Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Ntev Ntev hauv Cov Me Nyuam Nrog Kev Loj Hlob Thiab Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Tej thaj chaw deb Web-raws li Duab Ua Haujlwm Kev Tshawb Fawb

Abstract

Keeb kwm:

Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDD) ua rau cov tib neeg muaj kev nyuaj rau kev kawm qhov tseeb, cov txheej txheem, lossis kev txawj sib raug zoo. NDD tau txuas nrog ntau lub noob, thiab ntau tus qauv tsiaj tau siv los txheeb xyuas cov neeg tuaj yeem kho tau raws li cov kev kawm tshwj xeeb rau lub sijhawm ntev thiab kev nco. Hauv cov tib neeg nrog NDD, txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev sim no tsis tau siv los txog tam sim no, ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv hauv kev txhais cov txiaj ntsig ua ntej rau kev kho mob.

Cov kab mob neurodevelopmental yog ib yam mob uas qee qhov txawv txav tshwm sim hauv lub paj hlwb thaum lub sij hawm xeeb tub los yog me nyuam mos, ua rau muaj kev loj hlob txawv txav. Tus mob no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub cev thiab lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tus neeg mob. Muaj ntau ntau hom kab mob neurodevelopmental, nrog rau kev puas hlwb, ADHD, kev tsis taus kev txawj ntse, thiab lwm yam. Ntawm lawv, cov kab mob neurodevelopmental cuam tshuam nrog kev nco feem ntau suav nrog cov hauv qab no:

1. Autism

Autism yog ib qho teeb meem neurodevelopmental uas feem ntau cuam tshuam rau tib neeg kev sib raug zoo, kev txawj lus, thiab kev coj cwj pwm. Cov neeg muaj autism muaj kev nco ntau dua, tab sis lawv muaj kev nco tsis zoo, kev hais lus, thiab kev xav. Qhov xwm txheej no ua rau cov neeg muaj autism muaj teeb meem nrog kev sib txuas lus ntawm tus kheej, kev nkag siab ntawm cov lus, thiab kev xav ntawm kev xav.

2. Autism

Autism kuj yog ib qho teeb meem neurodevelopmental. Nws yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsis muaj phooj ywg txij thaum yau, indifference rau cov neeg nyob ib ncig ntawm koj, thiab kev loj hlob tsis sib xws. Cov neeg muaj autism muaj qhov nco zoo ib yam tab sis tej zaum yuav muaj teeb meem nrog kev nkag siab, kev paub, thiab lus.

3. Kev kawm tsis taus

Kev xiam oob khab hauv kev kawm feem ntau suav nrog kev tsis taus nyeem ntawv, kev tsis taus sau ntawv, thiab kev txwv kev hais lus. Cov neeg muaj kev xiam oob khab feem ntau muaj kev nco, tab sis kuj muaj peev xwm tsis muaj peev xwm hais lus, nyeem ntawv, sau ntawv, thiab suav. Qhov xwm txheej no yuav ua rau muaj kev poob qis hauv kev kawm, uas yuav cuam tshuam rau lub neej thiab kev kawm txhua hnub.

Txawm hais tias cov kab mob neurodevelopmental tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev thiab lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv, peb yuav tsum tsom mus rau lub siab zoo. Rau cov neeg uas cuam tshuam los ntawm neurodevelopmental disorders, tab sis tseem muaj lub siab xav thiab kev txhawb siab, lawv yuav muaj qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws thiab nco, thiab lawv cov kev ua tau zoo yuav raug tsim los ntawm lawv cov txuj ci thiab kev ua siab loj. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib xyuas lawv lub siab lub ntsws thiab txhawb kom lawv ua siab loj ntsib cov teeb meem hauv lub neej thiab txais kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej. Nws pom tau tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho peb lub cim xeeb. Cistanche tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco zoo vim tias cov nqaij muab tshuaj txhuam yog cov khoom siv tshuaj hauv Suav teb nrog ntau yam tshwj xeeb, ib qho yog los txhim kho kev nco. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov nqaij minced yog los ntawm ntau yam khoom xyaw uas nws muaj, suav nrog carboxylic acid, polysaccharides, flavonoids, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom xyaw no tuaj yeem txhawb lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev.

Nyem Paub txhawm rau txhim kho lub cim xeeb luv luv

Lub Hom Phiaj:

Peb lub hom phiaj los ntsuam xyuas yog tias cov tib neeg nrog NDD tuaj yeem raug sim rau kev sib koom ua ke kev kawm thiab kev nco mus ntev, raws li qhia hauv cov qauv tsiaj yav dhau los.

Txoj kev:

Peb tau tsim cov duab-raws li kev sib koom tes ua haujlwm, uas tuaj yeem ua tiav ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv uas siv cov kev xeem hauv lub vev xaib, thiab ntsuas nws qhov ua tau rau cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev loj hlob zoo (TD), nrog rau NDD. Peb suav nrog 2 txoj haujlwm: kev lees paub cov khoom raws li txoj haujlwm yooj yim thiab kev sib koom ua ke. Kev kawm tau raug sim tam sim tom qab kev cob qhia thiab tseem yog hnub tom qab rau kev nco mus ntev.

Cov txiaj ntsig:

Peb pom tias cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 5-14 xyoo nrog TD (n=128) thiab nrog NDD ntawm ntau hom (n=57) tuaj yeem ua tiav kev sim siv Memory Game. Cov menyuam yaus uas muaj NDD tau pom qhov tsis txaus ntawm ob qho tib si kev lees paub thiab kev koom ua ke ua haujlwm hauv thawj hnub ntawm kev kawm, ob qho tib si 5-9-xyoo (P<.001 and P=.01, respectively) and 10-14–year old groups (P=.001 and P<.001, respectively). The reaction times to stimuli showed no significant difference between individuals with TD or NDD. Children with NDD exhibited a faster 24-hour memory decay for the recognition task than those with TD in the 5-9–year old group. This trend is reversed for the paired association task. Interestingly, we found that children with NDD had their retention for recognition improved and matched with typically developing individuals by 10-14 years of age. The NDD group also showed improved retention deficits in the paired association task at 10-14 years of age compared to the TD group.

