Metformin Alleviates Neurocognitive Impairment in Aging Via Activation OfAMPK / BDNF / PI3K Txoj Kev PART 2
Jun 02, 2023
Glycoside ntawm cistanche tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm SOD hauv plawv thiab daim siab cov ntaub so ntswg, thiab txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm lipofuscin thiab MDA hauv txhua cov ntaub so ntswg, tshem tawm ntau yam reactive oxygen radicals (OH-, H₂O₂, thiab lwm yam) thiab tiv thaiv DNA puas. los ntawm OH-radicals. Cistanche phenylethanoid glycosides muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov dawb radicals, muaj peev xwm txo tau ntau dua li cov vitamin C, txhim kho cov haujlwm ntawm SOD hauv cov phev ncua, txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm MDA, thiab muaj qee yam kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov phev ua haujlwm. Cistanche polysaccharides tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm SOD thiab GSH-Px hauv erythrocytes thiab ntsws cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nas senescent sim los ntawm D-galactose, nrog rau txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm MDA thiab collagen hauv lub ntsws thiab ntshav, thiab nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm elastin, muaj Cov nyhuv scavenging zoo ntawm DPPH, ncua lub sijhawm ntawm hypoxia hauv cov nas senescent, txhim kho cov haujlwm ntawm SOD hauv cov ntshav, thiab ncua lub physiological degeneration ntawm lub ntsws hauv kev sim cov nas nrog cellular morphological degeneration, kev sim tau pom tias Cistanche muaj peev xwm antioxidant zoo. thiab muaj peev xwm los ua ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab kho cov kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij laus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, echinacoside hauv Cistanche muaj lub peev xwm tseem ceeb los tshem tawm DPPH dawb radicals thiab tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov pa oxygen reactive, tiv thaiv dawb radical-induced collagen degradation, thiab kuj muaj kev kho zoo ntawm thymine dawb radical anion puas.
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Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ua kom lub AMPK signaling suppresses inflammatory reactions ntawm activating SIRT129, stimulating FOXO proteins35 thiab inhibiting ER kev nyuaj siab, thiab txo oxidative kev nyuaj siab. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem no tom qab ntawd yuav txwv tsis pub NF-κB teeb liab thiab neuroinflamation cuam tshuam nrog aging36. Ntxiv rau nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, AMPK koom nrog ntau yam dej num, suav nrog angiogenesis, autophagy li, thiab mitochondrial protein induction16.
Txawm hais tias AMPK-raws li kev tiv thaiv lub luag haujlwm hauv cov ntsiab lus sib txawv tau raug tshaj tawm, AMPK-kev ywj pheej ntawm metformin tau kawm tsawg dua. Txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tau qhia tias muaj kev txo qis tseem ceeb ntawm PI3K gene hauv pawg D-gal thaum piv nrog pawg tswj hwm, thaum metformin coadministration coj mus rau kev tswj hwm ntawm nws qib thaum piv nrog D-gal pawg. PI3K / Akt yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev taw qhia txoj hauv kev tiv thaiv cell apoptosis. Ua kom PI3K tuaj yeem ua raws li Akt1 phosphorylation. Akt1 tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov phosphorylation ntawm JNK3 uas txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm c-Jun. C-Jun yog ib qho protein uas tuaj yeem ua rau kev qhia ntawm apoptotic proteins37. Tus, Akt1 activation yuav ua rau inactivation ntawm JNK3 thiab c-Jun, thiab, ces qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cell ciaj sia taus yog zoo dua. Yog li ntawd, peb tau tshawb nrhiav qhov cuam tshuam ntawm metformin ntawm cellular apoptosis los ntawm kev kawm txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv immunohistochemical ntawm apoptotic markers caspase-3 thiab