Methods To Generate And Evaluate Zebrafish Models Of Human Kidney Diseases Part 2
Apr 24, 2023
Kev tsom xam histological
Cov mutants yuav tsis ib txwm qhia txaus cov ntaub ntawv hloov morphological. Kev txheeb xyuas histological ntawm cov embryos lossis cov kabmob ntawm cov neeg laus yuav tsim nyog los txiav txim siab qhov txawv ntawm cov mutant thiab cov tsiaj qus. Histological tsom xam txoj hauv kev rau ob leeg larvae thiab cov neeg laus zebrafish tau tsim tau zoo thiab tuaj yeem ua tau zoo tshaj plaws (Sabaliauskas li al., 2006). Zebrafish embryos lossis cov ntaub so ntswg neeg laus tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv paraffin lossis JB-4 resin ua raws li microtome sectioning los kawm cov ntaub so ntswg (Sullivan-Brown li al., 2011; Copper et al., 2018). Cryo-sectioning tseem tuaj yeem ua nrog zebrafish embryos (Ferguson thiab Shive, 2019). Cov ntaub so ntswg tom qab ntawd yog siv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob fluorescence, kev tshawb fawb txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob, lossis H&E staining. H&E staining ntawm cov neeg laus raum seem tau pom tias sab apical ntawm cov tubules ze ze tau stained tsaus liab liab thiab muaj ib lub lumen dav, thaum lub distal tubule muaj ib lub teeb liab liab stain nrog ib tug nqaim lumen, yog li qhia meej qhia qhov txawv staining qauv ntawm cov ntu ( McCampbell li al., 2015). Cov txheej txheem periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining cov txheej txheem uas kuaj pom cov polysaccharides hauv cov ntaub so ntswg muaj kev sib raug zoo rau txhuam ciam teb epithelium ntawm cov tubule proximal (McCampbell li al., 2015; McKee thiab Wingert, 2015). Methenamine silver stains hauv qab daus daim nyias nyias thiab tuaj yeem siv rau nephric tubules thiab glomeruli hauv qab daus membrane staining (McCampbell li al., 2015). Ib qho qauv AKI ntawm zebrafish los ntawm gentamicin insult pom flattening ntawm epithelium, poob ntawm apical txhuam ciam teb, tubular distention, thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov khib nyiab nyob rau hauv lub lumen, yog li qhia txog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm histology hauv kev txheeb xyuas cov qauv kab mob zebrafish (Cianciolo Cosentino li al., 2013) .
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv cov qia hlwb thiab cov tshuaj suav tshuaj ntsuab rau kev kho mob raum tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo. Lub ntsiab mechanism ntawm ob txoj kev kho mob yog los txhawb kev kho mob raum cov ntaub so ntswg thiab tiv thaiv covtshuav lub raum ua haujlwm.
Cov tshuaj suav tshuaj ntsuab, cistanche, tau siv hauv cov tshuaj suav tshuaj los kho ntau yammob raum mobtxij thaum ub los. Nws tau tshaj tawm tias cistanche muaj peev xwm txo qhov mob,txo lub raum fibrosis, thiab txhawb cov synthesis ntawm extracellular matrix Cheebtsam. Nws tau raug tshaj tawm tias cov teebmeem no yog vim nws cov khoom siv bioactive, suav nrog ntau cov tshuaj phenolic, triterpenoids, thiab coumarins.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, stem cell technology tau ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev kho mob. Kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov qia hlwb tuaj yeem sib txawv rau ntau hom ntawm lub raum hlwb thiab ua cov haujlwm kho mob, suav nrog kev tiv thaiv cov ntaub so ntswg ntxiv rau lub raum, ua kom cov nqaij mos fibrosis, thiab kho puas.lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg.
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Thaum kawg, kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj suav tshuaj suav nrog kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub tuaj yeem yog tus yuam sij rau kev kho ntau yamkab mob raum. Cov tswv yim no tau maj mam lees txais los ntawm cov kws kho mob hauv zej zog thiab cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev kho mobcistanchethiab kev kho mob qia cell tuaj yeem txo qis kev tuag ntawm cov kab mob raum.
