Caw Saib Xyuas: Qhov Tseem Ceeb Ntawm Colostrum hauv Cov Menyuam Yaus Cov Menyuam Yaus

TSAB NTAWV

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas bovine leej niam colostrum yog pub rau cov menyuam mos liab thaum lawv thawj teev ntawm lub neej. Colostrum yog lub zais zis uas nyuj tsim tom qab mammary involution uas yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv ntau yam as-ham. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov menyuam mos liab, immunoglobulins yog qhov txaus siab vim lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv kev txhim kho lub cev tsis muaj zog ntawm cov nyuj thaum yug. Cov txheej txheem uas tus menyuam nyuj tau txais kev tiv thaiv los ntawm kev nqus ntawm immunoglobulins txhais tau tias yog kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Thaum cov nyuj noj cov tshuaj immunoglobulins txaus, lawv raug cais raws li muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo (SPI). Hauv qhov sib piv, yog tias lawv tsis tau txais cov colostrum txaus, lawv raug suav hais tias tsis muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob (FPI). Kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo yog ntsuas los ntawm kev ntsuas cov ntshav IgG cov ntsiab lus ntawm 24 txog 48 teev ntawm hnub nyoog. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam seb tus menyuam nyuj muaj SPI lossis FPI yog colostrum IgG concentration, ntau npaum li cas pub, thiab hnub nyoog ntawm tus menyuam nyuj thaum noj colostrum. Kev soj ntsuam qhov pom tseeb ntawm kev nqus ntawm immunoglobulin hauv cov nyuj yog feem ntau pom zoo los soj ntsuam tag nrho cov kev tswj colostrum. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntshav IgG tuaj yeem txiav txim siab nrog ncaj qha (radial immunodiffusion) lossis tsis ncaj (refractometry) txoj hauv kev thiab siv los ntsuas SPI lossis FPI qhov ntau.

cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob

Kelus:colostrum, immunoglobulin, passive tiv thaiv, radial immunodiffusion, refractometry

