Kev Kawm Txuj Ci Sib txawv cuam tshuam kev nco kev sib txuas hauv cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus (2)

3.4 Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev soj ntsuam xyuas qhia txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov menyuam yaus hais kom sib koom ua ke

Cov kev tshawb pom hauv kev sib koom ua ke yog nyob ntawm lawv qhov chaw raws li peb qhov kev kwv yees thawj zaug: Txawm hais tias txawm raug qhia kom sib koom ua ke, cov menyuam yaus yuav tsis tsim kev sib txuas AC. Txawm li cas los xij, peb ntseeg tias nws yuav ntxov ntxov los xaus qhov tsis muaj kev koom ua ke hauv pawg no raws li cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no. (Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem tsim nyog hais ntxiv tias peb tsis pom cov pov thawj tseem ceeb rau qhov kev xav ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam hauv kev sib koom ua ke lossis lwm yam kev qhia, thiab yog li peb tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias kev koom ua ke muaj zog rau cov neeg laus dua li menyuam yaus.)

Cistanche ntxiv nyob ze kuv-Kev Txhim Kho Kev Nco

Nyem qhov no mus saib Cistanche Txhim Kho Cov Khoom Siv Nco

【Nug ntxiv】 Email: cindy.xue@wecistanche.com / Whats App: 0086 18599088692 / Wechat: 18599088692

Peb tau ua ob qhov kev soj ntsuam tom qab los tshawb xyuas cov pov thawj ntxiv rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov menyuam yaus hais kom sib koom ua ke. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kev txheeb xyuas no muab qee qhov qhia tias kev koom ua ke tuaj yeem tshwm sim, txawm tias tsis muaj zog, hauv pab pawg no; thiab qhov no tej zaum yuav yog ib feem yog vim nws tab tom tshwm sim nyob rau lub sij hawm kev loj hlob qauv. Ua ntej, muab qhov tsis muaj kev sib txuas lus ntawm implicit thiab meej meej ntsuas nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam rau qhov tshiab AC kev twb kev txuas (pib hauv qab no), peb xav hais tias tej zaum nws yuav tsim nyog los nug cov pov thawj rau tej priming nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev sim - uas yog, tsis hais txog. Tsis tsuas yog tom qab qhia meej AC qhov kev ua tau zoo tab sis kuj tseem tsis hais txog qhov pib AB thiab BC ncaj qha kev kawm tiav. Qhov no kuj tseem ua rau muaj kev sim ntau ntxiv los pab rau kev tshuaj ntsuam ntawm cov menyuam yaus, yog li muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog ntau dua. Raws li qhov kev txwv tsis pub ntev tshaj no, cov menyuam yaus tam sim no tau qhia txog cov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib tw rau kev sib koom ua ke (z=1.819, p=0.069; qhov cuam tshuam kuj tseem ceeb rau cov neeg laus, z=2.014, p=0.044). Yog li ntawd, nws yuav yog qhov txwv tsis pub raws li kev nco meej uas tau nthuav tawm hauv 3AFC qhov kev xeem ua rau peb tsis pom qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Qhov thib ob, peb nug seb priming txawv ntawm cov hnub nyoog (nruam) ntawm cov me nyuam. Lub hnub nyoog × hom kev sib tshuam tsis tseem ceeb (χ2(1)=2.335, p=0.126); Txawm li cas los xij, peb tau pom cov pov thawj sib txawv rau cov laus (z=1.887, p=0.059) kawg ntawm peb lub hnub nyoog uas tsis muaj nyob rau ntawm cov hluas (z {{22) }} -0.813, p=0.416). Ua ke, cov txiaj ntsig no tau dav dav nrog qhov kev xav tias qee cov menyuam yaus hauv pab pawg sib koom ua ke-tej zaum tshwj xeeb yog cov hnub nyoog qis dua 10-yuav tsim kev sib txuas AC thaum hais kom koom nrog kev sib koom ua ke. Txawm li cas los xij, vim tias cov kev tshawb pom no tsuas yog muaj cov pov thawj sib txawv rau cov tswv yim no, cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav tsum tau rov ua dua thiab txuas ntxiv rau cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no.

