab mob thiab kab mob. Qhov no tau ua rau kev tshuaj xyuas MJ rau qhov muaj peev xwm toxicity los ntawm ntau tus kws sau ntawv [1,2,7,10,12,24,25]. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav los ntawm Flescher [12], thiab Cohen thiab Flescher [1], MJ cov thawj coj nyiam tua cov qog nqaij hlav cancer, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub cev li qub. Umukoro thiab Olugbemide [2] kuj tau tshaj tawm tsis muaj cov tshuaj toxicity lossis tuag hauv cov nas tom qab noj 100- 500 mg / kg ntawm MJ. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb txog kev mob toxicity, tawv nqaij khaus, mucous membrane (qhov muag) khaus, tawv nqaij rhiab heev, phototoxicity, thiab photoallergy ntawm MJ qhia tias LD50 rau kev tswj qhov ncauj yog ＞ 5 g / kg, thiab rau kev siv tawv nqaij, LD50. yog 2 g / kg. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis muaj kev khaus khaus tau pom nyob rau hauv tib neeg rov hais dua-kev thuam thaj tsam thiab ntau yam kev tshawb fawb tsiaj.

Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis muaj kev khaus khaus tau kuaj pom hauv cov mucous membrane kuaj. Kev hnov ​​​​mob hauv cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg kev tshawb fawb thiab kev yees duab-kho thiab kev tshawb fawb photoallergy hauv tib neeg tsis pom muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj heev [25]. Qhov kev tshawb pom no txhawb ntxiv kev tshawb nrhiav yav dhau los, uas qhia tau tias MJ muaj kev nyab xeeb, vim nws tsis muaj tshuaj lom rau lub cev lub cev [1,7]. Ib yam li ntawd, Tsoomfwv Meskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv Ib puag ncig hauv 2013 tau muab MJ kev cais tawm rau kev ntsuas kev ua siab ntev raws li nws tau pom tias muaj nyob hauv tib neeg cov khoom noj [26]. Lub Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Khoom Noj thiab Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb / Lub Koom Haum Ntiaj Teb Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv kuj tau pom zoo MJ ntawm lwm cov khoom noj ntxiv [27]. MJ kuj tau kuaj pom tias tsis muaj tshuaj lom hauv txhua qhov kev sim uas cuam tshuam nrog txhua txoj kev siv tshuaj [14,25].

METHYL JASMONATE hloov kho tus cwj pwm cuam tshuam nrog kev puas siab puas ntsws neurological

MJ tau cuam tshuam rau ntau yam kev hloov pauv tus cwj pwm, xws li kev ntxhov siab, kev nyuaj siab, kev ua phem, thiab kev nco ntawm lwm tus, siv cov qauv tsiaj sim. Cov no suav nrog hauv daim duab 1 thiab Table 1.

Kev ntxhov siab / ntxhov siablytic

Kev ntxhov siab vim yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb (CNS) cuam tshuam nrog kev tsis sib xws ntawm excitatory thiab inhibitory impulses hauv lub hlwb. Cov cheeb tsam tsis sib xws no ua rau txo qis GABAergic thiab nce glutaminergic neurochemical txoj hauv kev raws li [28-32]. Kev ntxhov siab tshwm sim hauv ntau txoj hauv kev xws li kev ntshai, kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo, kev txhawj xeeb, thiab kev xav tua tus kheej hauv tib neeg [22]. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau tshawb fawb txog kev tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab ntawm MJ. Feem ntau yog siv cov qauv nas. Kev kawm et al. [22] tau qhia txog kev tiv thaiv anxiolytic nyhuv ntawm MJ ntawm qhov tsis paub txog kev ntxhov siab me me (UCMS)-vim nas thaum kawm txog kev tshawb nrhiav tus cwj pwm ntawm cov nas hauv qhov kev sim hloov lub teeb / tsaus ntuj thiab nce ntxiv ntxiv (EPM) kuaj. Hauv kev xeem EPM, MJ txo qhov zaus thiab lub sijhawm siv nyob rau hauv lub caj npab kaw hauv UCMS-vim nas. MJ kuj txo lub sij hawm siv los ntawm nas nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus nti compartment nyob rau hauv lub teeb / tsaus hloov mus kuaj ntawm UCMS-induced nas. Tag nrho cov kev soj ntsuam no qhia txog kev tiv thaiv anxiogenic ntawm MJ [22].