Taw qhia

Kev tshawb fawb txog kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob pib thaum xyoo 1892 thiab 1893 nrog kev ua haujlwm los ntawm Paul Ehrlich, uas tau kawm txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv niam txiv tau pauv mus rau cov tsiaj yug tshiab. Ehrlich yog thawj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm thiab tsis muaj zog (Silverstein, 1996). Thaum yug los, cov nyuj tuaj yeem nqus tau cov tshuaj immunoglobulins los ntawm niam txiv colostrum los ntawm lawv cov hnyuv, tab sis qhov kaw ntawm plab hnyuv permeability rau cov proteins nrawm dua li calf muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 12 teev tom qab yug me nyuam, thiab permeability yuav tsum tsis pub dhau 24 teev tom qab yug me nyuam (Stott li al., 1979b) . Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm Bush thiab Staley (1980), uas tau hais tias kev tso tseg ntawm IgG nqus los ntawm cov hlwb epithelial mus rau cov hlab ntsha nce ntxiv tom qab 12 teev ntawm hnub nyoog nrog qhov kawg kaw ntawm 24 teev. Kev kaw lub plab yog txhais tau tias thaum lub plab tsis tuaj yeem nqus cov macromolecules thiab hloov mus rau hauv cov ntshav ncig (Leece thiab Morgan, 1962). Kev tshawb fawb thaum ntxov tau hais tias kev noj zaub mov tsis cuam tshuam rau lub plab kaw (Patt, 1977), tab sis Stott et al. (1979a) tau tham txog yuav ua li cas pub mis rau colostrum sai sai thiab qhov colostrum-deprived calves tau ntsib qeeb plab kaw. Ntxiv mus, Stott et al. (1979b) tau piav qhia tias kev pub mis colostrum stimulates pinocytosis, uas yog txoj kev thauj ntawm immunoglobulins. Macromolecule absorption pib kaw tom qab ntawd, txawm tias kev thauj mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha tseem ua haujlwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, Stott et al. (1979b) tau tshaj tawm tias lub plab kaw hauv cov nyuj yog ib txoj hauv kev los txo cov macromolecule absorption tom qab colostrum noj. Qhov tseeb mechanism tswj qhov permeability no tsis meej (Weaver li al., 2000); Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev kaw lub plab no ntseeg tau tias yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm pinocytotic lossis hloov cov enterocytes nrog cov hlwb epithelial paub tab (Broughton thiab Lecce, 1970; Smeaton thiab SimpsonMorgan, 1985). Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau pom tias kev nqus tau txo qis thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev yug me nyuam thiab thawj colostrum noj nce, ua rau lub sij hawm ntawm colostrum muab rau tus me nyuam mos calf tseem ceeb heev (Bush thiab Staley, 1980). Tsis ntev los no, Fischer li al. (2018) tau tshaj tawm tias kev ncua sijhawm ntawm colostrum pub dhau 6 teev tom qab yug me nyuam tau txo qis kev hloov ntawm IgG piv nrog cov menyuam mos noj tom qab yug me nyuam, qhia tias cov nyuj yuav tsum tau noj tam sim tom qab yug me nyuam. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv qhia tias cov nyuj muaj peev xwm nqus tau IgG thaum tsis pub noj colostrum ntev txog 48 teev. Tshwj xeeb, thaum colostrum tau pub thawj zaug ntawm 6, 12, 24, 36, thiab 48 h tom qab yug me nyuam, 65.8, 46.9, 11.5, 6.7, thiab 6.0% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom noj IgG, raws li, tshwm sim hauv ntshav (Matte li al., 19. ). Tsis ntev los no, Osaka et al. (2014) tau tshaj tawm tias cov nyuj pub hauv 1, 1 txog 6, 6 txog 12, thiab 12 txog 18 teev tom qab yug me nyuam muaj qhov pom tseeb ntawm kev nqus (AEA) tus nqi ntawm 30.5, 27.4, 23.7, thiab 15.8%, feem. Lwm yam uas tau tshwm sim los cuam tshuam li cas cov hnyuv me loj hlob los yog kaw yog IGF-1. Txawm hais tias nws lub luag haujlwm hauv kev loj hlob ntawm lub plab tsis tau pom meej meej (Pyo li al., 2020), nws paub tias IGF-1 tam sim no muaj ntau nyob rau hauv niam txiv colostrum thiab yog ib qho ntawm 2 feem ntau kev loj hlob yam tam sim no nyob rau hauv colostrum nrog rau IGF-2 ntawm qib 50 txog 2,000 ug/L (Pakkanen thiab Aalto, 1997; Manila thiab Korhonen, 2002). Pyo et al. (2020) kwv yees tias kev noj colostrum tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txoj kev loj hlob ntawm plab los ntawm kev nce ntshav IGF-1 concentrations. Txawm li cas los xij, Pyo et al. (2020) xaus lus tias noj colostrum rau 3 d tsawg zuj zus cov ntshav IGF-1. Tsis tas li ntawd, Pyo et al. (2020) xaus lus tias qhov kev nce hauv IGF-1 ntau dua yuav muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm lub zog thiab kev noj zaub mov los ntawm colostrum, tsis yog los ntawm plab hnyuv. Ntxiv rau lub sijhawm, cov yam tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau colostral immunoglobulin absorption yog immunoglobulin concentration nyob rau hauv colostrum, tag nrho cov ntim ntawm colostrum muaj nyob rau hauv thawj pub (Stott thiab Fellah, 1983), thiab yog li tag nrho cov grams ntawm immunoglobulins noj, thiab cov kab mob theem nyob rau hauv colostrum. (Gelsinger li al., 2015). Txawm hais tias nws yog ib qho uas cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb qhia txog IgG concentration raws li ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv colostrum zoo (Vajtswv li al., 2009a; Elsahaby li al., 2017; Heinrichs li al., 2020), cov kab mob sib kis yuav tsum tau suav nrog raws li nws muaj. hauv colostrum muaj feem cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov menyuam mos liab (Gelsinger li al., 2015). Kev kho cua sov ntawm colostrum tuaj yeem txhim kho IgG nqus thiab nce ntshav plasma IgG concentration los ntawm 18.4% (Gelsinger li al., 2014) thaum nws yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los txo cov kab mob hauv cov colostrum (Heinrichs li al., 2020). Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab tias kev kho cua sov yuav tsum tau tswj nruj heev, vim tias nws lub sijhawm tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov protein ntau thiab tsawg hauv bovine colostrum (Tacoma li al., 2017). Tacoma et al. (2017) tau hais tias kev hloov pauv hauv cov proteome tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm calf thaum cov khoom siv bioactive raug txo. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tau tshaj tawm uas qhia tau hais tias qhov tsis zoo ntawm calf los ntawm kev noj zaub mov kub-kho colostrum. Nws tau raug tshaj tawm tias cua sov colostrum ntawm 60 degree rau 30 lossis 60 feeb tsawg tsawg los yog tsis cuam tshuam rau IgG concentration, txo cov kab mob suav, thiab tsis cuam tshuam rau viscosity (Johnson li al., 2007; Elizondo-Salazar li al., 2010) .