Cov lus xaus:

Peb tau pom tias kev sim kev kawm hauv lub vev xaib uas siv cov duab yooj yim sib koom ua tau rau cov menyuam yaus uas muaj TD, nrog rau NDD. Peb tau pom tias qhov kev xeem hauv lub vev xaib no tso cai rau peb los cob qhia cov menyuam kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov duab, raws li qhia hauv cov ntawv xeem tam sim thiab cov ua tiav 1 hnub tom qab. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb raws li ntau tus qauv rau kev kawm tsis txaus hauv NDD lub hom phiaj ob qho tib si luv- thiab ntev-ntev nco rau kev cuam tshuam kho mob. Peb kuj tau ua pov thawj tias txawm tias muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb, xws li kev qhia txog tus kheej kev tsis ncaj ncees, cov teeb meem kev lag luam, thiab kev koom tes sib txawv, Memory Game qhia qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm feem ntau tsim cov menyuam yaus thiab cov uas muaj NDD. Cov kev sim yav tom ntej yuav txhawb nqa lub peev xwm ntawm kev sim hauv web rau cov pab pawg loj dua thiab kev sib tw nrog lwm cov kev kho mob lossis kev paub txog kev paub ua ntej.

KEYWORDS

Nco; neurodevelopmental teeb meem; autism spectrum teeb meem; kev tsis taus kev txawj ntse; kev loj hlob qeeb; hippocampus; kev lees paub; kev sib koom ua ke kev kawm; kuaj tej thaj chaw deb; autism; tsis meej pem; noob caj noob ces; kev loj hlob; kev loj hlob tsis zoo; kev ua si; chaw taws teeb; kuaj; kuaj mob; kuaj mob.

Taw qhia

Neurodevelopmental Disorders muaj ntau

Kawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab los ntawm kev tsim cov koom haum yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev txhim kho thiab ua haujlwm txhua hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, peb txoj kev nkag siab txog kev sib koom ua ke yuav txawv li cas ntawm cov tib neeg feem ntau txhim kho thiab cov neeg muaj kab mob neurodevelopmental (NDD) tseem tsis txaus rau qee yam tseem ceeb. NDD suav nrog ib pawg ntawm kev kuaj mob, uas kev txhim kho ntawm lub hlwb ua haujlwm, xws li kev mloog, kev paub, lossis kev ua haujlwm hauv zej zog, tau hloov pauv [1]. Piv txwv ntawm NDDs feem ntau suav nrog kev tsis txaus siab / kev tsis txaus ntseeg siab (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), thiab kev tsis taus kev txawj ntse [2]. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas ib leeg, kwv yees li 1 ntawm 6 (17%) cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 3 txog 17 xyoo muaj NDD, raws li cov niam txiv qhia [3]. Qhov no tsom xam tus nqi txheeb xyuas hauv kev tshawb fawb pej xeem thoob ntiaj teb [4-10]. Tsis yog cov tib neeg nrog NDD nkaus xwb tab sis lawv tsev neeg yuav ntsib teeb meem nyiaj txiag thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws loj [11-13], yuav tsum tau siv zog ntau ntxiv hauv kev tsim cov phiaj xwm kev cuam tshuam, vim tias feem ntau NDDs yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub neej [14].

Qhov tsis sib xws tam sim no nyob rau hauv Hom Nco Kev Ntsuas Ntawm Preclinical thiab Clinical NDD Models

Hauv kaum xyoo dhau los, tau muaj ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb pom cov noob muaj feem xyuam nrog txhua tus mob neurodevelopmental thiab kev txhim kho ntawm ntau tus tsiaj qauv los kawm txog cov kab mob [15-17]. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas kev txawj ntse siv hauv tib neeg thiab kev paub txog kev siv tsiaj hauv cov qauv, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev txhais lus ntawm cov neeg sib tw kho mob [18,19].

Raws li ntau cov noob tau pom hauv NDD yog cov cim qhia txoj hauv kev uas twb tau tshawb xyuas hauv tsiaj cov qauv ntawm kev kawm thiab kev nco [20,21], ntau qhov "kev soj ntsuam nco" yav tas los siv hauv NDD tsiaj qauv tsis tas yuav ua raws li NDD qhov chaw kho mob. kuaj. Kev ntsuam xyuas tsiaj tau tsom mus rau kev kawm nonassociative (sensitization thiab habituation) piv rau associative nco (ntshai txias txias, spatial navigation, thiab olfactory conditioning) [22,23], thiab lub sij hawm luv luv (STM; kev cob qhia thiab nco qab hauv feeb) piv rau ntev- Lub sij hawm nco (LTM; 24 teev) [24]. Mutants rau NDD gene orthologues thiab cov neeg sib tw tshuaj cuam tshuam tau tshwm sim rau lawv cov teebmeem ntawm cov cwj pwm no [25-27]. Cov cuab yeej los txheeb xyuas cov teeb meem nco ntawm NDD cov tib neeg hauv chaw kho mob, txawm li cas los xij, tseem tsis txaus lossis tso siab rau nws tus kheej tshaj tawm [28,29].

Thaum qee qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev nco thiab rov qab los ntawm cov tib neeg ib txwm muaj, xws li ib qho los ntawm Ebinhaus, tshawb xyuas STM thiab LTM [30], feem ntau ntawm kev soj ntsuam kev nco qab tau tsom mus rau hom STM, xws li kev ua haujlwm nco [31]. Feem ntau ntawm cov tib neeg uas muaj NDD, suav nrog cov neeg uas muaj cov kab mob sib txawv xws li Fragile X syndrome [32-35], Down syndrome [36,37], Williams syndrome [38], nrog rau kev kho mob, xws li Cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg [39,40], ADHD [41-43], ASD [44], thiab kev tsis taus kev txawj ntse [45-48], tau pom tias muaj STM tsis xws luag. LTM, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tau tshaj tawm, tshwj tsis yog hauv 1 txoj kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau xyoo 1990, qhia LTM qhov tsis xws luag hauv Down syndrome [49]. Peb xav tias qhov no yog ib feem vim muaj kev txwv kev siv nyiaj txiag thiab kev txwv nyiaj txiag uas txwv tsis pub muaj peev xwm tsim cov tshiab thiab ntsuas kev nco tau zoo, thiab rov sim dua hauv qhov chaw sim. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias lub vev xaib los yog kev sim tej thaj chaw deb yuav yog qhov kev daws teeb meem.