Cov teebmeem ntawm Cistanche-Kev Txhim Kho Kev Nco

3.5 Kev txhim kho qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib tham tsis pom tseeb

Peb tom ntej no tau teeb tsa los ntsuas qhov kev coj cwj pwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib txuas tsis zoo uas tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Tshwj xeeb, peb tau xav tias qhov kev sib koom ua ke yooj yim dua rau ib lub koom haum yuav txhais tau ntau dua los yog kev txiav txim siab sai dua ntawm cov lus qhia meej meej sib xws lossis kev sim ntsuas kev nco. Ntawm qhov kev ceeb toom, peb cia siab tias yuav muaj ntau tus neeg-rau-tus neeg thiab txawm tias nco-rau-nco txawv ntawm qhov nyiam sib cuam tshuam nrog kev nco (Pajkert li al., 2017; Schlichting & Preston, 2014, 2016; Schlichting et al., 2015, 2014, ; Zeithamova, Dominick, et al., 2012), instruction manipulation ib sab. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tau xav tias kev tswj xyuas kev qhia yuav cuam tshuam dab tsi tsim nyog rau kev sib koom ua ke, tsis yog tias qhov kev khi no tshwm sim (Davis li al., 2021). Yog li ntawd, ntawm no peb xav txog cov neeg koom los ntawm txhua yam kev qhia, vim li cas cov khoom muaj zog-khoom txuas tau nthuav tawm thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tseem ceeb-tej zaum tsis hais txog thaum twg los yog nws tau tsim li cas- tuaj yeem txhawb nqa kev ua tau zoo ntawm qhov kev sim 3AFC tom ntej. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ua haujlwm ua ntej (Bauer, Cronin-Golomb, Porter, Jaganjac & Miller, 2020), peb kuj tau cia siab tias qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib raug zoo tsis tseeb yuav muaj zog rau cov neeg laus dua li menyuam yaus.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cistanche tubulosa-Kev Txhim Kho Kev Nco

Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov kev sim-los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm qhov kev sib tw ntawm kev sib tw thiab kev sim tom ntej, peb xav tau kev paub tshwj xeeb qhov tseem ceeb uas sawv cev rau qib uas cov lus teb tshwj xeeb yog nrawm lossis qeeb rau lub hom phiaj muab. Txawm li cas los xij, peb pom tias RTs tau hloov pauv ntau dhau ntawm txoj haujlwm (qhov chaw nyob hauv qhov qub thiab rov kho dua, rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus; tag nrho cov z > 7.21, p < 0.001), xws li cov neeg koom ua qhov nruab nrab qeeb qeeb raws li txoj haujlwm mus. nrog. Yog li ntawd, tsis yog xav txog RTs nyoos, peb hloov kho txoj hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam kom tshem tawm tag nrho cov qauv no (Daim duab 6A). Luv luv, peb tau thim rov qab RTs txhawm rau tsom cov khoom ntawm cov lej sim rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog. Peb mam li xam, rau txhua lub hom phiaj, qhov degree uas pom RT txawv ntawm cov neeg koom nrog qhov kwv yees nruab nrab RT ntawm tib tus lej sim (piv txwv li, cov seem; kwv yees-saib xyuas). Txoj hauv kev no tso cai rau peb tshem tawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tus lej sim, xws li qhov tseem ceeb rau ib qho khoom tshwj xeeb tsis muaj paug thaum twg (piv txwv li, ntawm tus lej sim dab tsi) nws tau nthuav tawm thaum lub sijhawm nyiam ua haujlwm. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo qhia tau hais tias cov lus teb sai dua li qhov nruab nrab, thaum qhov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo qhia tau tias cov lus teb qeeb dua qhov nruab nrab. Tom qab ntawd peb tau nruab nrab thiab ntsuas cov txiaj ntsig no hauv cov neeg koom nrog, yog li tshem tawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tib neeg nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov theem thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm priming kom cais cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus neeg hauv nruab nrab ntawm implicit thiab meej ntsuas ntawm associative nco.

Suab puam ginseng- Txhim Kho Kev Nco

Both children and adults showed some evidence for a correspondence between implicit and explicit measures, yet it occurred for different types of associations: Adults showed an implicit-explicit relationship that was specific to the indirect A-C links, while children showed such correspondence only for direct AB pairs. Specifically in adults, the degree of A-C priming predicted the speed of the corresponding subsequent correct inference (t(76.41) = −2.40, p = 0.019; Figure 6B; no relationship for AC accuracy: z = 1.13, p = 0.259). Adults also did not show any significant trial relationships between these implicit and explicit assessments of memory for either AB or BC direct pairs in either accuracy or RT (all |z| < 0.72, p > 0.476). In contrast, children did not show any significant associations between A-C priming and inference in terms of either accuracy or speed (both p > 0.115). However, they did show significant correspondence between A-B priming and accuracy on the final explicit AB test (z = 2.07, p = 0.038; Figure 6C; no relationship with RT: t(93.23) = −0.61, p = 0.543). There were no significant relationships observed in children for BC associations (both I> 0.319).

