Kev tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias hauv chaw kho mob cov neeg ua haujlwm tom qab hloov pauv hauv National thiab Hauv Lub Tsev Kho Mob Txoj Cai Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv
Sep 11, 2023
Abstract
Keeb kwm: Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias tau qhia hauv Taiwan xyoo 1978, thiab tus kab mob tau tshaj tawm tias tau tshem tawm hauv Taiwan xyoo 2007. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg mob tshiab tau tshaj tawm tsis muaj kev cia siab txij thaum ntawd los. Cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob hauv tsev kho mob muaj kev pheej hmoo siab rau tus mob qhua pias. Peb tau soj ntsuam qhov kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob hauv tsev kho mob tom qab kev hloov pauv hauv lub teb chaws thiab hauv zos cov cai txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv tsev kho mob.
Cov txheej txheem: Txoj kev tshawb nrhiav rov qab no tau ua nyob rau hauv lub chaw kho mob tertiary txij thaum Lub Ib Hlis 2008 txog Lub Rau Hli 2018. Cov ntaub ntawv tau muab los ntawm txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm kho mob tau txais kev kuaj mob ua haujlwm. Cov neeg uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv kho mob tag nrho suav nrog geometrical mean titer (GMT) ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias IgG tau suav nrog. Hnub nyoog thiab kev sib deev sib txawv hauv GMT tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm Tub Ntxhais Kawm T-tests thiab Chi-squared xeem. Univariate thiab multivariate logistic regression tsom xam tau siv los txiav txim qhov txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv.
Cov txiaj ntsig: Qhov zoo ntawm IgG nce nrog cov hnub nyoog (p<0.001). Seropositive rates for the births before 1977 and after 1978 groups were 94.8% and 70.2% (p<0.001). The odds ratio was also significantly different between both cohorts (1.000 vs. 0.423, p=0.002). Staff in the examination department showed the lowest positive percentage of 70.3% (95% CI: 66.9–73.7%), whereas staff in preventive and long-term care services disclosed the highest positive percentage of 83.2% (95% CI: 76.1–90.2%). Subgroups 2015, 2017, and 2018 (booster policy was launched, showed significant increases in seropositivity. =0
Cov lus xaus: Kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv tau zoo dua hauv cov pab pawg yug ua ntej xyoo 1977, uas muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev kis kab mob ua ntej lub teb chaws txoj cai pib. Txoj cai ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo, tab sis cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tsis txaus rau kev saib xyuas tsiaj txhu. Txoj cai tswjfwm ua ntej kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv kabmob thib peb ntawm tus kabmob qhua pias (lossis MMR) tau pom zoo kom txo qis qhov kis ntawm tus kabmob thiab zam kev kis kabmob.
Ntsiab lus: Measles, Txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev kho mob, Seroprevalence
cistanche tubulosa - Anti-inflammatory
Keeb kwm
Measles yog ib yam kab mob sib kis tau ntau heev. Cuaj kaum ntawm kaum tus neeg raug mob nrog kev sib raug zoo nrog tus neeg mob yuav mob qhua pias [1]. Tus kab mob kis tau los ntawm huab cua, cov tee dej, lossis los ntawm kev sib cuag nrog nasopharyngeal mucus los ntawm cov neeg mob, thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem loj, suav nrog kev tuag [1]. Measles ib zaug tau tshwm sim hauv Taiwan. Ntau tshaj 99% ntawm cov menyuam yaus raug cuam tshuam, thiab kev sib kis tau tshwm sim kwv yees li 2 xyoos. Hmoov zoo, nws tau raug coj los tswj hwm hauv Taiwan tom qab txoj cai txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thoob tebchaws tau txais kev pom zoo hauv xyoo 1978. Qhov tshwm sim txhua xyoo ntawm tus mob qhua pias hauv Taiwan raug txo qis qis dua 1/1,000,000 thaum xyoo 2003 – 2008. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kab mob tshiab tau tshwm sim tsis tu ncua [2]. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los saib xyuas kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev kho mob kom txo tau cov kab mob nosocomial [2–4]. Peb lub tsev kho mob tau pib tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ua ntej txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv xyoo 2008, nrog rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias, mumps, thiab rubella (MMR) uas xav tau rau txhua tus neeg uas muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qis dua txij li xyoo 2012. Txoj kev tshawb no tau soj ntsuam cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv lub teb chaws thiab tsev kho mob. Txoj cai txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias seroprevalence ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob (HCWs) hauv Taiwan. Nws tau cia siab tias cov ntaub ntawv no yuav pab coj kev txhim kho ntawm qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas hauv zos.
