Kev Kho Melatonin hauv Cov Kab Mob Raum

Abstract:Melatonin yog ib qho neurohormone uas feem ntau zais los ntawm lub caj pas pineal. Nws ua haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm lub moos lom neeg zoo tshaj plaws thiab yog li cuam tshuam rau ntau yam txheej txheem hauv tib neeg lub cev. Cov teeb meem ntawm lub sijhawm waking thiab pw tsaug zog ua rau lub paj hlwb tsis txaus thiab tsimmetabolic thiab endocrine derangements. Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no yog muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev siv melatonin, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov kab mob raum. Qhov cuam tshuam raukab mob plawv, ntshav qab zib, thiab homeostasis ua rau melatonin txuas ncaj qha raulub raum ua haujlwmthiablub neej zoohauv cov neeg nrogmob raum mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv qhia tias melatonin ua lub luag haujlwm ua antioxidant, dawb radical scavenger thiab cytoprotective agent. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias kev ntxiv ntawm melatonin tuaj yeem pab tau rau yuav luag txhua hom mob raum vimmob, apoptosis, thiaboxidative kev nyuaj siabtshwm sim, tsis hais lub mechanism. Kev tswj hwm ntawm melatonin muaj cov nyhuv renoprotective thiab inhibits kev loj hlob ntawm cov teeb meem txuas nrog rau lub raum tsis ua haujlwm. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas exogenous melatonin supplementation yog zoo tolerated thiab hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov kev mob tshwm sim los ntawm hom kev kho mob no yog tsawg.

Ntsiab lus: melatonin;kab mob raum; cov nyhuv renoprotective; mob raum mob; nephrotoxicity;mob raum raug mob

Nyem qhov no kom tau txais 20% CISTANCHE TUBULOSA TXAUS SIAB RAU KIDNEY

1. Taw qhia

Melatonin, pom nyob rau hauv lub lig 1950s, yog ib tug pleiotropic neurohormone uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub caj pas pineal. Thaum nws tawm los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg sib txawv, nws kuj ua raws li kev tswj hwm hauv zos molecule [1]. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm melatonin yog xa cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub voj voog niaj hnub ntawm lub teeb thiab qhov tsaus ntuj mus rau qhov sib txawv ntawm tib neeg lub cev, uas thaum kawg cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho cov kabmob [2]. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau cov lus ceeb toom qhia tias qhov no tsis yog tib lub tswv yim thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom no. Nws tau raug pov thawj tias melatonin kuj koom nrog hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidative, tiv thaiv inflammatory, antiapoptotic, thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob [1,3–13]. Tsis tas li ntawd, melatonin koom nrog kev tshem tawm cov dawb radicals, tsim cov pob txha, kev tsim tawm, thiab kev tswj hwm lub cev thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov hlab plawv homeostasis [14-17]. Cov nyhuv renoprotective ntawm melatonin yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo caum kawg uas tau pom tias melatonin tsis tsuas yog ameliorates pw tsaug zog tsis zoo nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob uas mob raum kab mob (CKD) tab sis kuj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ntshav siab thiab muab kev tiv thaiv hauv oxidative kev nyuaj siab thiab o [18–20], uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm lub raum raug mob xws li CKD, glomerulonephritis, contrast-induced raum raug mob, tshuaj-induced nephrotoxicity, thiab mob ischemia-reperfusion raug mob. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no qhia txog lub cev ntawm kev ua thiab qhov kawg ntawm kev kho melatonin hauv ntau hom kev raug mob raum.

20% CISTANCHE TUBULOSA EXTRACT FOR KIDNEY

2. Biosynthesis thiab Metabolism ntawm Melatonin

Melatonin yog ib qho neurohormone uas nws qhov chaw tseem ceeb yog lub caj pas pineal [21]. Kev tsim cov melatonin yog nyob ntawm lub teeb / tsaus voj voog. Interestingly, lub teeb tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lossis pib melatonin synthesis [22,23]. Thaum nws tau txais los ntawm retina, lub teeb liab raug xa mus rau suprachiasmatic nuclei ntawm hypothalamus [24]. Tom qab ntawd, nws mus rau sab sauv ntawm lub ncauj tsev menyuam txha caj qaum, qhov twg cov synapses, uas yog kev sib txuas nrog preganglionic cell lub cev ntawm lub ncauj tsev menyuam ganglia superior, nyob. Thaum kawg, nws mus txog lub caj pas pineal. Cov teeb liab feem ntau yog kis los ntawm tus kws kho mob neuromediator hu ua norepinephrine [22]. Nws khi nrog beta-adrenergic receptors thiab txhawb nqa lub caj pas pineal los tsim melatonin [24]. Lub synthesis pib nrog hydroxylation ntawm amino acid tryptophan (los ntawm tryptophan-5-hydroxylase) rau 5-hydroxytryptophan, ces decarboxylation (los ntawm 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase) rau serotonin. Qhov no yog ua raws li acetylation ntawm serotonin los ua N-acetylserotonin (los ntawm arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase). Qhov kawg theem yog methylation ntawm N-acetylserotonin los ntawm acetylserotonin-O-methyltransferase. Tom qab tag nrho cov lus hais saum toj no, nws muaj peev xwm tau txais cov khoom kawg, uas yog melatonin [17] (Daim duab 1).