Ib yam li ntawd, cov kev txwv hauv kev tsim qauv tam sim no tau txwv tsis pub siv cov kev sim nco hauv NDD. Kev sib koom ua ke feem ntau yog ua haujlwm hauv chaw kho mob nrog kev siv cov duab thiab lub npe lossis lo lus koom nrog [50]. Hom kev sim no tso siab rau kev ua haujlwm hippocampal [51-54]. Feem ntau, ib tus neeg yuav kawm txog kev koom tes ntawm tus neeg daim duab thiab lawv lub npe. Thaum lub sijhawm sim, lawv yuav nthuav tawm nrog daim duab thiab 3 lub npe (1 yog thiab 2 lwm lub npe ntawm cov neeg sib txawv pom hauv kev cob qhia). Cov neeg uas muaj NDD tuaj yeem muaj kev sib tw hauv kev nyeem ntawv thiab muaj, yog li ntawd, tsis raug cuam tshuam nrog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib tw ntau [55,56]. Txawm li cas los xij, cov hauj lwm hauv daim duab-raws li kev koom tes tau siv rau cov menyuam yaus uas muaj dyslexia [22,57] thiab NDD [58] kom hla cov teeb meem nrog lus qeeb [59,60].

Qhov teeb meem muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv kev sim tej thaj chaw deb yuav yog los txiav txim siab txog qib kev mloog ntawm cov neeg koom. Tswj cov haujlwm [61], xws li kev lees paub ntawm ib khub, tsis tshua muaj kev nyuaj, hippocampal-ywj siab txoj haujlwm, tau siv los ntsuas lub peev xwm ntawm tus neeg los koom thiab lawv cov kev xav rau ib txoj haujlwm [54,62,63]. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, siv cov duab flanker, uas tsis tau pom dua ua ntej, ua kom rov qab tau lub koom haum yooj yim dua.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm Web-based thiab Kev Ntsuas Chaw Taws Teeb raws li txoj hauv kev rau Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Kev Paub hauv NDD

Kov npo-raws li kev ntsuas tau tshwm sim los ua qhov tseeb thiab koom nrog rau kev sim cov menyuam yaus thiab cov tib neeg nrog NDD. Subtasks ntawm NIH Toolbox rau Kev Ntsuam Xyuas ntawm Neurological thiab Behavioral Function, xws li episodic nco [64] thiab ua haujlwm nco [65], tau siv tsis ntev los no hauv kev sim tshuaj rau Fragile X syndrome [66]. Txawm li cas los xij, cov haujlwm no tsis ntsuas kev sib koom tes lossis LTM cov txuj ci. Tsis tas li ntawd, NIH toolbox tam sim no yuav tsum tau tswj hwm hauv zos ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj, nrog kev taw qhia los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau kawm hauv chav kuaj. Lwm qhov kev sim uas yog siv rau cov tib neeg uas muaj NDD yog Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, uas ntsuas kev ua haujlwm nco, kev nco, kev xav, thiab kev txiav txim siab [67]. Qhov kev sim no tau tso cai thiab tau tswj hwm hauv cov tib neeg uas muaj ADHD siv cov kws tshawb fawb cov ntsiav tshuaj [68,69]. Thaum tsim tau zoo, cov kev ntsuam xyuas tam sim no tsis tso cai rau kev sim ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv. Lawv kuj raug txwv rau hauv qhov chaw sim hauv chav kuaj lossis ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb cov cuab yeej siv, ua rau nws kim thiab tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau ntau tus neeg tuaj koom. Kev ntsuam xyuas hauv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig kuj tuaj yeem nyuaj rau cov menyuam yaus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas muaj NDD, xav tias muaj kev ntxhov siab ntau heev [70-76].

Yog li, peb lub hom phiaj los txhim kho lub vev xaib tej thaj chaw deb thiab nkag mus tau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas, uas tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua ntawm hom kev nco (kev koom ua ke) thiab lub sijhawm sib txawv (STM thiab LTM) siv hauv cov qauv ua ntej, hauv kev cia siab tias qhov no yuav ua rau preclinical. cov kev kho mob yooj yim dua txhais rau hauv kev sim tshuaj. Ntawm no, peb tau soj ntsuam qhov ua tau ntawm qhov kev sim no tau tswj hwm lub vev xaib hauv cov tib neeg uas muaj kev loj hlob zoo (TD) thiab NDD.

Cov txheej txheem

Kev pom zoo Ethics

Qhov project tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm University of Alberta (Pro00033138).

Qhia Kev Pom Zoo

Kev ceeb toom kev pom zoo los koom rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no tau nrhiav los ntawm tus neeg koom nrog niam txiv lossis tus neeg saib xyuas (Multimedia Appendix 1). Tom ntej no, cov neeg koom, lossis cov niam txiv thiab cov neeg saib xyuas, raug hais kom muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus neeg koom nrog lub hnub nyoog, kev mob hlwb thiab kev kho mob, kev sib deev, thiab cov tshuaj tam sim no (Daim duab 1).

Koom nrog

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 128 tus neeg uas tsis paub txog cov kab mob neurological thiab 57 tus neeg uas muaj NDD, suav nrog kev loj hlob qeeb, ASD, thiab kev tsis taus kev txawj ntse tau koom nrog hauv txoj kev tshawb no. Cov neeg koom nrog cov neeg saib xyuas tus kheej tau tshaj tawm lawv qhov kev kuaj mob lossis qhov tsis tuaj. Table 1 suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv pej xeem rau cov neeg koom. Cov neeg koom tau raug hu los ntawm lawv lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Pawg Thawj Coj los ntawm Healthy Infants and Children Clinical Research Program (HICCUP) lossis pab pawg txhawb nqa tsev neeg. Kev nkag mus tau dawb rau cov neeg tuaj koom. Cov neeg koom tau txais qhov URL rau Memory Game.

Lub Memory Game Interface

Txhua qhov kev koom tes hauv Memory Game tau ua tiav hauv lub vev xaib siv lub touchscreen ntsiav tshuaj (piv txwv li, iPad). Cov txheej txheem muaj tsib yam tseem ceeb: (1) kev tso cai, (2) kev tso npe, (3) cov yeeb yaj kiab qhia, (4) theem kev cob qhia, thiab (5) theem xeem.