cistanche ntxiv cov txiaj ntsig-nce kev tiv thaiv
Cov txheej txheem
Kawm cov pej xeem
Txoj kev tshawb no tau ua nyob rau hauv Tsev Kho Mob Mackay Memorial, ib lub tsev kho mob 2000- txaj tertiary care hauv Northern Taiwan, ib cheeb tsam nrog kwv yees li ntawm 2.67 lab tus tib neeg. Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tau txais los ntawm niaj hnub ua ntej kev ua haujlwm lub cev ntawm HCWs thaum Lub Ib Hlis 2008 thiab Lub Rau Hli 2018, uas suav nrog kev ntsuas ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias. Txij li xyoo 2008, niaj hnub kuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias tau ua rau txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv lub chaw kho mob no thiab MMR boosters tau xav tau rau cov neeg uas tsis tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm 2012. Cov neeg koom nrog yog HCWs puv sijhawm tsawg kawg yog 18 xyoo nrog tsawg kawg ib tus qhua pias IgG titer ua rau lawv cov ntaub ntawv kho mob. Tsis muaj lwm yam kev cais tawm lossis kev xaiv ua piv txwv hauv txoj kev tshawb no. Txhua tus neeg koom nrog suav nrog kws kho mob, kws saib xyuas neeg mob, chav kuaj mob, kev tiv thaiv thiab kev saib xyuas mus sij hawm ntev, thiab kev tswj hwm tau muab faib ua rau pawg hnub nyoog (18–20, 21–30, 31–40, 41–50, 51–60, thiab 61– 70 xyoo). Peb tau soj ntsuam cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tswj hwm tsev kho mob txoj cai los ntawm kev sib piv seropositivity ua ntej 2012 nrog rau xyoo tom ntej.
Laboratory nqi
Cov qauv ntshav tau sau los ntawm txhua HCW rau kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias-tus kab mob immunoglobulin G los ntawm kev kuaj mob qhua pias IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (LIAISON® XL, Nyiv). rhiab heev thiab tshwj xeeb yog 98.42% (95% CI=96.25–99.31%) thiab 93.94% (95% CI=79.83–99.34%), raws li. Seropositivity tau txhais tias yog titer Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 165 mIU / mL, thaum titer<135 mIU/ mL was considered negative. Titers between 135 and 165 were considered equivocal and the test was repeated. If titers still range between 135 and 165, the data were considered negative at the end.
Cistanche tshuaj ntsuab ua dab tsi - Anti- mob
Kev txheeb cais
Txhua tus neeg koom nrog hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej, thiab tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias IgG titer cov ntaub ntawv raug sau rau hauv FileMaker Pro (www.flem aker.com) database. SPSS 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) tau siv los tshuaj xyuas. Geometrical mean titers (GMTs) tau xam los ntawm hnub nyoog thiab pawg poj niam txiv neej rau kev sib piv ntxiv. Hnub nyoog thiab kev sib deev sib txawv hauv GMT tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm Tub Ntxhais Kawm t-test, thiab Chi-squared xeem tau siv los sib piv qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm cov ntsiab lus zoo rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias. Kev ntseeg siab lub sijhawm ntawm seroprevalence tau kwv yees los ntawm tus qauv loj. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm hnub nyoog thiab GMT tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas kab rov tav. Univariate thiab multivariate logistic regression soj ntsuam tau siv los txiav txim qhov txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob cuam tshuam nrog hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej, thiab kev ua haujlwm, thiab raug rau tsoomfwv thiab tsev kho mob txoj cai txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. P-tus nqi ntawm<0.05 were considered significant and a confidence interval (CI) of 95% was assumed.