cistanche cov txiaj ntsig rau txiv neej-ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob

Thaum cov nyuj tsis tau txais cov tshuaj immunoglobulin txaus, lawv raug cais raws li kev tsis ua haujlwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob (FPI; Lombard li al., 2020), uas ua rau lawv muaj kev pheej hmoo ntau dua rau kev mob nkeeg hauv thawj lub lis piam ntawm lub neej (Renaud li al., 2018; Todd et al., 2018). Calves raug suav hais tias muaj FPI thaum lawv cov ntshav IgG concentration yog<10 mg/mL at 24 h of age (Besser et al., 1991; Furman Fratczak et al., 2011; Shivley et al., 2018). In contrast, they are considered to have successful passive immunity (SPI; Lombard et al., 2020) when their serum IgG concentration is >10 mg/mL at 24 h (Weaver et al., 2000; Quigley, 2004; Godden, 2008). Recent studies have discussed that higher serum IgG thresholds to determine FPI should be evaluated. For example, Urie et al. (2018b) stated calves with serum IgG levels >15 mg/mL have reduced morbidity and mortality rates in comparison with the standard cutoff point of 10 mg/ mL IgG that is currently used. Similarly, Furman Fratczak et al. (2011) concluded that calves with serum IgG levels >15 mg/mL did not develop respiratory infections. Reports evaluating beef calves have recommended that serum IgG values of >24 and >27 mg/mL txo tus mob morbidity thiab ua rau kom BW nce ntxiv (Dewell li al., 2006; Waldner thiab Rosengren, 2009). Lombard et al. (2020) tsis ntev los no tau hais tias lub sijhawm hloov pauv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo (TPI) yuav tsum hloov lub sij hawm ntau dua, kev hloov pauv tsis zoo vim tias kev tiv thaiv kab mob kis tau tsis zoo tab sis tsis yog qhov nqus ntawm immunoglobulins. Tsis tas li ntawd, Lombard et al. (2020) tau qhia txog tus qauv TPI tshiab uas suav nrog 4 pawg hauv qab no tau teev tseg ntawm cov ntshav IgG: zoo heev, zoo, ncaj ncees, thiab tsis zoo nrog cov ntshav siab IgG ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 25. 0, 18.0 txog 24.9, 10.0 txog 17.9, thiab<10.0 mg/mL, respectively. They suggested that on a herd level, >40, 30, 20, thiab 10% ntawm cov nyuj yuav tsum nyob rau hauv qhov zoo, zoo, ncaj ncees, thiab tsis zoo TPI pawg, raws li. Colostrum pub mis yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tswj cov nyuj (Vajtswv, 2008). Txawm li cas los xij, thaum cov niam txiv tshiab colostrum tsis muaj thaum yug los lossis tsis zoo, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb muaj lwm txoj hauv kev siv colostrum replacers (CR) or colostrum supplements (Lopez et al., 2020a). Colostrum products are considered replacement feeding when they provide >100 g ntawm IgG ib koob (McGuirk thiab Collins, 2004; Foster et al., 2006). Colostrum cov khoom uas muaj<100 g of IgG per dose are considered supplements and are not a complete replacement for maternal colostrum feeding (Quigley et al., 2002). Colostrum replacers should not replace high-quality maternal colostrum feeding but have been determined to provide a valid alternative for immunoglobulins with no negative effect on calf performance (Lago et al., 2018). In contrast, colostrum supplements do not contain sufficient IgG to replace maternal colostrum and are formulated to be given in conjunction with colostrum to enhance IgG concentration (Quigley, 2004; Jones and Heinrichs, 2006).

cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob

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Cov menyuam mos liab yuav tsum tau cov colostrum zoo yog tias lawv yuav tsum nqus cov immunoglobulins txaus kom ua tiav TPI (Morin li al., 2021a, b). Colostrum yog thawj qhov zais cia uas nyuj tsim tom qab mammary involution. Bovine colostrum yog tsim thiab khaws cia thaum cev xeeb tub lig hauv cov txheej txheem txhais tau tias yog colostrogenesis (Baumrucker thiab Bruckmaier, 2014). Nws tau raug tshaj tawm tias kev tsim colostrum pib 3 mus rau 4 wk ua ntej calving thiab ceases abruptly ua ntej yug me nyuam (Brandon li al., 1971). Txawm li cas los xij, lub sijhawm tiag tiag thaum cov ntaub ntawv colostrum nyob rau hauv ib tus nyuj yog tsis paub, uas tej zaum yuav piav qhia txog qhov txawv ntawm qhov zoo ntawm colostrum (Kehoe li al., 2007; Baumrucker et al., 2010). Colostrum feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm immunoglobulins, uas muab kev tiv thaiv rau tus menyuam mos liab rau thawj lub lis piam ntawm lub neej. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog thawj cov khoom noj khoom haus rau tus menyuam mos thaum yug los thiab pab txhawb txoj hnyuv tiv thaiv kab mob (Foley thiab Otterby, 1978; Davis thiab Drackley, 1998; Calloway et al., 2002). Colostrum yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov as-ham nrog 1.85 npaug ntawm DM, 4.52 npaug ntawm cov protein ntau, 1.68 npaug ntau rog, thiab ntau dua cov zaub mov thiab cov vitamins ntau dua li cov mis nyuj (Foley thiab Otterby, 1978). Ntxiv rau lactose, bovine colostrum kuj muaj qee cov suab thaj me me (piv txwv li, qabzib, fructose, glucosamine, thiab galactosamine) thiab oligosaccharides (Gopal thiab Gill, 2000). Colostrum yog lub zog rau cov nyuj thaum thawj teev ntawm lub neej vim tias lawv yug los nrog lub zog tshwj xeeb (Morrill li al., 2012). Tsuas yog 3% ntawm tus menyuam mos liab BW yog lipid, thiab nws yog cov qauv tsim, uas txwv tsis pub nws muaj cov metabolism los ntawm calf (Morrill li al., 2012). Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov nyuj nyob ntawm cov lipids thiab lactose tam sim no hauv niam txiv colostrum ua lub zog hauv thawj teev ntawm lub neej (Morrill li al., 2012). Colostrum tseem muaj cov carbohydrates, ntau lwm cov proteins, kev loj hlob, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, nucleotides, nucleosides, cytokines, thiab rog. (McGrath li al., 2016). Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov vitamins thiab minerals tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv bovine colostrum xws li calcium, magnesium, hlau, manganese, zinc, vitamin E, vitamin A, riboflavin, carotene, vitamin B12, folic acid, choline, thiab selenium (Foley thiab Otterby, 1978. ; Hammon et al., 2000). Cov vitamins uas muaj roj-soluble tau suav tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm colostrum; Txawm li cas los xij, dej-soluble vitamins tsis tau tshawb fawb tib yam (Kehoe li al., 2007). 2 lub tebchaw loj ntawm vitamin E suav nrog tocopherols thiab tocotrienols (Morrissey thiab Hill, 2009). Txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias tocopherols tuaj yeem hla cov placenta thiab khaws cia los ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab, cov menyuam mos liab muaj cov tocopherol qis thaum yug los thiab xav tau colostrum ingestion los them (Zanker et al., 2000). Nws paub tias cov vitamins ntxiv, xws li cov vitamins muaj roj-soluble, thaum lub caij ntuj qhuav qhuav ua rau lawv cov concentrations hauv colostrum (Weiss li al., 1990). Tshwj xeeb, Weiss et al. (1990) pom tias ntxiv vitamin E rau kwv yees li 60 d nce -tocopherol qib hauv colostrum. Parris et al. (1949) hais tias tocopherol supplementation nyob rau hauv nyuj nce vitamin A ntau ntau hauv colostrum. Colostrum kuj muaj vitamin D, uas yog synthesized los ntawm nyuj thaum raug UV hluav taws xob (Bulgari li al., 2013). Fischer-Tlustos et al. (2020) tau tshaj tawm tias thawj cov mis nyuj colostrum thiab cov mis hloov pauv tau nce siab ntawm qee cov oligosaccharides suav nrog 3′-sialyl lactose thiab 6′-sialyl lactose piv nrog mis nyuj, thiab lawv tau hais tias cov no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tus menyuam nyuj xws li kev tiv thaiv txoj hnyuv. mucosa los ntawm adhering nrog cov kab mob (Martín li al., 2002). Zuag qhia tag nrho, niam txiv colostrum muab cov as-ham thiab cov khoom noj uas tsis yog khoom noj uas pab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ua kom muaj zog, ua kom txoj hnyuv loj hlob, thiab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev (Hammon et al., 2020).