Cistanche ua li cas-Kev Txhim Kho Memory

Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tias cov neeg laus - tej zaum vim tias lawv qhov kev nco tau cuam tshuam thoob plaws hauv txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb (saib Cov txiaj ntsig ntxiv) - tsuas yog AC kev sib txuas ( ntsuas thaum ntxov hauv txoj haujlwm priming) mirrored tom qab kev txiav txim siab tsis meej. Cov menyuam yaus kuj tau qhia txog kev sib tham ntawm kev coj cwj pwm tsis meej thiab meej meej. Txawm li cas los xij, sib piv rau cov neeg laus, qhov kev sib raug zoo no tsuas yog tam sim no rau AB khub ncaj qha. Qhov kev tshawb pom no yog ua raws li lub tswv yim tias tsuas yog cov koom haum AB tsim tshaj plaws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib txuas tsis pom zoo uas tseem tuaj yeem siv tau thaum lub sijhawm kuaj pom tseeb hauv cov menyuam yaus. Los ntawm qhov sib txawv, AC txuas tej zaum yuav muaj zog dua, tseem tsis muaj rau cov menyuam yaus thaum muaj kev txiav txim siab tsis meej.

3.6 Kev koom ua ke muaj kev tiv thaiv tsis nco qab hauv cov menyuam yaus

Cov menyuam yaus tau pom qhov tsis nco qab ntau ntawm qhov kev xeem thawj zaug thiab zaum kawg ntawm kev sib tw ncaj qha (saib Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv). Kev tshoov siab los ntawm kev ua haujlwm yav dhau los hauv cov neeg laus uas qhia tias kev sib koom ua ke tuaj yeem muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm kev tsis nco qab (Anderson & McCulloch, 1999; Radvansky, 2005), ntawm no peb nug seb qhov no puas muaj tseeb rau cov menyuam yaus los ntawm kev sib piv cov kev ua tau zoo hauv kev qhia ntawv (Bauer, Esposito, thiab al. ., 2020; Varga & Bauer, 2013). Peb tau ua qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no rau cov menyuam yaus nkaus xwb, raws li lub qab nthab theem ntawm kev ua tau zoo hauv cov neeg laus, peb xav tias, yuav ua rau peb yuav tsum ua yuam kev- (hauv-) kwv yees qhov loj ntawm lawv qhov kev ua tau zoo.

DAIM NTAWV THOV 6 Kev sib tham los ntawm kev sib tham ntawm qhov tsis ncaj (priming) thiab meej (3AFC xeem) ntsuas. (a) Kev tshuaj xyuas txoj hauv kev tau piav qhia rau ib tus neeg koom nrog (tus menyuam). Peb haum ib tus qauv linear rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog RTs thiab suav cov khoom seem (piv txwv li, kwv yees-saib, xws li cov kev soj ntsuam hauv qab cov kab khoom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo 'RT deviance' cov qhab nia; kab) kom ua tiav qhov kwv yees ntawm qib uas ib qho lus teb tau zoo. ceev (hauv qab ntawm daim duab hauv qab-tsim kab; xiav cheeb tsam ntawm cov xim bar) los yog qeeb (sab saum toj ntawm daim duab; thaj tsam liab ntawm cov xim bar) tshem tawm tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv thoob plaws hauv txoj haujlwm thaiv. Tom qab ntawd peb hais txog qhov kev sim-rau-kev sim sib txawv hauv RT kom pom tseeb qhov kev xeem. (b) Kev sib koom tsis zoo ntawm a thiab c priming thiab RT ntawm qhov tseeb AC inference test (dashed kab) hauv cov neeg laus (xim tsaus). Priming tau txuam nrog sai dua tom qab inference. (c) Kev sib raug zoo ntawm AB priming thiab AB raug (khoom khov) hauv cov menyuam yaus (xim sib dua). Hauv tag nrho cov vaj huam sib luag, kab thiab 95 feem pua ​​​​kev ntseeg siab bands yog muab los ntawm cov qauv sib xyaw ua ke. * p < 0.05

DUAB 7 Tsis nco qab hauv cov menyuam yaus. Sab laug, ntawm no peb txheeb xyuas qhov poob ntawm kev nco qab los ntawm qhov pib (sab saum toj AB, los ntawm qhov kev rov ua dua zaum kawg thaum kawm daj; hauv qab BC, los ntawm BC exposure test nyob rau hauv xiav mus rau qhov kawg direct khub xeem nyob rau hauv liab). Cov qhab nia sib txawv tau muab faib los ntawm kev nco thawj zaug (feem ntau yog) txhawm rau kho qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cim xeeb ntawm qhov pib. Txoj cai, ncaj khub (AB, BC ua ke) tsis nco qab hauv cov menyuam yaus ua haujlwm ntawm kev qhia kev mob (xim). Txhua yam xwm txheej tau pom qhov tseem ceeb tsis nco qab (ntawm no, qhov tseem ceeb hauv qab xoom; xim-coded asterisks), tab sis qhov kev poob qis no tau txo qis hauv pawg sib koom ua ke (dub hnub qub qhia txog kev sib piv sib piv). * p < 0.05