Hauv kev xaus, kev siv ntawmcistanchethiab qia cell kho nyob rau hauv kev kho mob raum kab mob qhia tau hais tias muaj peev xwm loj thiab yuav tsum tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob txoj kev kho mob tuaj yeem muab kev kho mob zoo dua rau cov neeg uas ntsib cov kab mob raum.
Kev txheeb xyuas ntawm pronephros segmentation defects
Cov pronephros tau ua qauv rau ntau ntu uas ua haujlwm sib txawv. Cov txheej txheem tom qab segmentation no tsis to taub meej, txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam kev hloov pauv tau raug txheeb xyuas tias yog cov tswj hwm ntawm segmentation. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv segmental tuaj yeem raug txheeb xyuas tau yooj yim los ntawm WISH kev tshuaj ntsuam nrog riboprobes uas tshwj xeeb cim cov ntu sib txawv ntawm cov pronephros. Qhov tseeb txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov ntu pronephros tuaj yeem raug cim los ntawm kev siv ob npaug hauv situ hybridization ntawm ntu tshwj xeeb cov cim thiab ib qho antisense riboprobe uas cim cov somite (xws li smyhc1 thiab xirp2a). Feem ntau cov cim tshwj xeeb yog slc20a1a rau PCT, trpm7 rau PST, slc12a1 rau DE, stc1 rau CS, thiab slc12a3 rau DL (Fig. 2). Kev hloov pauv hauv tib neeg HNF1b txuas nrog rau lub raum txawv txav xws li lub raum dysplasia, lub raum glomerulocycstic, oligomeganephronia thiab lub raum ua haujlwm ib leeg (Lindner, 1999; Bingham et al., 2002; Bohn et al., 2003). Naylor et al., (2013) soj ntsuam pronephros segmentation los ntawm WISH nyob rau hauv hnf1b knock-out zebrafish embryos siv segment-specific marker genes thiab pom tias proximal thiab distal tubule markers tsis nyob rau hauv cov mutants. Siv cov kev sim zoo sib xws, nws tau pom tias qhov kev hloov pauv tau khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob. Wingert li al., (2007) tau ua ib qho kev soj ntsuam WISH ntawm RA thiab DEAB-kho embryos thiab pom tias DEAB kev kho mob ua rau poob ntawm qhov sib thooj thiab qhov nthuav dav ntawm ntu ntu, thaum exogenous RA kev kho mob thim rov qab qhov phenotype no. Lawv kuj tsim ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm caudal transcription factor (cdx) thiab RA hauv kev tswj nephron txoj hauj lwm thiab segmentation (Wingert li al., 2007). Peb tau pom tias EF-tes domain uas muaj 2 (efhc2) knockdown ua rau kev nthuav dav ntawm cov ntu thaum ntxov thiab txo qis hauv CS thiab cov ntu kawg. Qhov kev qhia ntawm odf3, uas cim ntau lub hlwb ntawm pronephric tubules, kuj tau txo qis hauv efhc2 morphants (Barrodia li al., 2018).