Lub Cheebtsam ntawm colostrum tuaj yeem sib txawv nyob ntawm yam xws li kev yug me nyuam, kev sib luag, khoom noj khoom haus ua ntej, lub sijhawm qhuav, kev noj haus, hnub nyoog ntawm tus tsiaj, thiab kev kis kab mob yav dhau los (Parrish et al., 1948; Tsioulpas et al., 2007; Mann et ib., 2016). Tsis tas li ntawd, ib puag ncig thiab cov qog mammary cuam tshuam nrog qee yam kab mob tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov mis nyuj (Barrington li al., 1997; Stelwagen li al., 2009). Kev ntsuam xyuas thoob tebchaws ntawm colostrum zoo nyob rau hauv US cov khoom noj mis nyuj ua los ntawm Morrill li al. (2012) txhawb Parrish li al. (1948) and Tsioulpas et al. (2007) hais txog qhov nce ntawm IgG concentration raws li nyuj lub parity nce (42.4, 68.6, thiab 95.9 mg / mL hauv thawj, thib ob, thiab thib peb lactation, feem). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev ntsuam xyuas no tau txiav txim siab tias 60% ntawm niam txiv colostrum nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Mis Kas ua liaj ua teb tsis txaus xav txog IgG concentration thiab cov kab mob tag nrho cov phaj suav (Morrill li al., 2012). Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Kehoe et al. (2007), Swan et al. (2007), Baumrucker et al. (2010), thiab Morrill et al. (2012) tau tshaj tawm ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm colostral txhais tau tias IgG concentrations thiab lwm yam khoom. Baumrucker thiab Bruckmaier (2014) tau tshuaj xyuas thiab hais txog qhov txawv txav ntawm IgG concentrations hauv colostrum ntawm nyuj. Cov khoom xws li rog, protein, lactose, thiab tag nrho cov khib nyiab kuj tau tshaj tawm nrog ntau yam (Kehoe li al., 2007; Morrill., et al., 2012). Cov rog tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 1 mus rau 26.5%, lactose los ntawm 1.2 mus rau 5.2%, protein los ntawm 2.6 mus rau 22.6%, thiab tag nrho cov khoom ntawm 1.7 mus rau 43.3% (Kehoe et al., 2007; Morrill., et al., 2012). Kev tshuaj xyuas tsis ntev los no ntawm colostrum muaj pes tsawg leeg los ntawm McGrath li al. (2016) suav nrog cov khoom xws li kev loj hlob (piv txwv li, epidermal growth factor, IGF-1, thiab IGF-2), cytokines, minerals, thiab pH, uas lawv tau sau tseg tias cov khoom no hloov pauv li cas hauv colostrum hauv muab piv rau cov mis loj.