Kev sib piv ncaj qha rau cov menyuam yaus qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm qhov pib raug thiab qhov kev sim zaum kawg tau pom qhov txo qis tag nrho (z {{0}}.354, p < 0.0001) uas txawm li cas los xij sib txawv heev los ntawm kev qhia ntawv (χ2(2)=14 .524, p=0.0007). Txhawm rau sib piv tsis nco qab nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej, peb faib qhov kev hloov pauv hauv kev nco qhov tseeb los ntawm theem kev kawm mus rau qhov kev sim zaum kawg los ntawm qhov pib kawm-theem nco ((kev sim zaum kawg-kev kawm) / kev kawm; Daim duab 7). Tsis nco qab sib txawv heev nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob (F(2,138)=4.592, p=0.011): Cov me nyuam qhia kom integrate tsis nco qab proportionally tsawg dua direct khub (AB, BC ua ke) dua li cov me nyuam qhia rau ob leeg encode (t(138)=2.926, p=0.004) lossis retrieve (t(138)=2.166, p=0.032). Kev koom ua ke kuj muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau dua rau AB nco txog AB retrieval ntawm nws tus kheej (qhov xwm txheej × kev ua haujlwm theem kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm AB nco rau retrieve vs. integrate: χ2(1)=4.377, p=0.036 ); thiab ib yam li ntawd, kev koom ua ke A rau hauv BC nco tau ua rau muaj kev nco zoo dua li kev nkag BC hauv kev sib cais (qhov xwm txheej × kev ua haujlwm theem kev cuam tshuam ntawm BC ncaj qha khub nco rau encode vs. integrate: χ2(1)=8.210, p {{ 38.004). Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, thaum cov me nyuam pom tsis nco qab nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tej yam kev mob, qhov kev poob no yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws thaum lawv raug txhawb kom integrate thaum lub sij hawm BC raug. Yog li ntawd, ntxiv rau qhov muab qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws los ntawm kev ua kom pom tseeb ntawm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas meej meej, sim muab peb lub cim xeeb ua ke rau hauv ib qho, cov dab neeg sib raug zoo thaum kawm (xws li hauv kev sib koom ua ke) kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov menyuam yaus tuav ntawm lub hauv paus ncaj qha. koom haum.

4 Kev sib tham

Peb tau npaj cov tswv yim kev kawm raws li cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus tau nthuav tawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab (BC) uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog kev paub ua ntej (AB). Cov menyuam yaus qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov kev xeem tsis meej tau tsom mus rau lawv lub hom phiaj thaum raug, raws li cov ntaub ntawv ua ntej ntawm mnemonic rigidity hauv kev loj hlob (DeMaster li al., 2015; Ghetti & Fandakova, 2020).

Kev sib koom ua ke yog tag nrho cov tswv yim zoo rau cov menyuam yaus hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua kom muaj zog tshaj plaws (piv txwv li, yam tsawg kawg yuav tsis nco qab) cov khub ncaj ncees thiab qhov kev xav zoo tshaj plaws. Cov kev kos npe tsis pom zoo kuj tau qhia tias cov menyuam yaus tsim kev sib txuas tsis ncaj AC ua ntej qhov kev ntsuam xyuas inference nyob rau hauv encoding mob (thiab tej zaum yuav tsawg dua nyob rau hauv lub integrate mob). Raws li qhov xav tau, cov neeg laus kuj tau tsim cov kev sib txuas zoo li no thaum hais kom sib koom ua ke thiab tseem tau pom cov cim qhia tias cov kev sib txuas no tau ploj mus thaum cov qauv kev sib koom ua ke raug cuam tshuam rau hauv txoj haujlwm priming (Cov txiaj ntsig ntxiv). Peb kuj pom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm implicit indirect indirect AC kev sib txuas thiab qhia meej inference nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus tab sis tsis yog cov me nyuam - txawm tias cov pab pawg neeg tom qab uas qhia ib tug nruj correspondence rau zoo kawm AB khub. Ua ke, cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau hais tias qhov sib txawv nkag mus rau qhov kev kawm zoo tshaj plaws tuaj yeem piav qhia ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm kev loj hlob hauv kev nthuav dav. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib txawv ntawm kev loj hlob txawm li cas los xij tseem nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov xwm txheej kev kawm uas zoo tshaj plaws txhawb kev sib txuas ntawm kev nco-rau-nco, nrog rau kev nkag tau ntawm cov kev sib txuas rau kev xaiv meej tom qab.