Bcl-2. Txoj kev tshawb no tau nthuav tawm ib qho kev nce ntxiv hauv kev qhia ntawm apoptotic marker caspase-3 nrog txo qhov kev qhia ntawm anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2 hauv hippocampus ntawm pawg D-gal thaum piv nrog kev tswj pab pawg. Kev txhawb nqa peb cov txiaj ntsig, cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau lees paub tias mitochondrial ROS ua rau kev ua kom muaj ntau ntawm mitochondrial apoptotic proteins, ua rau cellular apoptosis thiab kev puas tsuaj hauv lub cev38. Ntau cov proteins apoptotic muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv apoptotic hauv kev laus vim yog kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm D-gal39. Caspase-3 paub tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm apoptosis hauv cov tsiaj 40. Te Bcl-2 protein yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv apoptosis. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb paub txog kev laus ntawm tes, thiab nws cov lus tshaj tawm tuaj yeem tiv thaiv apoptosis vim yog dawb radicals41. Nws feem ntau ntseeg tias Bcl -2 ua rau qis qis ntawm caspase-3 ua kom thiab, yog li, apoptosis yog inhibited42. Raws li pom hauv peb cov txiaj ntsig, kev tswj hwm metformin txo qis Caspase -3 / Bcl -2 piv. Cov txiaj ntsig no yog los ntawm lwm cov kev tshawb fawb uas qhia tias kev ua kom AMPK los ntawm metformin up-regulates Bcl -2 protein qhia kom nws tiv thaiv apoptotic cell tuag vim D-gal thiab nce neuronal viability43.
BDNF yog ib tus neeg sib tw ntxim nyiam uas tuaj yeem pab tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm molecular thiab biochemical thiab nco tsis xws luag cuam tshuam nrog kev laus. Optimal kev txawj ntse muaj nuj nqi yog txuas mus rau zoo neuronal plasticity. Kev nco tsis xws luag cuam tshuam nrog kev laus tuaj yeem ua ke rau kev hloov pauv hauv kev qhia thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm plasticity-related proteins xws li BDNF uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov neurotrophic. Nws tau raug pom tias txo qis ntawm BDNF ua rau neuronal atrophy thiab tuag44.
Txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tau qhia tias qib BDNF hauv pawg D-gal tau qis dua thaum piv nrog pawg tswj hwm. Kev txo qis hauv BDNF thiab / lossis nws cov receptors hauv cov tsiaj laus tau pom tseeb hauv kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los45. Mizisin et al. qhia tias galactose metabolism los ntawm aldose reductase cuam tshuam rau axonal kev ua haujlwm thiab cov qauv los ntawm kev hloov cov paj hlwb thiab cov leeg BDNF46. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, kev kho mob nrog metformin tau cuam tshuam nrog kev nce ntxiv hauv BDNF thaum piv nrog D-gal pawg. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau pom zoo nrog cov ntawv tshaj tawm yav dhau los uas tau pom tias metformin nce- tswj BDNF ntawm AMPK activation47.
Vim nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv LTP, BDNF tau raug tso tawm los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub cellular mechanism txhawb kev nco tsim thiab kev saib xyuas los ntawm kev txhawb nqa synaptic consolidation. BDNF nce lub cim xeeb cia los ntawm kev nyiam cov kev hloov pauv ntawm tus txha caj qaum morphology ua rau muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm LTP. BDNF tuaj yeem ua rau tus lej, qhov loj me, thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm dendritic spines. Tsis tas li ntawd, BDNF nce neurogenesis los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cell proliferation10. Kev khi ntawm BDNF rau TrkB receptors induces PI3K kev ua haujlwm uas inhibits apoptosis thiab txhawb nqa cell survival22.
Ua ke, peb txoj kev tshawb fawb qhia tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev laus ntawm metformin hauv kev txhim kho kev puas siab puas ntsws neurocognitive tuaj yeem yog, yam tsawg kawg ntawm ib feem, vim yog kev ua kom lub AMPK / BDNF / PI3K txoj hauv kev.