Depression

Kev nyuaj siab yog ib qho teeb meem loj heev uas cuam tshuam rau lub neej zoo thoob ntiaj teb. Nws cuam tshuam txog 20 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov neeg hauv ntiaj teb thiab feem ntau yog cov poj niam ntau dua li cov txiv neej nrog qhov sib piv ntawm 5: 2. Preclinical thiab soj ntsuam kev soj ntsuam tau cuam tshuam serotonin thiab norepinephrine hauv nws pathogenesis [33,34]. Qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov monoaminergic transmitters hauv lub hlwb tau tshaj tawm tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws etiological yam ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab. Qhov xwm txheej rov tshwm sim ntawm kev nyuaj siab thiab nws ntau yam ua rau nws nyuaj rau tswj [34-36]. Cov no tau ua rau muaj kev txaus siab rau kev tshawb nrhiav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab ntau dua [37,38].

Hauv kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Adebesin li al. [18], tus qauv kev nyuaj siab ntawm tus Tsov tus tw ncua kev sim (TST) tau hloov kho los tshawb xyuas cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li MJ hauv UCMS-vim nas. Lub sijhawm latency nce ntxiv tau pom nyob rau hauv UCMS-induced nas. Lub sijhawm no tau txo qis, tom qab kev kho mob nrog MJ, qhia txog cov khoom zoo li tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob [18]. Qhov kev tshawb pom no zoo ib yam li ntawm Umukoro li al. [37] qhov twg cov qauv kev nyuaj siab ntawm TST thiab yuam kev sim ua luam dej (FST) tau hloov kho hauv cov nas los kawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ntxhov siab ntawm MJ. MJ txo qis lub sijhawm tsis muaj zog hauv ob qhov kev sim. Adebesin et al. [18] mus ntxiv los ntawm kev siv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas sucrose nyiam los ntsuas qhov kev tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab ntawm MJ. Qhov kev sim no yog siv los ntsuas anhedonia (tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev txaus siab), uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev nyuaj siab hauv tib neeg. Lawv tau tshaj tawm tias MJ tau txo qis kev noj qab haus huv sucrose hauv cov nas pib kis rau UCMS [18]. Kev ntsuam xyuas biochemical kuj tau ua tiav kom paub meej tias cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv kev nyuaj siab ntawm MJ. Hauv kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Zomkowski et al. [39], MJ txo cov qib serotonin [39].

Cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia kuj tau hais tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog uas tau nthuav tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab hauv FST thiab TST tau kho los ntawm kev txhawb nqa ntawm ob qho tib si serotonergic thiab noradrenergic neurotransmissions [37]. Tsis tas li ntawd, Umukoro et al. [37] ua haujlwm yohimbine lethality test los piav qhia lub luag haujlwm ntawm monoaminergic transmitters hauv kev ua haujlwm zoo li kev ntxhov siab ntawm MJ. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab tau paub los ua kom muaj peev xwm ua kom tuag taus ntawm yohimbine. Hauv kev tshawb fawb, kev txhaj tshuaj intraperitoneal ntawm MJ ntawm koob tshuaj 25 mg / kg thiab 50 mg / kg, ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm yohimbine. Yohimbine yog ib qho 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist uas txhawb nqa cov chaw muaj kev sib haum xeeb hauv lub hlwb, ua rau muaj kev xav ntau ntxiv hauv CNS thiab peripheral paj hlwb (PNS) [37]. Kev tawm tsam ntawm 2-adrenergic receptors txhawb kev tso tawm ntawm noradrenaline vim muaj kev ua siab zoo hauv nruab nrab thiab ua rau cov serotonin tso tawm, ntxiv rau tag nrho cov tshuaj lom neeg los ntawm yohimbine. MJ synergistically potentiate the lethality of yohimbine by cia ntau amines mus rau receptors nyob rau hauv ntau ntau, los ntawm impeding lawv reuptake los yog txo lawv inactivation, yog li qhia txog kev koom tes ntawm monoaminergic transmitters nyob rau hauv nws antidepressant khoom nyob rau hauv nas [37].