Tom qab ua tiav qhov kev tso cai thiab kev tso npe, cov neeg koom tau txais ib txoj cai los ntawm email, uas tso cai rau lawv mus rau qhov kev cob qhia thiab kev xeem cov khoom. Cov no tshwm sim dhau 2 hnub. Hnub 1, cov neeg koom nrog koom nrog 3 theem ntawm qhov kev ua si: theem qhia, theem xyaum, thiab theem sim. Cov theem yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav los ntawm kev xeem. Cov theem qhia tau muaj cov lus piav qhia thiab pom kev ntawm kev ua tiav qhov kev xeem los ntawm kev sib piv cov khub. Qhov no yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev qhia video los piav qhia qhov kev ua si ua haujlwm li cas. Ib tug cartoon qav ua qauv qhia, thaum lub suab piav qhia yuav ua li cas (Daim duab 2). Cov vis dis aus yog ua raws li theem kev xyaum, uas cov neeg koom ua ntej pom 6 pawg ntawm khub, ua raws li 6 nqe lus nug. Hauv seem no, lawv tau muab cov lus qhia txog seb lawv cov lus teb puas yog lossis tsis raug. Thaum kawg, cov neeg koom tau dhau los ntawm theem kev sim uas lawv tau pom 20 pawg ntawm khub ua raws li 20 nqe lus nug, lub sijhawm no tsis muaj kev tawm tswv yim rau lawv cov lus teb. Hnub 2, cov neeg koom tau raug coj mus rau theem kev sim (raws li hnub 1) thiab tsis tau txais cov lus teb rau lawv cov lus teb.

Task Description

Qhov Kev Ua Si Memory suav nrog cov lus nug kuaj ob qho tib si sib koom ua ke thiab kev paub nco, nyob ntawm cov duab cuam tshuam tam sim no (Daim duab 3). Hauv cov lus nug txog kev lees paub, 2 cov duab cuam tshuam tsis yog ib feem ntawm ib khub uas pom hauv kev cob qhia thiab tsis tau pom yav dhau los. Hauv cov lus nug sib koom ua ke, 1 ntawm cov neeg cuam tshuam yuav yog daim duab zoo sib xws rau qhov tam sim no tsis tau tshwm sim thiab yog li yuav tau saib yav dhau los. Cov duab siv tau raug xaiv raws li lawv cov duab thiab cov duab los ntawm Bank of Standardized Stimuli (BOSS) database tsim los ntawm Dr Mathieu Brodeur.

Kev txhim kho ua haujlwm

Peb pib tsim lub cim xeeb Game rau kev sim siv E-Prime (Psychology Software Tools) thiab muab rau cov menyuam yaus nrog NDD hauv peb lub chaw kho mob neurology, siv lub vijtsam kov lub laptop hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv kawm tiav qib siab neuroscience. Qhov no tso cai rau peb ua kom zoo dua cov lus qhia video thiab xaiv cov duab, thiab kho cov haujlwm. Piv txwv li, peb pom tias muaj kev hais lus thaum lub sijhawm qhia video ua kom yooj yim rau cov neeg koom thiab cov neeg saib xyuas ua raws. Cov kev xaiv ntawm cov duab siv rau kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev kuaj kev lees paub, uas yog tus qauv hauv BOSS database, raug tshuaj xyuas kom nkag siab dav dav thiab kev lees paub zoo nrog cov neeg saib xyuas thiab rau formatting (kev taw qhia, xim, thiab cov duab) nrog 2 tus kws kho kev puas siab puas ntsws los ntawm peb pab pawg ( SAW and JP). Ib yam li ntawd, peb tau hloov txoj haujlwm ntawm "cov lus teb raug" ntawm sab laug, nruab nrab, thiab sab xis los tiv thaiv "kev ua tiav tsis raug" yog tias, piv txwv li, ib tus neeg ib txwm xaiv txoj haujlwm. Peb kuj tau nrhiav kev tawm tswv yim los ntawm cov neeg zov me nyuam uas muaj nyob hauv chav thaum lub sij hawm sim txog cov dej ntws siv thiab cov teeb meem hauv kev nkag siab. Ntxiv nrog rau cov lus pom dav dav, peb tau ua kom cov neeg tuaj koom nkag siab txog cov yeeb yaj kiab qhia thiab kev cob qhia thiab kev sim theem ntawm Memory Game. Ib zaug tsim nyob rau hauv E-Prime software, ib qho kev pab cuam dav siv rau kev nthuav qhia kev txhawb nqa [77], qhov kawg ntawm txoj haujlwm tau tham nrog cov programmers (Jeffrey Van Alstine, Arthur Schuiltz, Department of Education los ntawm University of Alberta) thiab tsim rau lub vev xaib -raws li kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj. Lub Memory Game tau dhau los ua ntau qhov kev hloov kho kom ua kom zoo dua. Thaum kuaj mob thiab hnub nyoog tau suav nrog hauv txhua qhov version, kev sib deev tau ntxiv rau hauv qhov thib ob nkaus xwb.

Txoj Kev Coding

Lub cim xeeb Game muaj 3 qhov chaw: qhov kev ua si pem hauv ntej-kawg interface, tus neeg tshawb nrhiav interface, thiab daim ntawv thov programming interface (API) ob qho tib si sib txuas lus. Cov kev ua si pem hauv ntej kawg yog qhov zoo li HTML khiav ib daim ntawv thov web tsim nrog jQuery 1.11 (OpenJS Foundation) thiab tso siab rau YouTube iFrame API. Tus kws tshawb fawb interface yog qhov kev cai me me PHP 7 daim ntawv thov uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam. API nws tus kheej yog tsim los ntawm PHP Slim moj khaum v3.4, siv PHPMailer v5.3 xa ntawv lees paub lossis ceeb toom email los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab SMTP server, thiab ua kom txuag cov ntaub ntawv hauv MySQL (Oracle Corporation) database nrog cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas (email chaw nyob) encrypted xws li tias nws tsuas tuaj yeem txiav txim siab thiab nyeem los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb nrog tus yuam sij raug. Lub cim xeeb Game yog web-based thiab tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv [78].

Kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv

Los ntawm cov khoom ua si, qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov lus teb raug raug kaw, nrog rau lub sijhawm xav tau los teb txhua nqe lus nug raws li lub sijhawm tshuaj tiv thaiv (RT).

Qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov neeg koom nrog NDD tau muab piv rau cov hnub nyoog sib thooj ntawm cov neeg koom nrog TD. Cov pab pawg tau muab faib ua 2 pawg hnub nyoog: 5-9 xyoo thiab 10-14 xyoo. Qhov feem pua ​​​​yog cov qhab nia raug muab raws li feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov lus nug teb kom raug. Kev ua yeeb yam rau hnub 1 thiab hnub 2 tau npaj tseg. Ib txoj kab koom nrog cov 2 tau kos thiab txoj kab nqes tau siv los kwv yees kev nco ploj. RT yog lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg koom tes los teb cov lus nug thiab muab rau hauv ms. Unpaired t-tests nrog assumed Gaussian tis (siv parametric test), tsis muaj kev xav txog kev sib xws SDs (the Welch t-test), thiab tsis muaj kev kho rau ntau qhov kev sib piv tau ua (P tus nqi *<.05, ** <.01, *** <.001; Cronbach α=.05). Effect sizes between groups were reported as Cohen d values. All statistical analyses were run using Prism software (GraphPad).

Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Outlier

Rau RT, txhua qhov outliers rau ib tus neeg koom tau kuaj pom siv qhov hloov Z-score [79], yoog rau cov ntaub ntawv me me, thiab tom qab ntawd tshem tawm. Qhov no tau ua tiav los ntawm cov neeg koom nrog-los ntawm cov neeg koom nrog, nrog rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj 3.5 sau npe ua ib qho outlier.

Cov txiaj ntsig

Paired Association thiab Recognition Performance nyob rau hnub 1

Peb tau xaiv cov tib neeg nrog TD thiab cov tib neeg uas muaj ntau hom NDD. Cov no tau tshaj tawm tus kheej los ntawm cov neeg siv cov niam txiv thiab suav nrog kev loj hlob qeeb, kev tsis taus kev txawj ntse, thiab ASD (Table 2).

Peb pib los ntawm kev ntsuas kev kawm (hnub 1) rau cov tib neeg nrog NDD piv rau cov tib neeg nrog TD. Peb tau soj ntsuam ob qho tib si kev ua tau zoo thiab RT rau txhua hom kev coj ua (paired koom haum thiab kev lees paub) hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm pawg hnub nyoog (5-9 xyoo thiab 10-14 xyoo).

Qhov kev sib ntsib ntev li ntawm 3 mus rau 6 feeb. Tsis yog txhua tus neeg koom ua tiav qhov kev xeem rau hnub 1 tom qab pib nws. Rau hnub 1, 69 TD thiab 32 NDD cov tib neeg tau pib tab sis tsis ua tiav qhov kev xyaum, thaum 32 TD thiab 14 NDD cov tib neeg ua tiav qhov kev xyaum tab sis tsis yog qhov kev xeem. Rau hnub 2, ntawm cov neeg koom ua tiav hnub 1, 5 TD thiab 12 NDD tau pib tab sis tsis tiav qhov kev xeem.

NDD kev ua tau zoo tau qis dua rau kev paub txog kev nco hauv ob pawg hnub nyoog (hnub nyoog 5-9 xyoo, P<.001, d=0.89; ages 10-14 years, P=.001, d=0.90) (Figure 4A). We found that RT was not significantly different between TD and NDD individuals (ages 5-9 years, P=.90; ages 10-14 years, P=.09) (Figure 4B). We observed a trend toward decreased RT from 5-9 to 10-14 years in TD, but we did not observe such a reduction in NDD individuals.

Rau kev sib koom ua ke nco, peb pom qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 5-9 xyoo (P=.01, d=0.53) thiab 10-14 xyoo (P<.001, d=0.94) with NDD compared to TD (Figure 4C). RT did not show significant differences (ages 5-9 years, P=.91; ages 10-14 years, P=.23) but showed a trend for decreased RT in TD (Figure 4D) between the 2 age groups. RT in NDD trended toward increasing when comparing 5-9 years old to 10-14 years old individuals, suggesting that NDD performance potentially requires more cognitive processing, and thus the increased reaction time.

Peb kuj pom tau tias cov qhab nia lees paub tau siab dua qhov kev sib koom ua ke. Qhov sib txawv no tau pom rau ob pawg; Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau pawg TD (hnub nyoog 5-9 xyoo, P<.001, d=0.60; ages 10-14 years, P=.03, d=0.57) and not the NDD groups (ages 5-9 years, P=.53; ages 10-14 years, P=.12).

Memory Decay Hnub 1 txog Hnub 2

Peb pom tias rau txoj haujlwm lees paub, 5-9 cov neeg muaj hnub nyoog nrog NDD nthuav tawm nrog kev ua haujlwm sai dua rau hnub 2 (24- teev lwj) piv rau cov tib neeg nrog TD, raws li qhia los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj kab nqes. (Y=5.637 hauv TD vs Y=9.333 hauv NDD) (Daim duab 5A). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tau pom hauv cov neeg muaj hnub nyoog 10-14 xyoo (Daim duab 5B). Strikingly, qhov sib txawv sib txawv tau pom rau kev sib koom ua ke. Cov tib neeg uas muaj NDD tau pom tias muaj kev lwj zoo sib xws hauv pawg hnub nyoog 5-9 xyoo (Daim duab 5C) tab sis muaj kev lwj ntau dua hauv 10-14 xyoo laus (Daim duab 5D). Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tau pom nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov kev sib piv lub sij hawm sib piv (Multimedia Appendix 2). Muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo sib xws hauv kev koom nrog hnub 1 txog hnub 2 ntawm txhua lub hnub nyoog rau ob pawg TD thiab NDD (41 ntawm 97 tus neeg koom [42%] rau cov tib neeg uas muaj TD vs 14 tawm ntawm 30 [47%] rau cov neeg uas muaj NDD hauv 5-9 pawg hnub nyoog, thiab 14 ntawm 31 tus neeg koom [45%] hauv TD vs 12 ntawm 27 (44%) hauv cov neeg uas muaj NDD hauv 10-14 pawg hnub nyoog).