Ob tus neeg laus thiab menyuam yaus ua tau zoo ntawm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas pom tseeb uas feem ntau zoo sib xws lawv cov lus qhia raug: BC nco tau zoo tshaj plaws rau cov txheej txheem encoding (txawm hais tias qhov tseem ceeb, kev koom ua ke kuj tsis 'nqi' cov me nyuam ntau npaum li cas ntawm BC kev kawm; Bauer, Esposito, thiab lwm yam. al., 2020), thiab AC inference yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws (hais txog qhov raug rau cov menyuam yaus, thiab RT rau cov neeg laus) rau kev sib koom ua ke. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev ua tau zoo nyob thoob plaws cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm hauv cov menyuam yaus - muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm 24 feem pua ​​​​qhov tseeb ntawm cov menyuam yaus (AC inference, encode piv rau kev sib koom ua ke), tab sis qhov sib txawv tsuas yog ceev rau cov neeg laus. Muaj ntau lub tswv yim uas siv cov tswv yim sib txawv thaum sib tshooj BC kev kawm yuav ua rau muaj ntau theem ntawm AC inference. Piv txwv li, tej zaum nws yuav yog qhov zoo sib xws ntawm qhov kev paub ntawm BC raug thiab AC xeem (xws li, kev paub txog cov ntsiab lus) tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem encoding, yog li tsis zoo rau cov menyuam yaus tshwj xeeb vim lawv cia siab ntau rau cov no. xaiv cov cues (Ackerman, 1985; Levy-Gigi & Vakil, 2010). Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws yuav yog qhov kev sib koom ua ke kom txhawb nqa kev ua tau zoo los ntawm kev coj cov neeg koom nrog kev saib xyuas rau ob qho tib si zoo sib xws thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kev paub dhau los (Wahlheim & Jacoby, 2013). Peb pom tias kev sib koom ua ke tau txais txiaj ntsig tsis yog qhov kev xav tau yooj yim xwb tab sis kuj tseem tiv thaiv cov khub ncaj qha los ntawm kev tsis nco qab hauv cov menyuam yaus. Qhov kev tshawb pom no ua raws li kev ua haujlwm yav dhau los hauv cov neeg laus uas qhia tias kev koom tes ntawm cov tswv yim zoo li no tiv thaiv los ntawm ntau hom kev nco tsis ua haujlwm (xws li, cuam tshuam, retrieval-induced forgetting; Anderson & McCulloch, 1999; Radvansky, 2005); thiab ua haujlwm hauv cov menyuam yaus uas kev sib koom ua ke tsis ua rau qhov tsis meej pem hauv qab (Bauer, Esposito, et al., 2020), tab sis kuj tseem tuaj yeem txhawb nqa lawv cov kev tuav cia ntev dua (Varga & Bauer, 2013). Zuag qhia tag nrho, peb qhov kev tshawb pom qhia tias kev muab cov me nyuam nkag mus rau ib qho kev sib koom ua ke thaum kawm yuav ua rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus hauv qhov kev xav tsis meej.

Hauv cov neeg laus, qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib txuas lus thiab kev sib koom ua ke tau hloov maj mam, tshwm sim hauv kev txiav txim siab RT tab sis tsis raug. Cov qib zoo sib xws no, txawm li cas los xij, tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov txheej txheem sib txawv: Cov lus qhia meej meej hauv qhov encoding tab sis tsis sib xyaw ua ke tau tsim los ntawm cais cais thawj zaug AB thiab sib tshooj BC nco, yog li yuav tsum tau ua cov txheej txheem xeem ntxiv. Tshwj xeeb, peb pom tias qhov kev xav hauv qhov xwm txheej encode siv sijhawm ntau dua li cov uas nyob rau hauv qhov kev sib koom ua ke; Tsis tas li ntawd, pom tsis muaj pov thawj tag nrho ntawm AC kev sib txuas hauv kev ntsuas priming. Cov kev tshawb pom no feem ntau ua raws li cov ntawv tshaj tawm yav dhau los, uas tau qhia tias kev sib txuas lus thiab kev sib koom ua ke ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv me me hauv qhov tseeb txawm tias muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo hauv cov kev ntsuas ntau dua li cov lus teb ntawm lub hlwb (Richter li al., 2015) thiab nco qab qhov kev cia siab (piv txwv li, kev sib koom ua ke nce ntxiv. Kev yuav rov qab A thiab C ua ke muab B; Burton li al., 2017). Peb kuj pom tau hais tias cov me nyuam nruab nrab tuaj yeem ua tau zoo dua qub los ua kom tiav qhov kev xeem siv sij hawm ntau dua uas cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem encode ntawm hnub nyoog 7-9.