cistanche ntxiv cov txiaj ntsig-nce kev tiv thaiv
Nyem qhov no mus saib Cistanche Enhance Immunity khoom
【Nug ntxiv】 Email: cindy.xue@wecistanche.com / Whats App: 0086 18599088692 / Wechat: 18599088692
Ethics nqe lus
Qhov serosurvey no tau raug tshuaj xyuas thiab pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Mackay Memorial Tsev Kho Mob (No. 18MMHIS103). Cov ntaub ntawv tso cai raug zam los ntawm tib pawg neeg saib xyuas kev ncaj ncees uas tau pom zoo rau txoj kev tshawb no (Institutional Review Board of Mackay Memorial Hospital).
Cov txiaj ntsig
Tag nrho ntawm 29{{40}}5 tus neeg koom tau raug soj ntsuam thaum kuaj xyuas kev noj qab haus huv ua ntej ua haujlwm txhua xyoo txij li xyoo 2008 txog 2018 hauv tsev kho mob qib siab. 2111 cov neeg koom yog cov poj niam uas muaj hnub nyoog nruab nrab ntawm 28.78 ± 8.92 (SD) xyoo, thiab cov txiv neej hnub nyoog nruab nrab yog 29.09 ± 7.13 (SD) xyoo. Cov feem pua (tus lej) ntawm cov menyuam hnub nyoog 18–20, 21–30, 31–40, 41–50, 51–60, thiab 61–70 xyoo yog 1.38% (40), 68.02% (1976), 19.{{ 32}}% (577), 6.99% (203), 2.89% (84), thiab 0.86% (25), feem. (Table 1) Ntawm 2905 tus neeg koom, 2128 (73%) muaj qhov zoo IgG, thiab tus nqi tau pom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov hnub nyoog nce (Table 2). Cov kev sib raug zoo sib xws tau pom nyob rau hauv ob pawg txiv neej thiab poj niam kev txheeb xyuas (Daim duab 1). Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv chav kuaj xyuas (hnub nyoog nruab nrab: 28.11 xyoo) tau pom qhov qis tshaj ntawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo, ntawm 70.3% (95% CI: 66.9–73.7%), qhov chaw cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev tiv thaiv thiab kev saib xyuas mus sij hawm ntev (hnub nyoog nruab nrab: 34.91 xyoo ) muaj qhov feem pua zoo tshaj plaws: 83.2% (95% CI: 76.1–90.2%) (P=0.004). (Table 3) Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg sib txawv suav nrog poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm txoj cai, thiab kev ua haujlwm raug suav. Los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov rov qab, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm poj niam txiv neej thiab kev ua haujlwm. Cov neeg yug tom qab xyoo 1977 muaj 0.423 npaug ntawm qhov txawv txav ntawm qhov ua rau cov neeg yug ua ntej xyoo 1977. Cov pab pawg neeg soj ntsuam piv rau pawg hnub nyoog 18-20 nrog lwm pab pawg hnub nyoog qhia qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb (p=0.001) tshwj tsis yog rau 21– 30 hnub nyoog pawg (p=0.174) (Table 4).
Qhov sib txawv piv txwv piv cov ntaub ntawv ua ntej 2012 nrog rau xyoo tom ntej pom qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv pawg ntawm 2015, 2017, thiab 2018 (p=0.046, 0.046, 0.049) nrog ib qho qauv ntawm kev txhim kho tom qab lub tsev kho mob txoj cai txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tau pib (Table 5).