Performance Distribution Homogeneity ntawm pab pawg

Peb piv cov tib neeg los ntawm TD thiab NDD los ntawm kev npaj lawv qhov kev ua tau zoo thiab RT hauv ob qho tib si sib koom ua ke thiab kev lees paub los ua kom pom qhov sib xws. Ntau tus neeg nrog NDD tau kuaj pom sib xyaw; yog li ntawd, peb tsis tuaj yeem npaj lawv los ntawm kev kuaj mob tus kheej. Peb pom tias cov neeg uas muaj NDD tau tshwm sim muaj kev faib tawm sib txawv hauv kev ua tau zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv pawg hnub nyoog qis dua (5-9 xyoo), nrog rau kev faib tawm bimodal rau kev lees paub thiab kev sib koom ua ke (Daim duab 6). Ntawm qhov tod tes, RT muaj kev faib tawm ntau dua (Multimedia Appendix 3).

Kev Ua Tau Zoo ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Hauv Web-based Kev Paub Txog Kev Txawj Ntse

Peb txoj hauj lwm qhia tau hais tias kev ntsuam xyuas qhov chaw nyob deb ntawm lub vev xaib muaj peev xwm ua tau rau cov menyuam yaus uas muaj TD (n=128 cov tib neeg) thiab NDD (n=57 cov neeg), thaum ntxov li 5 xyoos. Qhov tseeb, siv cov duab sib txuam tso cai rau kev sim cov menyuam yaus nrog NDD. Cov txiaj ntsig kuj tseem ua raws li tsab ntawv tshaj tawm dhau los ntawm kev nce qib hauv kev ua haujlwm rau kev paub txog cov haujlwm hauv cov menyuam yaus nrog TD [80]. Peb txoj haujlwm tseem tso cai rau peb ntsuas kev sib koom ua ke nco thiab pom qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg koom nrog TD piv rau NDD.

Nws kuj pom tau hais tias cov menyuam yaus uas muaj TD lossis NDD tuaj yeem ua LTM (hnub 2) kev sim hauv tib qhov kev faib ua feem, txhawb ntxiv qhov ua tau zoo ntawm Memory Game ua ib qho cuab yeej los sojntsuam STM thiab LTM. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev ua haujlwm poob qis hauv cov tib neeg nrog NDD piv rau TD tau pom.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Web

Peb ntseeg hais tias cov ntsiav tshuaj mus kom ze ua rau kev ntsuam xyuas kev txawj ntse ntxiv rau cov menyuam yaus. Peb tau pom thaum peb qhov kev sim thawj zaug (ua rau tus kheej) tias cov menyuam feem coob nyiam qhov kev ua si. Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm kev siv cov duab, peb tuaj yeem pab sim cov tib neeg uas tsis muaj kev paub nyeem ntawv thiab kev txhim kho lus, uas tsis tuaj yeem ua cov haujlwm sib piv cov lus. Txoj haujlwm tseem tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv rau cov tib neeg siv lwm yam lus; Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yuav tsum tau hloov kho cov lus qhia video. Xav txog qhov muaj kev ntxhov siab ntau hauv cov tib neeg nrog NDD [67,81], peb xav tias kev sim tej thaj chaw deb nrog Memory Game, ua tiav nyob rau hauv tus kheej qhov chaw paub, yuav zoo dua khaws tag nrho cov peev xwm ntawm cov tib neeg nrog NDD.

Kev ntsuam xyuas hauv lub vev xaib ntawm cov neeg koom nrog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias kev sim cov chaw taws teeb tau nce ntxiv los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los daws cov teeb meem nrog cov neeg koom nrog kev them nyiaj rau kev mus ncig, teeb meem thaj chaw hauv cov teeb meem tsis tshua muaj, thiab nrhiav neeg coob coob.

Thaum txoj haujlwm no tsom mus rau kev kuaj mob (NDD), kev nkag mus rau ntau tus neeg tuaj koom yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm yav tom ntej tsom mus rau cov noob tshwj xeeb lossis cov tsos mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov ze ze ntawm kev paub txog kev ntsuas ntsuas los ntawm Memory Game (LTM thiab kev sib koom ua ke) tuaj yeem pab txhawb kev txhais lus ntawm kev tshawb pom los ntawm cov qauv tsiaj.

Cov kev txwv tam sim no

Ib qho ntawm cov kev lag luam tawm ntawm cov chaw taws teeb hauv lub vev xaib yog nyob rau hauv kev txheeb xyuas tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg koom nrog raws li ib qho yuav ua nrog kev sim ntawm tus kheej. Piv txwv li, ib tus neeg tuaj yeem cuam tshuam thiab ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Tus neeg koom nrog thiab tus neeg saib xyuas kuj tseem yuav tsis nkag siab txog cov yeeb yaj kiab qhia, thiab yog li yuav tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav txoj haujlwm zoo. Thaum peb tsom los tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab qhia nrog cov lus tawm tswv yim ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas thaum lub sijhawm sim sim ua ntej hauv tsev kho mob, nws muaj peev xwm tias qee cov neeg siv yuav tsis nkag siab zoo. Nws kuj tseem nyuaj rau kev ntsuam xyuas ntau npaum li cas thiab hom kev taw qhia tau muab los ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas. Lwm qhov kev txhim kho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau xav txog yuav yog qhov khiav ntawm qhov kev xeem kom cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog nyob ntawm seb thiab txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov neeg koom nrog hauv kev sim ua. Tam sim no, txawm tias tus neeg koom tau txais kev tawm tswv yim, lawv tseem tuaj yeem mus rau theem sim txawm tias lawv qhov kev ua tau zoo dhau los. Tej zaum nws yuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau rov qhia dua rau tus neeg koom nrog cov lus qhia lossis qhia lawv ntxiv ua ntej lawv tuaj yeem mus rau theem xeem.