Sib piv encode thiab integrate mus rau retrieve kuj muab pov thawj tseeb hais tias reactivation-txawm yog ib tug tsim nyog thawj kauj ruam-tsis txaus rau integrative encoding tshwm sim. Txawm hais tias ntawm cov menyuam yaus, ncav cuag kev txhawb siab ntawm AB ua ke kom tsis quav ntsej BC tshwm sim los tiv thaiv kev sib txuas ntawm qhov nruab nrab: Tsis tsuas yog qhov kev xav tsis zoo xwb tab sis cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus tsis pom muaj pov thawj ntawm kev sib txuas A thiab C. Muab hais tias qee qhov (Burton et al., 2017; Howard et al., 2009; tab sis tsis yog tag nrho, Richter et al., 2015; Zeithamova & Preston, 2017) cov kev xav yav dhau los tau qhia tias kev sib koom ua ke ntawm AB thiab BC kab yuav ua tau. txhua yam uas tsim nyog rau kev sib koom ua ke, qhov kev tshawb pom no muab cov ntaub ntawv nthuav qhia rau qhov tsis sib xws. Peb qhov kev soj ntsuam uas txawm tias cov menyuam yaus - txawm tias lawv cov kev tswj xyuas tsis zoo (Plebanek & Sloutsky, 2019; Wendelken li al., 2011) - tuaj yeem ua raws li cov lus qhia tsis quav ntsej BC thiab tiv thaiv nws cov kev suav nrog hauv kev nco qab yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb. Peb cia siab tias cov menyuam yaus, ntau txoj hauv kev 'hloov khi' rau cov neeg laus (Campbell li al., 2010; Davis li al., 2021), tej zaum yuav tsis quav ntsej txog cov ntaub ntawv BC tam sim no thiab khaws cov ABC kev sib raug zoo - suav nrog C. - hauv nco. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj pov thawj rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov menyuam yaus lossis cov neeg laus tuaj koom. Nws tseem yog ib lo lus nug qhib seb puas muaj cov lus qhia txawv me ntsis (xws li, kom khaws AB tab sis tsis hais txog qhov tsis quav ntsej BC) yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam sib txawv.