20% CISTANCHE TUBULOSA EXTRACT FOR KIDNEY

Cov txheej txheem ntau lawm ntawm melatonin tshwm sim feem ntau thaum hmo ntuj [22,23]. Ob qhov synthesis thiab secretion ntev yog ncaj qha nyob ntawm seb lub sijhawm pw tsaug zog. Nws yog lub sij hawm-raws li transmitter uas qhia cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub voj voog ntawm lub teeb thiab tsaus ntuj rau lub cev [25,26]. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau hais tias lub caj pas pineal tsis yog qhov chaw uas melatonin yog synthesized. Nws kuj yog tsim los ntawm retinal photoreceptors [27], lub plab zom mov [28,29], pob txha pob txha [30], lub siab, lub raum, cov thyroid, pancreas, thymus, spleen, carotid lub cev, kev yug me nyuam. kab mob, thiab endothelial hlwb. Tib neeg cov tawv nqaij kuj yog ib qho chaw uas tag nrho cov enzymes koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem tsim tawm [10]. Muaj ob G-protein-coupled melatonin receptors: MT1 thiab MT2 [31]. Tom qab lawv ua kom tiav, qib intracellular ntawm tus xa xov thib ob cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) poob qis. Qhov tshwm sim yog kev hloov kho ntawm txoj kev taw qhia hauv qab cov protein kinases A thiab C, thiab cAMP cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov ntsiab lus-binding protein [10,32]. Melatonin receptors yog dav. Feem ntau ntawm lawv tau muab faib rau hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb, tab sis lawv kuj muaj nyob rau hauv peripheral lub cev qhov chaw xws li retina, cerebral thiab peripheral hlab ntsha, ob lub raum, pancreas, adrenal cortex, testes, thiab lub cev tsis muaj zog [33,34. ].

20% CISTANCHE TUBULOSA EXTRACT FOR KIDNEY

3. Lub luag haujlwm Biological ntawm Melatonin

3.1. Lub Nervous System

Nws paub zoo tias qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm melatonin koom nrog hauv kev pw tsaug zog-tso lub voj voog tsis zoo, kev puas siab puas ntsws, kev tsis taus ntawm kev txawj ntse, teeb meem nrog kev kawm thiab teeb meem nco, tiv thaiv lub paj hlwb, kev siv yeeb tshuaj, thiab kev mob qog noj ntshav. Kev kho mob raws li pharmacological agonists ntawm melatonin (agomelatine, ramelteon, thiab tasimelteon), uas tseem cuam tshuam rau MT1 / MT2 receptors, tau ua raws li kev tshawb fawb kev txaus siab hauv xyoo tas los [35]. Melatonin tuaj yeem yog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab tshiab, uas cuam tshuam rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm neurotrophins lossis neurotransmitters. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv ua rau txo qis hauv qib proinflammatory cytokine hauv cov ntshav [36]. Cov nyhuv neuroprotective ntawm melatonin yog siv los kho Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, thiab Huntington's kab mob nrog rau amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, mob stroke, thiab mob hlwb [7,37]. Vim nws cov khoom antioxidant, melatonin ua raws li kev tshem tawm ntawm cov dawb radicals thiab tswj ntau yam kev cuam tshuam ntawm qib molecular, suav nrog oxidative kev nyuaj siab, mob, thiab apoptosis [38,39]. Nws kuj tau raug sau tseg tias melatonin yog ib qho inhibitor ntawm calpain, uas nws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov kab mob ntawm ntau lub paj hlwb tsis zoo [40].

3.2. Lub Immune System

Lwm lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm melatonin yog nws lub peev xwm rau immunomodulate thiab ntxiv dag zog rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob [41]. Nws txhawb kev tsim cov kab sib txawv ntawm cov hlwb koom nrog ob qho tib si hauv kev humoral thiab cell-mediated tiv thaiv, xws li macrophages, natural killer cells, thiab CD4+ cells, thiab cuam tshuam rau kev sib txuas ntawm ntau yam cytokines [42]. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ncaj qha thiab tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm melatonin tau raug sau tseg [43–45]. Thaum muaj mob hnyav, kev tswj hwm ntawm melatonin tau pom tias muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob, tiv thaiv oxidative, thiab cytoprotective functions [44,46,47]. Nws tau raug pov thawj tias vim nws cov txiaj ntsig pleiotropic, kev tswj hwm ntawm melatonin txo qis kev tuag ntawm cov kab mob thiab kab mob o [48]. Xav txog cov pov thawj uas txhawb nqa lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj hormone no hauv kev coj cov txheej txheem oxidative kev ntxhov siab thiab cov txheej txheem inflammatory, nrog rau kev tswj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, kev tshuaj xyuas cov neeg mob uas muaj kab mob kis los ntawm tus mob hnyav ua pa nyuaj rau tus mob Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) kuj tau ua. Lawv tau qhia tias kev tswj hwm ntawm melatonin raws li kev kho mob ntxiv yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab nws yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab thaum muaj tus mob Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) [6,49,50].