Aggkev soj ntsuam

Kev nruj kev tsiv yog ib qho kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev ua phem uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lwm lub cev thiab yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntxhov siab-tus mob. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua siab ntev rau kev ntxhov siab thiab kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias qhov kev xav ntawm kev ntxhov siab tshwm sim los ntawm kev ntxhov siab ntev [40,41]. Kev ua phem tuaj yeem tshwm sim nws tus kheej yog kev tiv thaiv lossis kev ua phem. Txawm hais tias kev nruj kev tsiv thiab kev nyuaj siab raug kuaj pom txawv los ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition, lawv tab tom kho mob thiab biochemically cuam tshuam [35,37]. Cov kab mob serotonergic cuam tshuam rau ob qho kev mob [35]. Qhov no tau ua pov thawj los ntawm kev txo cov tsos mob ntawm kev nyuaj siab thiab kev ua phem thaum serotonin receptor agonists thiab uptake inhibitors tau tswj hwm [35].

Hauv kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Umukoro et al. [42], MJ (1, 5, 10 mg / kg, intraperitoneally [ip]) muaj qhov txo qis ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm nruj hauv cov neeg nyob hauv-intruder thiab cais-evoked paradigms (ob qho tib si ntsuas kev ua phem phem) hauv cov nas. Txawm hais tias MJ muaj kev tiv thaiv kev ua phem, txawm li cas los xij, tsis cuam tshuam rau kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov tsiaj. Cov kev tshawb pom no qhia txog kev kho mob muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm MJ ua tus neeg sawv cev tiv thaiv. Nws lub peev xwm los tswj cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv hauv cov tsiaj pom tias nws tuaj yeem yog txoj hauv kev zoo dua rau kev coj tus cwj pwm nruj dua li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cov tshuaj benzodiazepines siab uas zoo li ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob [43].

Ntawm tag nrho cov neurochemicals cuam tshuam nrog kev coj cwj pwm nruj, txo qis 5-HT tau rov txuas nrog kev ua phem los ntawm ntau tus kws sau ntawv [43,44]. Qhov kev xav no tau ua pov thawj ntxiv siv 5-HT1 knockout nas [40-46] (Table 1).

Memory/Cognitive Ekev txhawb nqa

MJ yog siv dav hauv aromatherapy ua tus neeg sawv cev kho mob rau kev nco tsis ua haujlwm [9]. Hauv kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Umukoro et al. [22], intraperitoneal txhaj ntawm MJ (25, 50, thiab 100 mg / kg) txhim kho kev nco hauv cov nas uas raug UCMS. MJ tau qhia ntxiv rau thim rov qab UCMS-induced neurodegeneration nyob rau hauv sub-granular cheeb tsam ntawm dentate gyrus thiab pyramidal txheej ntawm CA3 [22]. Cov kev kawm thiab kev nco txog thaj tsam ntawm lub paj hlwb tau tshaj tawm tias pom qhov poob ntawm dendritic spines [47] thiab txo tus lej ntawm synapses [48] tom qab UCMS. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tsim tias UCMS tsim kev tuag ntawm cov hlwb neuronal nyob rau hauv pyramidal txheej ntawm CA3 thiab sub-granular cheeb tsam ntawm dentate gyrus ntawm hippocampus, thaj tsam ntawm lub paj hlwb uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kawm thiab kev nco [22 ].