Hais txog kev sib txuas ntawm AC implicit, cov neeg laus tau nthuav tawm qhov kev sib koom ua ke nkaus xwb - ua raws li kev tshawb pom yav dhau los uas lub tswv yim no tuaj yeem txhim kho kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom tsis ncaj (Burton li al., 2017). Cov menyuam yaus los ntawm qhov sib txawv sib txuas A thiab C hauv qhov xwm txheej encode (thiab tej zaum marginally li hauv kev koom ua ke). Txawm hais tias cov txiaj ntsig no tsis yog qhov peb tau kwv yees, txawm li cas los xij, lawv tseem yuav muaj txiaj ntsig hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lwm txoj haujlwm ntawm kev nthuav qhia kev sib txuas tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev nco qab nyob rau hauv qee yam kev kawm thaum ntxov (Barr et al., 2001, 2014; Hayne & Gross, 2017). Ntawm no, yog vim li cas tej zaum nws yuav yog rooj plaub uas cov me nyuam tsim xws li indirect kev sib txuas thaum qhia kom yooj yim encode BC - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muab rau cov neeg laus tsis ua? Ib txheej txheej muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam nrog qhov tseeb tias qhov xwm txheej encode tsuas yog ib qho uas tsis muaj lub tswv yim hloov pauv ntawm qhov pib AB thiab sib tshooj BC raug, thiab xws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev txawj ntse yuav zoo sib xws hauv cov xwm txheej no (xws li, txoj haujlwm. zoo ib yam ntawm AB thiab BC kev kawm theem, tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv lawv tus kheej txawv; Sahakyan & Delaney, 2003, 2005). Qhov zoo sib xws ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thaum lub sij hawm AB thiab BC kev kawm tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb (Cycowicz li al., 2001; Riggins, 2014) hauv cov menyuam yaus, xws li A thiab C tau txuas nrog vim lawv cov cim cim xeeb tsis yooj yim sib txawv. Xwb, nws tuaj yeem yog qhov zoo sib xws hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev txawj ntse muab cov lus qhia ntxiv uas txaus los ua kom rov qab tau tus kheej ntawm AB-dua, muab cov menyuam yaus ua rau pom qhov zoo sib xws ntawm kev kawm thiab kev xeem (Ackerman, 1985; Levy-Gigi & Vakil, 2010) -Txawm tias tsis muaj lus qhia ntau dhau los ua li ntawd. Tej zaum nws yuav yog qhov xwm txheej ntawd, tsis tau hais meej meej kom tsis quav ntsej txog AB lossis BC hauv qhov xwm txheej no, cov menyuam yaus koom nrog ib yam dab tsi zoo li kev khi siab xws li A, B, thiab C kev sib txuas tau tsim txawm li cas los xij (Davis li al., 2021 ); uas yog qhov nthuav xav tias yog qhov tshwm sim tsis muaj tseeb hauv cov neeg laus (Campbell & Hasher, 2018). Ib qho laj thawj cuam tshuam txog vim li cas thiaj li (spontaneous) nco reactivation tej zaum yuav plausible ntawm no thaum nws tsis tau qhia nyob rau hauv ua ntej ua hauj lwm siv lwm yam paradigms (Bauer, Cronin-Golomb, li al., 2020; Schlichting li al., 2022) yog hais tias. ntawm no, peb lub hom phiaj muab cov neeg kawm paub txog AB ntau dhau los ua kom muaj zog rov qab los (xav tau ob qho tib si khaws thiab sib koom ua ke) thaum lub sijhawm BC raug. Yog li ntawd, kev rov qab los ntawm tus kheej yuav tshwm sim tau muab qhov kev kawm zoo ntawm AB khub los txhawb kev sib koom ua ke (Hayes-Roth, 1977; Schlichting et al., 2015); muab kev ua haujlwm yav dhau los (Krøjgaard et al., 2017), xws li retrieval spontaneous retrieval tej zaum yuav txawm yuav ua tau zoo dua li cov tswv yim retrieval yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub integration mob. Kev ua haujlwm yav tom ntej yuav xav tau los sib cais ob txoj hauv kev no. Txawm hais tias yog vim li cas rau lawv qhov tshwm sim, nws tsim nyog hais tias peb tau pom cov kev sib txuas hauv cov xwm txheej encode uas yog (1) triad-specific, es tsis yog ntawm A thiab C yam khoom feem ntau; thiab (2) tsis txhawb qhov kev xav tsis meej hauv cov menyuam yaus. Kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yuav tsum tau tsim kom muaj ib daim duab puv npo ntawm yuav ua li cas lub tswv yim sib koom ua ke sib txawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo thiab pom tseeb ntawm kev nco thaum menyuam yaus, muab peb pom tsuas yog cov pov thawj sib txawv rau AC kev sib txuas hauv tus mob no.