3.3. Cov kab mob gastrointestinal

Melatonin nyob rau hauv lub plab zom mov, ntxiv rau nws cov antioxidant nyhuv thiab muaj peev xwm los txhawb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, txo cov secretion ntawm hydrochloric acid, txhim khu lub regeneration ntawm lub epithelium, thiab tsub kom microcirculation. Tag nrho cov haujlwm no ua rau melatonin yog ib qho kev kho mob rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib txawv ntawm txoj hnyuv, xws li mob qog noj ntshav, mob plab, mob plab, mob plab, thiab mob plab plob tsis so tswj. Nws kuj tseem yuav pab tau thaum kho [51,52]. Nws tau raug sau tseg tias melatonin supplementation tau ua tiav kev tshem tawm ntawm tus kab mob gastroesophageal reflux. Nws muaj lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv kev mob hnyav thiab mob ntev uas cuam tshuam rau txoj hlab pas thiab plab. Nws kuj tseem siv tau zoo hauv kev kho mob rwj [53]. Ntxiv mus, qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau lees paub tias melatonin muaj zog txhawb kev cuam tshuam ntawm hepatocytes hauv kev tiv thaiv tsis muaj cawv steatohepatitis (NASH) [54].

3.4. Qhov System Respiratory

Ib qho kev kho mob zoo ntawm melatonin kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj mob ntsws. Melatonin tiv thaiv kev mob, tshem tawm ntau cov pa oxygen-derived reactants, detoxifies nitric oxide, thiab koom nrog hauv apoptosis, nrog rau cov qog nqaij hlav cancer. Nws kuj inhibits kev loj hlob ntawm cov malignant hlwb [55–57]. Hauv cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws, melatonin cuam tshuam rau kev txwv ntawm pulmonary fibrosis. Nws txo qis endothelial cell proliferation, ntxeem tau, thiab tsiv teb tsaws [55,58]. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem txo qhov sib sau ua ke ntawm cov kab mob inflammatory thiab txo cov kev qhia ntawm cov kab mob inflammatory, xws li cyclooxygenase-2. Tus nqi ntawm proinflammatory cytokines kuj txo qis, uas yog li ua rau inhibition ntawm cellular proliferation [59]. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm melatonin thaum kis kab mob ua pa kuj tseem ceeb thiab tau tham hauv nqe lus hais txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob.

3.5. Endocrinology thiab Gynecology

Kev sim tshuaj nrog kev tswj hwm melatonin tau ua rau tsiaj thiab tib neeg pawg. Raws li kev paub niaj hnub no, melatonin tuaj yeem txhim kho fertility, oocyte zoo, maturation, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm embryos [14,60]. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txiaj ntsig zoo thaum cev xeeb tub tau pom zoo. Kev tiv thaiv ntawm neurogenesis, ib qho kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov placenta, thiab txo qis hauv oxidative kev nyuaj siab yog cov txheej txheem uas ua rau kom muaj kev sib deev thiab txhim kho embryo-fetal kev loj hlob [60,61]. Reactive oxygen hom ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam thaum cev xeeb tub. Lawv kuj muaj lub luag haujlwm rau cov teeb meem hauv lub sijhawm perinatal. Melatonin yog ib qho kev tshem tawm ntawm cov dawb radicals. Nws tseem muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv oxidative thiab cytoprotective. Muaj qhov ua tau tias nws tuaj yeem yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev xeeb tub. Tsis tsuas yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm melatonin hauv tib neeg poj niam txiv neej tseem ceeb, nws txoj kev txhawb nqa kuj tseem tsim nyog thaum cov kab mob neonatal tshwm sim [62,63]. Melatonin yog tus saib xyuas thaum tus txheej txheem ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation thiab histone hloov. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev, radical hloov nyob rau hauv gene qhia yog zam. Lub fetus yog tiv thaiv los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm pathologies. Ib qho tsis txaus ntawm melatonin thaum cev xeeb tub tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kab mob endocrine hauv cov kab mob caj ces thaum ntxov ontogenesis, uas tom qab ntawd loj hlob hauv menyuam yaus [64].

20% CISTANCHE TUBULOSA EXTRACT FOR KIDNEY

3.6. Lwm Txoj Haujlwm

Qee qhov ntxiv, tseem ceeb heev ua haujlwm ntawm melatonin hauv tib neeg lub cev tau piav qhia hauv nqe lus hais txog kab mob raum hauv qab no. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj no hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg lub cev tau sau tseg hauv daim duab 2.

20% CISTANCHE TUBULOSA EXTRACT FOR KIDNEY