Yog li, qhov txo qis hauv hippocampal ntom yuav ua rau poob ntawm kev nco [49]. Cov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam yav dhau los tau txuas nrog txo qis hippocampal ntim rau kev nco thiab kev paub tsis meej hauv cov neeg mob Alzheimer's disease (AD) [49,50]. Yog li, oxidative stress-mediated hippocampal neuronal degeneration qhia txog kev nco tsis zoo vim muaj kev ntxhov siab ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov lus qhia tias cov khoom sib txuas nrog cov khoom siv neuroprotective tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev ntxhov siab ntev vim kev paub tsis meej thiab lwm yam kab mob neuropsychiatric [51,52]. Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb, Eduviere et al. [19] siv qhov kev zam tsis pub dhau los ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm MJ ntawm nas nco. Cov qauv no siv cov stimuli aversive txuam nrog kev ntshai raws li ib tug mob rau kev kawm thiab nco tau [53,54].

Cov qauv no ntsuas ob lub luag haujlwm ntawm hippocampus hauv kev nco [55] thiab amygdala hauv kev ntshai-kev kawm thiab kev nco [56]. Nws sim lub peev xwm ntawm cov nas tsuag los tiv thaiv lub cev muaj zog ua haujlwm kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo, uas yog nyob ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm cov kab mob kom rov qab tau cov kev paub tsis zoo [19]. Kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv amnesic ntawm MJ tau pom tias siv txoj haujlwm zam dhau los. MJ tau nce lub sijhawm latency qhia tias muaj peev xwm khaws tau thiab khaws lub cim xeeb. Qhov kev sim no kuj tau qhia txog kev txo qis ntawm MJ kev kho ua ntej ntawm scopolamine-induced memory deficit. Qhov kev sim no kuj qhia tau tias muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm MJ ntawm oligosaccharide-induced amnesia.

Cov kev tshawb pom no ntxiv txhawb qhov kev xav tias MJ muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev khaws cia thiab rov qab nco qab thiab tias nws ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ntshai-kev nco. Hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev coj cwj pwm sib txawv ua los ntawm Umukoro thiab Eduviere [21] thiab Eduviere li al. [20] siv Y-maze paradigm, MJ txo qis kev nco qab vim lipopolysaccharide los ntawm kev ua kom muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov nas. Y-maze yog siv los nkag mus rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm nco, uas feem ntau cuam tshuam rau cov neeg mob AD. Yog li ntawd, kev ua haujlwm siab ua haujlwm nco qab MJ pretreatment qhia txog kev tiv thaiv amnesic thiab nco-txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm MJ. Eduviere et al. [20] kuj tau siv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas qhov khoom los ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm MJ ntawm kev paub nco ntawm nas. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias MJ txhim kho kev nco tau zoo thiab txo qis scopolamine-induced memory impairment [20]. UCMS-induced nco dysfunctions kuj tau attenuated los ntawm MJ ntawm lwm yam mechanisms nrog rau Nrf2 kab lus, thiab antioxidant thiab monoaminergic systems [57].

Antipsychotic

Psychosis yog ib hom kev puas siab puas ntsws uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm txawv me me lossis tsis kov nrog qhov tseeb [58]. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ntau cov tsos mob cuam tshuam rau kev xav, kev xav, kev xav, thiab kev nyiam. Nws yog ib qho mob hnyav heev uas cuam tshuam rau lub neej zoo ntawm cov tib neeg cuam tshuam [17]. Txawm hais tias kev siv tshuaj pharmacological tau ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev kho tus kab mob, kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob muaj qee yam kev txwv. Cov no suav nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua tsis zoo, cov lus teb tsis txaus, thiab lwm yam kev ua tsis tau zoo [59]. Qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, cov tshuaj no tau ua tsis tiav los hloov cov kab mob tab sis paub tias tsuas yog muab cov tsos mob zoo xwb [17].

Ib yam li ntawd, cov tsos mob tsis zoo cuam tshuam thiab kev nco tsis txaus tsis tau daws los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob [60-62]. Yog li, yuav tsum tau tshawb nrhiav cov tshuaj tshiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg ua haujlwm uas muaj peev xwm nco-txhim kho cov teebmeem raws li lwm txoj kev kho mob rau kev puas siab puas ntsws. Anna thiab cov npoj yaig [17] tau hloov kho bromocriptine-induced thiab ketamine-induced stereotypes ua qauv los tshuaj xyuas cov nyhuv antipsychotic zoo li MJ. Nws tau tshaj tawm tias MJ tau pom tias txo qis tus cwj pwm tsis zoo xws li sniffing tsis tu ncua, zom, khaus licking, thiab lub taub hau txav hauv nas, qhia txog cov khoom zoo li kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm MJ [17] (Table 1).