Lub hippocampus plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kawm thiab kev nco ua ke nrog rau hauv kev coj cwj pwm thiab kev tswj hwm lub siab, thiab qhov twg ob qho tib si kev ua haujlwm thiab cov txheej txheem plasticity tshwm sim zoo rau cov neeg laus. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm tias hippocampus tau dhau los ua ntau yam kev hloov pauv ob qho tag nrho thiab hauv qib cellular nrog aging48. H & E txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm hippocampus nyob rau hauv pawg D-gal tau pom tias muaj mob neuronal degeneration nrog ntau lub cev apoptotic thiab gliosis. Cov txiaj ntsig no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev cuam tshuam loj ntawm d-galactose hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab, o, thiab apoptosis. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tau soj ntsuam cov theem qhia ntawm cov synaptic marker protein (synaptophysin) hauv hippocampus. Synaptophysin yog ib qho cim ntawm synaptic plasticity. Nws yog siv los ua tus cim tshwj xeeb rau lub davhlau ya nyob twg presynaptic, thiab nws qib muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov synaptic ntom ntom. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias qhov kev qhia ntawm synaptophysin tau qis dua hauv pawg D-gal thaum piv nrog pawg tswj hwm. Cov txiaj ntsig no tau ua raws li cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los uas tau pom tias D-galinduced synaptogenesis tsis zoo hauv hippocampus3. Txawm li cas los xij, kev kho metformin nrog D-gal tau rov qab kho cov synaptophysin qhia thiab hippocampal cov ntaub so ntswg mus rau theem ze rau lawv cov qib tswj. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tau pom tias metformin txhawb nqa nas thiab tib neeg cov kab mob neurogenesis thiab txhim kho lub cim xeeb spatial 24,41. Qhov nce hauv synaptic ceev thiab neurogenesis hauv hippocampus mus koom tes nrog kev txhim kho hauv cov kev ntsuam xyuas neurobehavioral 'cov txiaj ntsig hauv pab pawg no. Qhov no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv apoptotic ntawm metformin, uas tau kho los ntawm kev ua kom lub AMPK / BDNF / PI3K signaling pathway.
Cov lus xaus
Peb qhov kev tshawb pom txhawb kev siv D-gal hauv cov qauv nas kom ua tiav cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev laus. Peb xaus lus tias metformin tuaj yeem txo qis kev nco thiab kev paub tsis txaus los ntawm kev laus. Cov txheej txheem yuav koom nrog yog amelioration ntawm neuro-mob, txo qis ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab, txhim kho kev qhia ntawm anti-apoptotic protein Bcl -2, nrog rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm neurogenesis thiab synaptic plasticity. Peb ntseeg tias cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem kho tau los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm AMPK / BDNF / PI3K txoj hauv kev. Rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev paub, qhov no yog thawj txoj kev tshawb fawb los qhia txog kev ua ntawm metformin ntawm kev txhim kho kev paub tsis meej hauv cov nas hnub nyoog los ntawm kev ua kom txoj hauv kev no. Yog li, peb cov kev tshawb pom qhia tias metformin yog ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kev laus.
Cov ntaub ntawv muaj
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Cov ntaub ntawv
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OA tsim txoj kev tshawb fawb thiab sib koom ua haujlwm hauv chav kuaj, ua cov kev tshawb fawb tsiaj, ua cov kev sim molecular biology, tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, thiab sau cov ntawv sau. RMS tau ua tiav cov kev tshawb fawb histopathology thiab immunohistochemistry thiab tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv. RAAAE tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim qauv, ua cov kev tshawb fawb tsiaj, koom nrog kev tshuaj xyuas biochemical, thiab pab tsim cov ntawv sau. Txhua tus kws sau ntawv pom zoo rau qhov kawg ntawm cov ntawv sau. Cov kws sau ntawv tshaj tawm tias tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tau tsim tawm hauv tsev thiab tsis muaj ntawv zeb siv.
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