Hais txog qhov cuam tshuam rau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas meej ntawm AC kev sib txuas tau nthuav tawm qhov kev nkag siab zoo ntawm cov neeg laus: Thoob plaws txhua qhov kev kawm, cov teeb meem kev xav cuam tshuam nrog ntau qhov tseem ceeb hauv txoj haujlwm nyiam ua ntej tau daws sai dua li cov kev nthuav qhia tsawg dua. Txawm li cas los xij, tib tus qauv no tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov menyuam yaus. Cov kev tshawb pom no muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ua ntej: Tshwj xeeb, ib qho kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los (Bauer, Cronin-Golomb, et al., 2020) kuj tau qhia tias cov menyuam yaus txoj kev sib txuas lus tsis sib xws hauv cov kev paub dhau los (stem fact) tsis cuam tshuam txog lawv qhov kev ua tau zoo-hauv qhov ntawd txoj kev kawm, menyuam yaus lub peev xwm los sib txuas cov lus tseeb ntawm qhov kev xeem qhib. Raws li lub tswv yim hais tias kev sib txuas ntxiv yuav muaj nyob, txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev sib txuas lus thaum cov kev sib txuas ncaj ncees raug soj ntsuam siv qhov kev sim lwm txoj kev xaiv (Bauer, Cronin-Golomb, et al., 2020). Ntawm no, peb txuas ntxiv txoj haujlwm no los ntawm kev qhia tias cov menyuam yaus qhov teeb meem pom kev nkag mus rau qhov kev sib txuas tsis zoo no yuav yog tshwj xeeb rau cov uas tsis muaj zog thiab / lossis kev nco txog: Peb pom tias cov menyuam yaus tau qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov kev xav tau rau kev tsim kom zoo. thiab ncaj qha kev paub AB khub. Yog li ntawd, kev ua haujlwm yav tom ntej yuav xav tau kom nkag siab zoo dua cov menyuam yaus txoj kev nyuaj ntawm kev siv cov kev sib txuas uas twb muaj lawm tam sim no thaum kuaj pom tseeb. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov kev sib txuas uas tshwm sim lossis tsis muaj zog (xws li kev sib txuas tsis ncaj AC), nws yuav yog qhov uas muab kev txhawb nqa ntxiv ntawm cov kev xeem lossis siv lwm hom kev ntsuas kev nco tuaj yeem ua rau cov menyuam muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau lawv qhov kev nco tau muaj ntau yam kev txwv rau tam sim no. kawm. Ib qho yog cov neeg koom - thiab tej zaum cov menyuam yaus tshwj xeeb - tej zaum yuav muaj kev qaug zog vim tias txoj haujlwm tau ntev thiab ua tiav online. Qhov teeb meem no tuaj yeem ua rau hnyav dua vim tias peb cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia tau ua tiav thaum lub sijhawm COVID{11}} muaj thoob qhov txhia chaw, thiab vim li no feem ntau cov neeg koom kuj tau siv lawv cov cuab yeej siv rau kev ua haujlwm lossis tsev kawm ntawv. Qhov kev qaug zog no yuav ua rau muaj kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv, piv txwv li, txoj haujlwm nrawm nrawm. Tej yam zoo li no yuav txo tau peb lub peev xwm los tshawb xyuas qhov kev sib txuas ntawm AC uas muaj tiag tiag (xws li, tej zaum nyob rau hauv kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov menyuam yaus). Txawm li cas los xij, vim tias peb yuav tsis cia siab tias yuav muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kev qhia ntawv hauv txhua pab pawg hnub nyoog, lossis tsim cov pov thawj cuav rau kev sib txuas, peb xav tias qhov kev txhawj xeeb no yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau peb cov lus xaus. Ib qho kev txwv thib ob yog vim qhov xwm txheej hauv online ntawm peb txoj kev kawm, kev koom tes tsuas yog txwv rau cov tib neeg uas tau nkag mus rau hauv computer thiab internet txuas hauv lawv lub tsev. Peb cov neeg koom nrog yog li ntawd yuav muaj feem cuam tshuam txog kev lag luam hauv zej zog vim tias lawv muaj cov peev txheej no yooj yim. Thaum kawg, peb txoj haujlwm yog qhov nyuaj heev, uas ua rau muaj kev cais tawm ntawm 51 tus neeg koom rau qhov ua tsis tau raws li peb cov qauv kev ua tau zoo. Kev koom ua ke tau tshwm sim tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyuaj rau cov menyuam yaus, nrog rau kev cais tawm vim qhov kev sim qis qis ua rau cov menyuam yaus dua li cov neeg laus hauv qhov kev qhia no xwb. Txawm hais tias peb tuaj yeem ntseeg tau tias cov neeg koom nrog peb khaws cia tau nkag siab thiab tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau, txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias peb cov txiaj ntsig tau cuam tshuam cov qauv ua tau zoo. Muab qhov kev tshawb fawb no xav tau ntau tus neeg koom nrog rau ob qho tib si kev siv peev txheej thiab kev ua tau zoo, nws muaj peev xwm ua tau tias cov txiaj ntsig peb tau pom yuav tsis nthuav dav rau cov pej xeem dav dav-ib qho kev txwv uas yuav muaj txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb hauv kev koom ua ke.

Ua ke, peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias cov menyuam yaus tsis muaj kev paub txog kev sib koom ua ke thaum lub sijhawm kawm yuav piav qhia ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm kev loj hlob uas tau tshaj tawm txog cov kev ntsuam xyuas meej ntawm kev nco-raws li kev xav. Qhov kev tshawb pom no muaj qhov tseem ceeb: Raws li peb qhov kev kwv yees, cov me nyuam hnub nyoog 7-9 xyoo tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, thiab nws yuav yog qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev nco thiab kev ntsuam xyuas qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntawm tus me nyuam thiab cov neeg laus. Cov menyuam yaus tsim kev sib txuas ntawm kev nco-rau-nco-txawm tias lawv yuav muaj zog dua, siv tau tsawg dua, thiab yog li tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev coj cwj pwm tsis meej. Qhov kev tshawb pom no nthuav tawm qhov kev sib tw tseem ceeb vim tias ntau tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb yuav tsum muaj peev xwm hais txog ib qho kev nco hauv kev coj tus kheej, tswj hwm-txawm rau cov menyuam yaus, xws li thaum sau ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Kev ua haujlwm yav tom ntej yog xav tau los txiav txim siab seb qhov kev cuam tshuam thaum qhov kev ntsuam xyuas meej yuav ua tau zoo dua li qhov kev kawm-theem peb siv ntawm no, thiab tej zaum yuav txhawb cov menyuam yaus hauv lawv lub peev xwm nkag tau thiab siv lawv cov kev paub khaws cia kom tag nrho.

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