Pronephric cilia staining thiab duab
Cilia yog microtubule-raws li organelles uas yog motile los yog tsis-motile. Tib neeg cov teeb meem tshwm sim vim qhov tsis xws ntawm cilia qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm yog hu ua ciliopathies. Cov teeb meem hauv cilia tam sim no hauv zebrafish pronephros feem ntau ua rau lub cev curling, cyst tsim, thiab tubule dilation (Sullivan-Brown li al., 2008). Multiciliated hlwb muaj nyob rau hauv zebrafish pronephros tuaj yeem pom los ntawm WISH lossis fluorescence hauv situ hybridization (FISH) siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv odf3b lossis rfx2 riboprobes (Liu et al., 2007; Barrodia et al., 2018). Cilia nyob rau hauv zebrafish embryos tuaj yeem stained siv a-acetylated tubulin thiab g-tubulin tuaj yeem siv los kos lub cev basal (Jaffe li al., 2010; Zaghloul thiab Katsanis 2011). Kev txav ntawm motile cilia tuaj yeem kaw tau siv lub tshuab tsom nrog lub koob yees duab nrawm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm transgenic zebrafish xws li Tg(Foxj1a: GFP) (Tavares li al., 2017). Ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm FISH thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob fluorescence tau tsim los cim cov cell multiciliated, cilia, thiab basal lub cev (Marra et al., 2017). Sib txawv zebrafish mutants nrog cilia tsis xws luag xws li Locke, swt, thiab curly raug tshuaj xyuas kom meej thiab nws tau pom tias lawv pom ntau yam ntawm cilia txav tsis xws luag (Sullivan-Brown li al., 2008). Lub ciliary motion tau txo nyob rau hauv Locke mutant thiab cilia yog immotile nyob rau hauv swt, whereas cilia txav nyob rau hauv curly ranged ntawm motionless mus rau irregular hloov. Immunostaining nrog a-acetylated tubulin pom tias qhov ntev ntawm cilia yog ib txwm nyob rau hauv swt thiab curly whereas locke pom luv cilia (Sullivan-Brown li al., 2008). Cov txheej txheem tau piav qhia ntawm no tau siv dav los txheeb xyuas qhov tsis xws ntawm cilia hauv cov kab mob raum uas muaj cilia.
Kev ntsuas ntawm glomerulus muaj nuj nqi
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub raum yog lim ntshav thiab tshem tawm cov khoom pov tseg thiab cov kua dej ntau dhau ntawm lub cev thaum tiv thaiv kev poob ntawm macromolecules hauv cov zis. Lub glomerulus tuaj yeem lim tawm cov molecules ntawm 5 kDa tab sis tsis tso cai rau kev tso tawm ntawm cov molecules loj xws li ntshav albumin (Chang li al., 1976). Cov kev kuaj mob feem ntau siv los ntsuas lub raum tsis ua haujlwm hauv tib neeg tsis tuaj yeem siv rau zebrafish vim lawv qhov me me. Txawm li cas los xij, fluorescent dyes ntawm qhov sib txawv molecular hnyav ua raws li cov molecules feem ntau ntsib los ntawm tib neeg lub raum tuaj yeem raug txhaj rau hauv zebrafish, thiab kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm lawv qhov kev tshem tawm lossis khaws cia tuaj yeem siv los ua tus neeg sawv cev los txiav txim rau lub raum (Christou-Savina li al., 2015. ). Nws tau raug pov thawj tias kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm 10 kDa fluorescent dextran rau hauv cov kab noj hniav pericardial ntawm zebrafish embryos ua rau poob li ntawm 85 feem pua ntawm cov dye los ntawm kev tso tawm ntawm lub raum hauv 24 teev tom qab txhaj tshuaj (HPI) (Christou-Savina li al. , 2015). Dyes ntawm qhov hnyav dua molecular xws li 70 kDa lossis siab dua xav tau txhaj tshuaj rau hauv vasculature thiab khaws cia rau hauv cov tsiaj qus hom embryos. Txawm li cas los xij, 70 kDa dextran tuaj yeem kuaj pom hauv phab ntsa tubule ze ze thaum txhaj rau hauv vasculature ntawm cystinosis (ctn's) mutant zebrafish, qhia tias kev ncaj ncees ntawm glomerulus lim slits raug cuam tshuam hauv xees-/- larvae (Elmonem li al., 20). . Kramer-Zucker et al., (2005) txhaj 500 kDa FITC-dextran rau hauv cov hlab ntsha ntawm 84 hpf hom tsiaj qus thiab nephrin thiab podocin morphant zebrafish embryos, thiab kuaj pom cov zas xim hauv cov pronephros qhia tias nephrphan tsis ua haujlwm.
Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm reabsorption ntawm metabolites
Transmembrane endocytic receptor megalin / LRP2, nws lub adapter disabled2 (dab2), thiab coreceptor Dublin ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv endocytosis-mediated clearance ntawm metabolites los ntawm glomerular filtrate (Anzenberger, 2006). Kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm 70 kDa fluorescently sau npe dextran lossis fluorescently conjugated receptor-associated protein (RAP), cov protein uas lub cev koom nrog megalin / LRP2 hauv cov hlab ntsha ntawm zebrafish embryos, ua rau muaj kev nce ntawm cov molecules rau reabsorption. Qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim rau kev ntsuam xyuas cov metabolite reabsorption muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub raum. Raws li kev pom zoo nrog lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev rov nqus cov metabolites, qhov kev poob qis ntawm megalin / LRP2 lossis dab2 ua rau ua tsis tiav ntawm receptor-mediated endocytic uptake ntawm tracers hauv morphants (Anzenberger, 2006).
Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm tubule dilation
Lub pronephric tubule yog lined los ntawm ib txheej ntawm polarized epithelial hlwb. Lub morphology ntawm lub pronephric tubule thiab nws cov pat tig mus rau hauv nyias ntu yog tswj los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm txawv epithelial hlwb nyob rau hauv lub distal kawg thiab lawv tsiv mus rau lub glomerulus. Cov xwm txheej no tau tswj hwm los ntawm cov kua dej ntws hauv pronephros, yog li muab kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub cev morphology thiab kev ua haujlwm (Vasilyev li al., 2009). Cov hlwb ntawm qhov kawg ntawm qhov kawg yog convoluted thiab ntau columnar, whereas lub hlwb ntawm lub distal kawg yog cuboidal (Vasilyev li al., 2009). Kev txo qis hauv glomerular pom tus nqi, cuam tshuam hauv tubule, lossis qhov tsis xws luag hauv cilia txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev txav mus los inhibit qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tes los ntawm lub posterior mus rau anterior kev taw qhia. Txawm li cas los xij, cov hlwb ntawm qhov kawg ntawm qhov kawg txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv, ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tubules pronephric (Naylor thiab Davidson, 2017). Tubule dilation tuaj yeem raug soj ntsuam los ntawm kev soj ntsuam ncaj qha rau tag nrho cov embryos nyob rau hauv lub tshuab kuaj kab mob lossis los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas histological. DIC optics tuaj yeem siv los ua duab thiab suav cov kab ntawm lub pronephric tubule ntawm zebrafish embryos. Sullivan-Brown et al., (2008) muab piv cov tubule dilation hauv cov tsiaj qus thiab curly mutants uas muaj qhov tsis xws luag hauv cilia thiab pom tias nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj qus-hom medial tubule muaj ib txoj kab uas loj dua piv nrog cov tubule tom qab thiab cov kab uas hla. medial tubules txo qis thaum lub sijhawm. Nyob rau hauv curly mutants, txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub nruab nrab thiab posterior tubules zoo ib yam li cov qus-hom ntawm 26-30 hpf, tab sis ib tug tas li nce nyob rau hauv nruab nrab tubule txoj kab uas hla tau pom nyob rau hauv cov mutants ntawm 48 hpf onwards. Nws tau pom ntxiv tias cov xov tooj ntawm cov hlwb nyob ib puag ncig cov tubule nruab nrab kuj tau nce hauv mutant embryos (Sullivan-Brown li al., 2008). Kev hloov pauv hauv tib neeg MNX1 (lub cev muaj zog neuron thiab pancreas homeobox 1) gene ua rau Currarino syndrome, ib qho kab mob tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim los ntawm sacral agenesis thiab urogenital thiab lub raum abnormalities xws li horseshoe raum, ib lub raum, hydronephrosis, thiab anorectal stenosis (Currino, thiab lwm yam. 1981; Lee et al., 2018; Dworschak et al., 2021). Ott et al., (2016) generated mnx2b morphants in a Tg(-8cldnb.1:lynEGFP)zf106 background to image epithelial cells in developing pronephros and found that the morphants show enlarged proximal tubule diameters as piv rau cov tsiaj qus - hom tswj ntawm 4 pdf. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntxiv tau qhia tias cov neeg tuag no tau hloov lub raum ua haujlwm, tsis muaj teeb meem pronephric cilia, thiab deformed apical microvilli (Ott li al., 2016). Xws li kev tshuaj xyuas siv zebrafish yuav tsis xav tau pab peb kom nkag siab txog lub hauv paus txheej txheem ntawm tib neeg cov kab mob.
Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm epithelial cell 'polarity
Lub epithelial hlwb 'polarity ntawm lub pronephric tubule yog tswj los ntawm cov protein complexes uas cais cov cellular daim nyias nyias mus rau hauv apical thiab basolateral domains thiab npaj daim nyias nyias subdomains rau tshwj xeeb functions xws li secretion, pom, absorption, thiab sensory stimulation (Pieczynski thiab Margolis, 2011). Lub dislocation ntawm ob peb receptors, transporters, thiab channels tau raug txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv ntau yam kab mob xws li Na plus K plus -ATPase, Na plus K plus 2Cl− cotransporter, thiab EGFR nyob rau hauv PKD thiab H plus -ATPase nyob rau hauv Dent's kab mob (Wilson, 2011) . Lub polarity ntawm epithelial hlwb tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas los ntawm immunofluorescence staining ntawm tag nrho cov embryos siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv Na plus / K ntxiv -ATPase, nruj junction marker ZO-1, lossis alkaline phosphatase (AP) los txheeb xyuas qhov tsis xws luag hauv polarization ntawm tubule epithelia hauv mutants piv nrog cov tsiaj qus-hom embryos. Na plus / K ntxiv -ATPase yog ib qho ntawm cov protein ntau tshaj plaws hauv cov tubular epithelial hlwb uas tswj cov sodium-potassium homeostasis thiab tswj cov haujlwm ntawm lwm cov thauj khoom tam sim no hauv cov hlwb epithelial (Fernández thiab Malnic, 1998). Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub basolateral plasma membrane thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau epithelial cell polarization thiab tsim thiab txij nkawm ntawm nruj junctions (Rajasekaran li al., 2001). ZO-1 thiab AP yog siv los kos lub apical nto ntawm pronephric epithelial hlwb. Drummond et al., (1998) soj ntsuam ib pawg ntawm mutants muaj mob me me mus rau qhov tsis xws luag hauv pronephros. Lawv tshawb xyuas cov polarity ntawm cov hlwb epithelial hauv 2.5 pdf embryos los ntawm immunofluorescence staining nrog anti-Na plus / K ntxiv -ATPase alpha subunit monoclonal antibody (a6F) ua raws li cov ntaub so ntswg. Qhov kev soj ntsuam no tau pom tias Na plus / K ntxiv -ATPase localization tau hloov pauv hauv feem ntau ntawm cov kab mutant piv rau nws cov lus qhia basolateral. Hauv ob lub npuas (bb) thiab fleer (flr) mutants, Na plus / K ntxiv -ATPase tau qhia nyob rau hauv lub apical nto thaum lub basolateral nto pom txo staining. Lwm cov mutants muaj ntau staining lateral, nrog unstained apical thiab basolateral nto (Drumond li al., 1998).