Qee yam ntawm NDD xws li kev coj cwj pwm rov ua dua, lossis kev ncua lub cev muaj zog, kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau kev ua tau zoo thiab yog li, tsis cuam tshuam lawv lub peev xwm nco tau raug. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev pom kev tsis pom kev kuj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lub peev xwm ntawm cov neeg koom nrog kom paub txog cov duab thiab yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv yav tom ntej version ua ib yam khoom uas yuav qhia los ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas. Kev ntsuam xyuas hauv lub vev xaib kuj tso siab rau kev kuaj mob tus kheej los ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas, uas tej zaum yuav tsis raug. Yog li ntawd, kev ntsuam xyuas yav tom ntej yuav suav nrog kev sib raug zoo nrog kev sim psychometric ntawm tus kheej. Thaum kuaj hauv cov pab pawg loj dua tuaj yeem tso cai txwv qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov neeg tawm sab nraud, cov pab pawg me tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ntau dua los ntawm cov kev txwv no. Peb kuj tau tshaj tawm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas sab nraud los txheeb xyuas cov tib neeg uas tej zaum yuav muaj teeb meem kev siv tshuab lossis tso tseg qhov kev xeem vim tsis muaj kev saib xyuas lossis ua raws li, yog li tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov txiaj ntsig. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav xav tau los txhim kho kev hloov kho rau kev ua haujlwm, xws li internet ceev, hom ntaus ntawv, thiab browsers, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov txiaj ntsig. Thaum kawg, ib tus tuaj yeem sau tus neeg thaum ua haujlwm. Qhov no tau raug coj los siv dav, piv txwv li, thaum lub sijhawm COVID-19 rau kev tswj hwm lub vev xaib hauv tsev kawm qib siab, tab sis qhov no nthuav tawm ntau yam teeb meem ntiag tug thiab yog li tsis tau siv hauv Memory Game.

Tsis tas li ntawd, txawm tias Memory Game tso cai rau kev sim ntau dhau los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov teeb meem ntawm lub cev lossis thaj chaw, nws tseem nyuaj kom ua tiav ntau haiv neeg ntawm hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej, poj niam txiv neej, thiab kev kuaj mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, txawm hais tias muaj peev xwm yooj yim dua los ntawm kev ua duab-raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, peb lees paub tias ntau tus neeg nrog NDD tseem yuav tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov kev sim. Yuav kom siv dav, cov yeeb yaj kiab qhia yuav tsum tau muab txhais, nrog rau qee cov nyees khawm, tab sis cov duab siv yuav rov siv tau yooj yim.

Txoj kev tshawb no kuj tau ntsuas kev ua tau zoo thoob plaws cov hnub nyoog sib txawv tab sis tsis muab cov ntaub ntawv ntev txog kev nco txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm dhau los. Yog li ntawd, longitudinal taug qab yuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb. Peb kuj lees paub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev suav nrog cov tib neeg uas muaj ntau hom NDD etiology lossis cov qauv loj dua ntawm cov tib neeg, nrog rau kev kuaj mob NDD tshwj xeeb txhawm rau txheeb xyuas ntau haiv neeg yav tom ntej thiab sib cuam tshuam txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Ua Si nrog rau lwm yam kev ntsuas kev txawj ntse xws li kev mloog, kev ua haujlwm nco. , kev txawj ntse quotient, los yog daim ntawv yooj yim ntawm plasticity (sensitization thiab habituation).

Cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav xav tau los txheeb xyuas qhov kev ua haujlwm Memory Game nrog cov kev kuaj mob tshwj xeeb thiab txheeb xyuas yog tias cov noob koom nrog tshwj xeeb hauv LTM hauv cov qauv tsiaj yuav cuam tshuam LTM ntau dua STM. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev cob qhia rov qab yog qhov tseem ceeb rau LTM hauv kev tsim cov tib neeg, piv txwv li, thaum kawm ib hom lus [82,83]. Nws yuav txaus siab rau kev soj ntsuam yog tias cov tib neeg nrog NDD yuav ua haujlwm zoo ib yam ntawm cov haujlwm no; Txawm li cas los xij, peb tsis tau suav nrog cov lus qhia nyob rau lub sijhawm no raws li kev tawm tswv yim ntawm cov tsev neeg hauv peb qhov kev txhim kho thawj zaug uas hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm luv luv.

Kev lees paub

Peb xav ua tsaug rau Dr. Achim thiab Beaulieu rau lawv txoj kev pab nrog BOSS database ntawm cov duab. Peb kuj xav ua tsaug rau Drs Tim Tully thiab Mary Pyc rau kev muab cov lus pom zoo rau kev tsim ntawm Memory Game.

Kev tsis sib haum xeeb

Tsis muaj leej twg tshaj tawm.

Multimedia Appendix 1

Kev tso cai online. Cov neeg koom (lossis cov neeg saib xyuas) ua ntej pom nplooj ntawv tsaws nrog lub cim xeeb Game logo thiab tom qab ntawd raug xa mus rau daim ntawv tso cai (pom zoo los ntawm University of Alberta). Tus neeg koom nrog (lossis tus neeg zov me nyuam) tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb puas yuav tso cai lossis tsis tau.

Multimedia Appendix 2

Kev sib piv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lub sijhawm tom qab kev cob qhia (hnub 1) piv rau kev ua haujlwm hnub tom qab (hnub 2). (A) Lub Sijhawm Tawm Tsam (RT) ntawm cov tib neeg uas muaj kev loj hlob zoo (TD) thiab neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) hauv kev lees paub (R) ua haujlwm los ntawm pawg hnub nyoog. (B) RT hauv txoj haujlwm R hauv cov tib neeg nrog TD thiab NDD los ntawm pawg hnub nyoog. (C) RT rau kev sib koom ua ke (PA) txoj haujlwm hauv cov tib neeg nrog TD thiab NDD los ntawm pawg hnub nyoog. (D) RT rau txoj haujlwm PA hauv cov tib neeg nrog TD thiab NDD los ntawm pawg hnub nyoog. TD hnub nyoog 5-9 xyoo, hnub 1: n=97; TD hnub nyoog 5-9 xyoo, hnub 2: n=56; TD hnub nyoog 10-14 xyoo, hnub 1: n=31; TD hnub nyoog 10-14 xyoo, hnub 2: n=17; NDD hnub nyoog 5-9 xyoo, hnub 1: n=30; NDD hnub nyoog 5-9 xyoo, hnub 2: n=16; NDD hnub nyoog 10-14 xyoo, hnub 1: n=27; NDD hnub nyoog 10-14 xyoo, hnub 2: n=19.