Anti-kev ntxhov siab

Kev nce ntxiv ntawm lub cev, lom neeg, lossis kev puas siab puas ntsws ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab ntxiv thiab tom qab ntawd nce hauv dysomeostasis [63,64]. Cov kab mob ib txwm teb rau kev ntxhov siab los ntawm kev yoog raws cov kev hloov hauv lawv ib puag ncig. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ntxhov siab ntev ua rau muaj mob lossis puas hlwb. Kev ntxhov siab ntev tau cuam tshuam rau ntau yam kab mob xws li kub siab, lub cev tsis muaj zog, mob qog noj ntshav, thiab ntau yam kab mob neurodegenerative [23,64]. Adaptogens yog ib pawg ntawm cov khoom uas muaj peev xwm los txhim kho lub hlwb thiab lub cev kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov kab mob thaum raug kev ntxhov siab [65]. Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua haujlwm coj tus cwj pwm, thiab cov txheej txheem biochemical los ua kom pom cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab ntawm MJ [22,23].

MJ txo qis lub sijhawm immobility hauv FST thiab nce latency rau convulsion hauv kev kuaj hypoxia hauv cov nas raug mob hnyav [23]. MJ tau pom tias txo qis qib ntawm corticosterone secretion hauv cov nas uas muaj kev ntxhov siab uas qhia txog nws cov khoom zoo li adaptogenic. Corticosterone ua rau lub hlwb puas tsuaj los ntawm kev nce qib ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab. Kev ntxhov siab ntev yog paub tias ua rau corticosterone tso tawm ntawm hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Qhov kev tshawb pom no tau txhawb ntxiv los ntawm kev nce hauv cov qog adrenal thiab lub siab loj uas tau pom hauv UCMS-vim nas. Kev nce qib corticosterone tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntxiv ntawm oxidative stress [50,66] thiab neuroinflamation [67].

MJ kuj tau txo qis thiab nce qib ntawm malondialdehyde (MDA) thiab glutathione (GSH) uas tau pib nce thiab txo qis raws li hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov nas raug rau UCMS. MJ tom qab attenuated nce qib oxidative induced los ntawm UCMS [18,22,57]. MJ kuj tau pom tias muaj cov khoom tiv thaiv kev qaug zog los ntawm nws cov nyhuv ntawm cov enzymes ntawm purinergic system [68].

Yuav txuas ntxiv......

yog vim li cas cistanche muaj neuroprotection zoo

Cistanche yog ib hom tshuaj ntsuab uas ib txwm siv hauv Suav tshuaj los kho ntau yam mob, nrog rau cov kab mob neurological. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cistanche muaj qee yam bioactive compounds xws li echinacoside thiab acteoside uas muaj zog neuroprotective zog. Cov tebchaw no tau pom los tiv thaiv lub hlwb hlwb los ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab thiab o, uas yog lub ntsiab ua rau puas hlwb puas thiab degeneration. Tsis tas li ntawd, cistanche tau pom tias txhim kho cov ntshav ncig thiab txhim kho kev txawj ntse, uas ntxiv rau nws cov teebmeem neuroprotective. Zuag qhia tag nrho, cistanche tuaj yeem yog ib qho tshuaj zoo rau kev txhawb nqa thiab tswj lub hlwb.

Oritoke Modupe Aluko1,2,3, Joy Dubem Iroegbu2, Omamuyovwi Meashack Ijomone2,4, Solomon Umukoro3

1 Department of Physiology,

2 Lub Neuro-Lab, Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Technology, Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws University of Technology, Akure,

3 Department of Pharmacology thiab Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan,

4 Department of Human Anatomy, Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Technology, Tsoom Fwv Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Technology, Akure, Nigeria