Kev kuaj mob raum pob zeb
Lub raum pob zeb yog cov muaju ntawm cov ntsev tso, ntawm cov pob zeb calcium ntau tshaj (Evan, 2010). Cov no yog tsim los ntawm calcium oxalate (CaOx) thiab calcium phosphate (CaP) hauv qhov sib txawv. Calcium pob zeb tuaj yeem xav tau hauv zebrafish mutants uas hloov calcium homeostasis. Cov xim tseem ceeb xws li Alizarin liab (liab fluorescent) thiab Calcein (ntsuab fluorescent) tuaj yeem siv los txheeb xyuas cov ntaub so ntswg uas muaj calcium thiab lub raum pob zeb hauv zebrafish larvae. Elizondo li al., (2010) qhia tias 57 - 97 feem pua ntawm trpm7 homozygous mutant embryos tsim lub raum pob zeb ntawm 5 dpf, whereas tsuas yog 0-1.4 feem pua ntawm cov kwv tij qus tau tsim cov pob zeb no. Kev kuaj pom ntawm alizarin liab-stained trpm7 homozygous mutant embryos ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv tau pom tias 2-4 dpf embryos tsis muaj pob zeb, thiab cov pob zeb tau pom ntawm 5 dpf hauv lumen thiab tsis nyob hauv epithelium ntawm pronephric tubule (Elizondo et ., 2010).
Cov lus xaus thiab kev cia siab
Qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov kab mob raum tau nce ntawm qhov ceeb toom thoob ntiaj teb. Nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ceev nrooj los txheeb xyuas qhov ua rau ntawm cov kab mob no thiab tsim cov txheej txheem tshiab rau lawv qhov kev kuaj mob thiab kho. Lub raum mammalian metanephric raum yog complex, ua rau nws nyuaj rau to taub lub raum kab mob pathology. Lub pronephros nyob rau hauv zebrafish larvae yog ua haujlwm thiab tsuas muaj ob lub nephrons ntawm ob sab ntawm lub notochord nrog ib qho kev sib koom glomerulus ntawm lub anterior thiab ib tug cloaca ntawm lub posterior kawg. Hauv kev tshuaj xyuas no, peb tau tham txog ntau txoj hauv kev uas tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov qauv zebrafish ntawm tib neeg lub raum kab mob thiab yuav ua li cas los soj ntsuam cov phenotype ntawm cov qauv kab mob no ntawm qib morphological, cellular, thiab molecular. Kev mob siab rau kev tshawb fawb los ntawm ntau pab pawg tau tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm kab mob qauv tsim thiab tshuaj xyuas ntau xyoo. Cov kev siv zog no tau tsim tam sim no tias zebrafish embryos thiab cov neeg laus tuaj yeem siv los ua tib neeg lub raum kab mob qauv uas tuaj yeem ncaj ncees rov hais dua ntau yam ntawm lub raum tsis ua haujlwm pom hauv tib neeg. Cov kev siv zog no kuj tau tsim ntau yam cuab yeej siv tau thiab cov peev txheej, suav nrog cov kab hloov pauv thiab hloov pauv. Qhov no muaj lub sijhawm tsis yog kom nkag siab txog kab mob raum siv cov zebrafish tab sis siv lawv los nrhiav cov tshuaj tshiab los kho cov kab mob raum. Ntshav qab zib yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev mob raum mob rau tib neeg. Zebrafish muaj txoj hauv kev uas muaj ntshav qab zib rau lub raum tsis ua haujlwm kuj tuaj yeem kawm (Jör gens li al., 2012). Yog li, zebrafish muaj lub hauv paus zoo heev ua tus qauv kab mob thiab muaj peev xwm loj heev los nrhiav kev daws teeb meem tshiab rau tib neeg cov kab mob.
Kev lees paub
Peb ua tsaug rau Tarique Anwar thiab Supriya Borah rau lawv cov kev sib tham thiab lus. SF yog tus tau txais DBT (DBT/2015/ILS/361) thiab UR yog tus tau txais DST-Inspire kev sib raug zoo. Kev tshawb fawb hauv RKS lub chaw soj nstuam tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm SERB-EMR (EMR/2016/003780) thiab cov nyiaj intramural los ntawm ILS, uas yog lub koom haum tswj hwm ntawm DBT, tsoomfwv Is Nrias teb.
Sau ntawv pab
SF xeeb thiab sau thawj phau ntawv. UN thiab RKS tau sib tham thiab hloov kho cov ntawv sau.
Cov ntaub ntawv
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