Multimedia Appendix 3

Kev faib tawm lub sijhawm tshuaj tiv thaiv rau hnub 1 thiab hnub 2 rau cov tib neeg uas muaj kev loj hlob zoo (TD) thiab neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). (A) Lub Sijhawm Tawm Tsam (RT) rau kev lees paub (R) ntawm cov tib neeg nrog TD ntawm pawg hnub nyoog 5-9 xyoo. (B) RT rau kev lees paub ntawm cov tib neeg nrog NDD ntawm 5-9 pawg hnub nyoog. (C) RT rau R rau cov tib neeg uas muaj kev loj hlob zoo ntawm pawg 10-14 xyoo. (D) RT rau R rau cov tib neeg nrog NDD ntawm pawg hnub nyoog 10-14 xyoo. (E) RT rau kev sib koom ua ke (PA) rau cov tib neeg nrog TD ntawm 5-9 pawg hnub nyoog. (F) RT rau PA rau cov tib neeg nrog NDD ntawm pawg hnub nyoog 5-9 xyoo. G) RT rau PA rau cov tib neeg nrog TD ntawm pawg hnub nyoog 10-14 xyoo. H) RT rau PA rau cov tib neeg uas muaj NDD ntawm pawg hnub nyoog 10-14 xyoo. TD hnub nyoog 5-9 xyoo, hnub 1: n=97; TD hnub nyoog 5-9 xyoo, hnub 2: n=56; TD hnub nyoog 10-14 xyoo, hnub 1: n=31; TD hnub nyoog 10-14 xyoo, hnub 2: n=17; NDD hnub nyoog 5-9 xyoo, hnub 1: n=30; NDD hnub nyoog 5-9 xyoo, hnub 2: n=16; NDD hnub nyoog 10-14 xyoo, hnub 1: n=27; NDD hnub nyoog 10-14 xyoo, hnub 2: n=19.

Cov ntaub ntawv

1. Thapar A, Cooper M, Rutter M. Neurodevelopmental disorders. Lancet Psychiatry 2017;4(4):339-346. [doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30376-5] [Medline: 27979720]

2. Jeste SS. Neurodevelopmental kev coj cwj pwm thiab kev paub tsis meej. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2015;21(3):690-714. [doi: 10.1212/01.CON.0000466661.89908.3c] [Medline: 26039849]

3. Zablotsky B, Black LI, Maenner MJ, Schieve LA, Danielson ML, Bitsko RH, et al. Kev nthuav dav thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev loj hlob tsis taus ntawm cov menyuam yaus hauv Tebchaws Meskas: 2009-2017. Pediatrics 2019;144(4):e20190811 [DAWB Full text] [doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-0811] [Medline: 31558576]

4. Arora NK, Nair MKC, Gulati S, Deshmukh V, Mohapatra A, Mishra D, et al. Neurodevelopmental disorders nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam hnub nyoog 2-9 xyoo: cov pejxeem raws li kev kwv yees nyob rau hauv tsib cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb. PLoS Med 2018;15(7):e1002615 [DAWB Full text] [doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002615] [Medline: 30040859]

5. Emerson E. Kev Txom Nyem, haiv neeg thiab feem ntau ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab kev loj hlob tsis taus. J Epidemiol Community Health 2012;66(3):218-224. [doi: 10.1136/jech.2010.111773] [Medline: 20889590]

6. Taylor E. Tsim ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2009;50(1-2):126-132. [doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01999.x] [Medline: 19076263]

7. Johnson S, Fawke J, Hennessy E, Rowell V, Thomas S, Wolke D, et al. Neurodevelopmental Disability mus txog 11 xyoo nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam yug ua ntej 26 lub lis piam gestation. Pediatrics 2009; 124(2):e249-e257. [doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-3743] [Medline: 19651566]

8. Zauche LH, Darcy Mahoney AE, Higgins MK. Kev kwv yees ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov teeb meem neurodevelopmental hauv cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws autism spectrum. J Pediatr Nurs 2017;35:113-119. [doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2017.04.002] [Medline: 28728761]

9. Hansen BH, Oerbeck B, Skirbekk B, Petrovski BÉ, Kristensen H. Neurodevelopmental disorders: prevalence thiab comorbidity nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam raug xa mus rau kev kho mob hlwb. Nord J Psychiatry 2018;72(4):285-291. [doi: 10.1080/08039488.2018.1444087] [Medline: 29488416] ib.

10. Tatishvili N, Gabunia M, Laliani N, Tatishvili S. Epidemiology ntawm neurodevelopmental disorders nyob rau hauv 2 xyoos cov me nyuam Georgian. Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb - kev tshawb fawb txog pej xeem nyob rau hauv ib qho piv txwv xaiv xaiv. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2010; 14(3): 247-252. [doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2009.07.004] [Medline: 19683948]

11. Knüppel A, Telléus GK, Jakobsen H, Lauritsen MB. Kev ua neej zoo ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab cov neeg laus uas muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws autism spectrum: tshwm sim los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thoob tebchaws Danish siv cov ntawv ceeb toom tus kheej thiab cov ntawv ceeb toom niam txiv. Res Dev Disabil 2018;83:247-259 [DAWB Full text] [doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.09.004] [Medline: 30312897]

12. Alves NS, Gavina VP, Cortellazzi KL, Antunes LAA, Silveira FM, Assaf AV. Kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev soj ntsuam, pej xeem, kev noj qab haus huv, thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws txiav txim siab ntawm lub neej zoo ntawm cov neeg muaj kev tsis taus kev txawj ntse: kev kawm hla ntu. Spec Care Dentist 2016;36(6):307-314. [doi: 10.1111/scd.12196] [Medline: 27545115] 13. Bastiaansen D, Koot HM, Ferdinand RF, Verhulst FC. Lub neej zoo ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws: tus kheej-, niam txiv, thiab tus kws kho mob daim ntawv qhia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;43(2):221-230. [doi: 10.1097/00004583-200402000-00019] [Medline: 14726730]

14. Kripke C. Cov neeg laus uas muaj kev tsis taus ntawm kev loj hlob: ib txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev kho mob. Am Fam Kws Kho Mob 2018; 97(10):649-656 [DAWB Full text] [Medline: 29763271]

15. Tello JA, Williams HE, Eppler RM, Steinhilb ML, Khanna M. Tsiaj cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob neurodegenerative: kev nce qib tsis ntev los no hauv yoov tshaj tawm txoj hauv kev tshiab rau kev tshawb nrhiav tshuaj. Pem Hauv Ntej Mol Neurosci 2022; 15: 883358 [DAWB Full text] [doi: 10.3389/nmol.2022.883358] [Medline: 35514431]

For more information:1950477648nn@gmail.com