Table 1 Hnub nyoog thiab poj niam txiv neej pawg neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev kho mob
Table 2 Seropositivity nyob rau hauv ntau pawg hnub nyoog
Fig. 1 Feem ntawm Measles IgG cov ntsiab lus zoo thiab Measles IgG GMT, los ntawm pawg hnub nyoog thiab poj niam txiv neej. Txiv kab ntxwv kab: % ntawm Measles IgG-positive poj niam. Cov kab xiav: % ntawm Measles IgG-positive txiv neej. Kab daj: Measles IgG GMT hauv poj niam (AU/mL). Grey kab: Measles IgG GMT hauv txiv neej (AU/mL)
Kev sib tham
Raws li kev pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv thiab Tebchaws Meskas Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv thiab Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob, ob koob tshuaj tiv thaiv MMR raug suav hais tias yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias [1, 2, 5]. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus mob qhua pias tau txo qis hauv Taiwan tom qab kev qhia txog kev txhaj tshuaj MMR los ntawm tsoomfwv hauv xyoo 1978. Muaj tsawg dua 100 tus neeg mob hauv 1993 thiab tsawg dua 10 xyoo 2007 [5, 6]. Kev tshem tawm ces tau tshaj tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, kev kis kab mob qhua pias tseem tau tshaj tawm, tsis yog hauv cov zej zog nkaus xwb tab sis kuj hauv tsev kho mob [4–6]. Feem ntau cov neeg raug xa tuaj, tab sis qee zaus pom cov kab mob hauv tsev kho mob. Cov tsev kho mob yuav dhau los ua qhov kev tsom mus rau kis kab mob thaum qhov no tshwm sim, ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim loj. Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev kho mob yog ib pab pawg muaj kev pheej hmoo siab. Kev nthuav dav ntawm txoj cai txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob tau hais txog hauv lwm cov kev tshawb fawb [5–11]. Hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, Measles IgG qhov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab titers tau pom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog rau pawg hnub nyoog.
Table 3 Crude seroprevalence los ntawm txoj haujlwm (N=2905)
Table 4 Ntau lub logistic regression ntawm fnal kev tiv thaiv kab mob (N=2905)
Table 5 Regression tsom xam ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob tom qab tsev kho mob txoj cai txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob
Qhov qis dua qhov zoo seroprevalence pom muaj nyob hauv qab -40 pawg. Cov txiaj ntsig no tau sib xws nrog kev tshawb fawb kab mob qhua pias yav dhau los hauv Taiwan thaum xyoo 1995–1997 thiab 2004–2009. Kev tiv thaiv tsis pub dhau lub sijhawm tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thoob plaws hauv xyoo 1978, qhov no tuaj yeem yog vim qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kis tau tus kab mob thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv tau txais ua ntej thiab tom qab kev qhia txog kev txhaj tshuaj. Qhov kev tshawb pom no zoo ib yam nrog cov ntaub ntawv dhau los ntawm Taiwan thiab lwm lub tebchaws [3, 6, 11, 12]. Hauv kev txheeb xyuas hnub nyoog subgroup regression, qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob tseem ceeb tau pom nyob nruab nrab ntawm 18–20 thiab tshaj{14}} pawg. Kev sib piv ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm HCWs yug ua ntej 1977 thiab tom qab 1978 tshwm sim tseem ceeb, ib yam nkaus. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias tus kab mob ntuj no muab kev tiv thaiv ntev dua li kev tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj [3]. Los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas pawg hauv pawg los ntawm kev ua haujlwm, peb pom tias kev tiv thaiv thiab kev saib xyuas mus sij hawm ntev muaj hnub nyoog nruab nrab ntawm 34.91 xyoo nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv (IQR) ntawm 20.82, muaj qhov loj tshaj plaws seroprevalence ntawm 83.2%; thaum cov neeg ua haujlwm kuaj mob muaj hnub nyoog nruab nrab ntawm 28.11 xyoo nrog IQR ntawm 9.00, muaj qhov zoo ntawm 70.3%. Txawm hais tias qhov sib txawv ntawm seropositivity nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm tej zaum yuav confounded los ntawm lub hnub nyoog, qhov kev nyiam ntawm seropositivity tsawg ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm soj ntsuam ua rau tsis tu ncua saib xyuas thiab revaccination ntawm ob-kab HCWs ib tug tsim nyog ntsuas. Raws li Lub Koom Haum Ntiaj Teb Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv (WHO), kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm 93-95% yog txaus kom ua tiav kev tiv thaiv tsiaj txhu [13]. Tus nqi seropositivity ntawm HCWs los ntawm cov chaw kho mob nyob rau yav qab teb thiab sab qaum teb Taiwan yog 81.1% thiab 85.8%, feem [3, 14].
cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob
Qhov seropositivity hauv peb HCWs yog 73%, txawm hais tias qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau 95% rau ntau tshaj kaum xyoo. Piv nrog rau lwm lub tebchaws tau tshaj tawm txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob, 91–93% hauv Fabkis, 86% hauv Ltalis, thiab 73% hauv Kaus Lim Kauslim, peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qis kawg ntawm ntau yam thiab pom tias muaj kev tiv thaiv tsis txaus los cuam tshuam kev kis tus mob qhua pias. [11, 15–17]. Peb yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam peb cov HCWs tus kab mob qhua pias-tiv thaiv kab mob thiab muab kev txhawb zog rau cov uas tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv txaus. HCWs uas muaj hnub nyoog qis dua 40 xyoo tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam. Nov yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los tiv thaiv cov kab mob nosocomial [5, 18]. Peb lub tsev kho mob tau pib niaj hnub kuaj ua ntej ua haujlwm rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias nyob rau xyoo 2008. Tsuas yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias uas kuaj tau los ntawm kev kuaj serological tau pom zoo. Cov neeg ua haujlwm uas muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias uas tsis tuaj yeem tau txais koob tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv xyoo 2012. Qhov txawv ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los hauv Taiwan lossis lwm lub tebchaws, peb tau ua raws li tus kab mob qhua pias-zoo ntawm HCWs txhua txhua xyoo tom qab kev tshaj tawm hauv tsev kho mob txoj cai [3, 11, 17]. Cov txiaj ntsig tom qab kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tau muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv zoo thiab tau txheeb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb hauv xyoo 2015, 2017, thiab 2018. Qhov laj thawj rau qhov tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv lwm xyoo tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev soj ntsuam kev noj qab haus huv sib txawv ntawm lub tsev kho mob, yog li. tsis yog tag nrho HCWs tau suav nrog txhua xyoo. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj no tuaj yeem ua cov lus qhia rau tsev kho mob cov cai yav tom ntej. Muaj kev txwv rau peb txoj kev kawm. Ua ntej, qhov no yog ib qho chaw, kev kawm rov qab. Nws yuav tsis sawv cev rau qhov xwm txheej hauv lwm lub tsev kho mob lossis thoob tebchaws. Qhov thib ob, peb tsis tuaj yeem lees paub tias peb cov HCWs puas tau txais kev txhawb nqa ua ntej. Qhov thib peb, peb tsis tau kuaj xyuas tus kab mob qhua pias tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Thaum kawg, tsuas muaj ob qho kev kawm hauv pawg txiv neej hnub nyoog 18-20, txhais tau tias peb qhov kev tshawb pom yuav tsis siv rau pawg hnub nyoog no.
Cov lus xaus
Kev noj qab haus huv rau pej xeem yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias. Txawm li cas los xij, peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob tswj tsis tau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob txaus los tswj kev tiv thaiv tsiaj txhu. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev tiv thaiv tau pom tau tias siv tau thaum cov neeg ua haujlwm tau txais ob koob tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias, muaj pov thawj hauv chaw kuaj mob ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob lossis kab mob, lossis tau kuaj pom tus kab mob qhua pias los ntawm tus kws kho mob. Txoj cai tswj kev ua haujlwm ua ntej ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, ua raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thib peb rau tus mob qhua pias (lossis MMR) rau cov tib neeg tsis zoo, raug pom zoo. Txoj cai yuav txo qhov yuav tshwm sim ntawm HCWs. Kev tiv thaiv kab mob siab dua hauv cov pab pawg yug ua ntej xyoo 1977, ua raws li kev tshawb fawb ua ntej pom tias kev kis tus kab mob ntuj tsim muaj kev tiv thaiv ntev dua li kev tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj. Kev tshuaj xyuas tsis yog cov neeg ua haujlwm tshiab nkaus xwb tab sis txhua tus HCWs yuav yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo dua los txo qhov muaj feem kis tus kab mob nosocomial ntawm HCWs, cov neeg mob, thiab cov neeg tuaj xyuas hauv tsev kho mob.
Cov ntaub ntawv
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