Thaum yug los, calves muaj lub cev tsis muaj zog vim tias lub pas dej ua ke ntawm qhov chaw mos txwv tsis pub leej niam cov ntshav IgG hloov mus rau calf (Davis thiab Drackley, 1998). Lub bovine muaj ib tug syndesmochorial placenta nrog 3 leej niam thiab 3 fetal txheej uas ua raws li cov teeb meem thiab cuam tshuam nrog immunoglobulin hloov chaw (Blum and Baumrucker, 2008; Peter, 2013). Yog li ntawd, cov nyuj yug los tsis muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab nyob ntawm kev noj cov colostrum kom tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (Davis thiab Drackley, 1998; Calloway li al., 2002). Kev pub mis colostrum txaus yuav txiav txim siab seb tus menyuam yug tshiab puas muaj SPI lossis FPI. Kev tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov nyuj tuag thiab cov kab mob morbidity (Furman Fratczak li al., 2011; Urie et al., 2018b). Cov ntawv ceeb toom yav dhau los qhia txog kev tuag thiab kev tuag ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas ntawm 7.8 thiab 38.5% (USDA, 2010), uas siab dua li cov lus qhia tau pom zoo ntawm 5 thiab 25% rau kev tuag thiab kev tuag (Cov Khoom Noj Khoom Haus Calf thiab Heifer Association, 2010). Tsis tas li ntawd, Lora et al. (2018) tau tshaj tawm tias qib FPI qis cuam tshuam rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob enteric. Lora et al. (2018) tau pom tias muaj kev pheej hmoo siab dua ntawm qhov tshwm sim rau rotavirus thiab Cryptosporidium spp. kab mob, nrog rau tag nrho cov mob raws plab nyob rau hauv cov nyuj nrog FPI. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau pom tias kev pub mis colostrum txaus tuaj yeem ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tus tsiaj, vim tias immunoglobulins noj los ntawm colostrum tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev tsim khoom thiab kev loj hlob yav tom ntej (Denise li al., 1989). Qhov thib ob colostrum noj 5 mus rau 6 h tom qab yug me nyuam tau pom tias yuav txo qis tus neeg mob thiab txhim kho ADG preweaning (Abuelo li al., 2021). Txawm li cas los xij, Cuttance et al. (2019) tau tshaj tawm tias FPI tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev tsim khoom suav nrog kev tsim cov mis nyuj, kev loj hlob, kev loj hlob, thiab kev ua haujlwm lactation. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias muaj IgG siab, colostrum yuav tsum tau sau rau thawj zaug kev pub mis tam sim tom qab yug me nyuam vim tias colostrum tsis zoo hauv cov mis nyuj tom qab (Stott li al., 1981). Nws tau pom tias IgG txo qis hauv cov qoob loo qoob loo thaum lub sij hawm luv luv ntawm calving thiab colostrum sau (Morin li al., 2010). Tshwj xeeb, colostrum muaj ntau dua IgG concentrations thaum sau hauv 2 h tom qab yug me nyuam, vim nws cov colostral IgG concentration yog txo qis thaum sau ntawm 6, 10, thiab 14 h tom qab calving (Moore li al., 2005). Cov ntawv ceeb toom ntxov tau hais tias 300 mus rau 400 g ntawm immunoglobulins yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv tag nrho cov me nyuam mos tiv thaiv kab mob (Roy, 1980). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev pom zoo tam sim no yog tias 150 txog 200 g ntawm IgG yuav tsum tau pub thaum yug me nyuam rau cov nyuj kom ua tiav SPI (Chigerwe li al., 2008), tsis tau Godden li al. (2019) hais kom noj tag nrho cov khoom ntau dua 300 g. Txawm hais tias tus calf ua tiav SPI los ntawm kev noj colostrum, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias kev tiv thaiv ntawm tus nyuj yuav tsis tsuas yog nyob ntawm kev ua tiav SPI tab sis muaj kev sib npaug ntawm nws txoj kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kis kab mob hauv nws ib puag ncig, suav nrog kev tswj hwm thiab kev noj haus.

cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob

Immunoglobulins thiab lwm yam khoom siv hauv COLOSTRUM

Kev hloov ntawm immunoglobulins los ntawm nyuj cov hlab ntsha mus rau colostrum tshwm sim los ntawm kev thauj mus los hauv lub cev. Muaj cov receptors epithelial uas pab txhawb kev hloov ntawm IgG los ntawm cov ntshav mus rau lub caj pas mammary (Larson li al., 1980). Feem ntau, immunoglobulins yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tseem ceeb muaj nyob hauv bovine colostrum (Stelwagen li al., 2009). Cov tshuaj immunoglobulin tseem ceeb hauv colostrum, IgG1, raug ntes los ntawm cov kua dej ntxiv thiab thauj mus rau luminal secretions (Larson li al., 1980). Tag nrho cov txheej txheem thauj ntawm immunoglobulins pib pib 5 wk ua ntej yug me nyuam thiab mus txog nws qhov siab tshaj 1 mus rau 3 hnub ua ntej yug me nyuam (Sasaki li al., 1976). Bush et al. (1971) thiab Oyeniyi thiab Hunter (1978) tau tshaj tawm tias IgG concentrations hauv colostrum txo qis nrog kev ua tiav cov mis nyuj tom qab yug me nyuam, ua rau thawj cov mis nyuj tom qab yug me nyuam qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv IgG cov ntsiab lus. Qhov txo qis hauv IgG cov ntsiab lus tau pom los ntawm Morin li al. (2010) yuav tsum nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm 3.7% rau txhua teev tom ntej ntawm colostrum sau tom qab yug me nyuam. Txawm li cas los xij, vim tias IgG tseem tuaj yeem pom hauv cov mis nyuj tom qab yug me nyuam (Stott li al., 1981), qhov thib ob thiab thib peb-mis mis nyuj colostrum tseem tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov nyuj thaum nws muaj. Piv txwv li, Lopez et al. (2020a) qhia tias tsis muaj FPI hauv cov nyuj pub mis thib ob- thiab thib peb-mis mis colostrum ntxiv nrog 40 g ntawm CR raws li kev pub thawj zaug. Bovine colostrum feem ntau muaj qhov siab ntawm immunoglobulins, tshwj xeeb yog IgG ntau dua li lwm hom immunoglobulins. Cov chav kawm IgG yog cov chav kawm immunoglobulin loj uas tau pauv ntawm colostrum, tshwj xeeb yog IgG1 subclass raws li tau hais ua ntej. Qhov piv ntawm IgG1 rau IgG2 hauv colostrum yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 7: 1, thiab colostrum kuj muaj IgA thiab IgM hauv me me (Butler li al., 1974). Tsis tas li ntawd, bovine colostrum muaj cov leukocytes siv tau (piv txwv li, neutrophils thiab macrophages) uas ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov kua mis secretions. Bovine IgG concentration yog li ntawm 50 mus rau 150 mg / mL, uas kwv yees li 85 mus rau 95% yog IgG, 7% yog IgM, thiab 5% yog IgA (Butler, 1969; Sasaki li al., 1976; Larson li al., 1980. ). Qhov no kuj tau tshaj tawm hauv cov kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb xws li Morin et al. (2010) qhov twg IgG concentrations ranged los ntawm<10 to 120 g/L, and total masses produced ranged from 11 to 681 g. However, it must be appreciated that these percentages can vary greatly among cows. A study conducted by Newby et al. (1982) reported concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgM of 75, 4.4, and 4.9 mg/mL, respectively. The mammary gland regulates the different immunoglobulin class concentrations in colostrum, although the mammary epithelium is generally not involved in their synthesis (Stelwagen et al., 2009). These immunoglobulins appear or can enter the colostrum via a paracellular route from intracellular tight junctions (Lacy-Hulbert et al., 1999), but the majority enter through a selective receptor-mediated intracellular route (Stelwagen et al., 2009). However, the mammary gland regulates the immunoglobulin concentrations present in colostrum and also contributes to immunoglobulin appearance by in situ production of its intramammary plasma cells (Stelwagen et al., 2009). The source of different immunoglobulins could be blood-derived or synthesized by intramammary plasma cells (Stelwagen et al., 2009). Overall, the main function of all these types of immunoglobulins is to detect the presence of pathogens present in the calf and eventually protect the animal against them. In general, immunoglobulins are monomeric glycoproteins with high molecular weight and composed of 4-chain molecules, with 2 light (short) and 2 heavy (long) polypeptide chains attached by disulfide bonds (Butler, 1969; Larson, 1992). The IgG class is the major immunoglobulin transferred via colostrum (85–90%). However, IgG1 represents 80 to 90% of total IgG (Butler et al., 1974; Sasaki et al., 1976, Larson et al., 1980). Immunoglobulin G is involved in various activities such as bacterial opsonization and binding to pathogens to inactivate them (Lilius and Marnila, 2001). Immunoglobulin G1 is the primary protein involved in the TPI (Butler, 1969; Butler et al., 1974). The role of IgM is to identify and destroy bacteria present in the calf's bloodstream; it functions as a mechanism to fight septicemia and is the principal agglutinating antibody. In addition, IgM has been identified to be the first immunoglobulin to appear in the B lymphocytes (Klein, 1982) and to play a role against mastitis when present in milk (Frenyo et al., 1987). The role of IgA is to prevent the attachment of pathogens and entrance into the intestine by protecting the mucosal membranes (Butler, 1969, 1983; Larson et al., 1980; Blättler et al., 2001; Răducan et al., 2013). Immunoglobulin E is also found in colostrum, though it is only known for its contribution to skin-sensitizing activity (Butler, 1983). In general, some reports mention that calves start producing their own antibodies, or endogenous production, at approximately 3 wk of age (Devery et al., 1979; Kertz et al., 2017). When determined by clearance of 125I-labeled IgG1, passively acquired IgG has an estimated half-life of 11.5 to 17.9 d (Besser, 1993; Besser et al., 1988; Sasaki et al., 1977). In addition, Murphy et al. (2014) reported that the half-life of IgG derived from maternal colostrum was longer than from CR. They reported that IgG from colostrum had a half-life of 28.5 d and IgG from CR had a half-life of 19.1 d. Nevertheless, Quigley et al. (2017) reported a higher half-life of 23.9 d for calves fed a CR that was followed by an increase until week 8. It has to be considered that Quigley et al. (2017) fed a high dose of total IgG, 450 g, which may have contributed to this higher half-life. This change in IgG level is due to normal catabolism the molecules experience (Matte et al., 1982). Macdougall and Mulligan (1969) mentioned that this catabolism rate is about 6% per day for the first 14 days of life of a newborn calf. Lopez et al. (2020b) fed either colostrum, CR, or a mixture and showed a linear decrease in IgG levels from initial levels at 24 h to nadir was 0.44 mg/mL per day for all treatments. Moreover, Quigley et al. (2017) discussed that the increase of IgG they observed from 4 wk until 8 wk could be associated with a higher IgG de novo synthesis rather than the decay of IgG derived from maternal concentrations. However, others report that endogenous production depends on IgG consumption. Husband and Lascelles (1975) and Pauletti et al. (2003) have discussed that calves that are not fed colostrum or any source of immunoglobulins experience earlier endogenous antibody production than colostrum-fed calves.

Hallberg et al. (1995) and Andrew (2001) described that colostrum has a higher SCC than regular milk. This increase in SCC is not due to mastitis infection or disease but a result of a physiological feature described as the passage of cells through gaps in the junctions of mammary epithelial cells (Nguyen and Neville, 1998). A study conducted by Ontsouka et al. (2003) demonstrated this SCC difference between colostrum and mature milk. The results reported a mean SCC for colostrum at d 2 of 1,479,000 ± 585,000 cells/mL compared with a mean SCC of mature milk (wk 4) of 41,000 ± 15,000 cells/mL. Bovine colostrum can also be a source of pathogens to a newborn calf, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma spp., and Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Houser et al., 2008). These pathogens originate from cow mammary gland infections, improper colostrum storage or handling, and incorrect colostrum harvest (Streeter et al., 1995; Stewart et al., 2005). Colostrum is considered to be of good quality when its IgG concentration is >50 mg / mL, cov kab mob suav yog<100,000 cfu/mL and coliform counts are <10,000 cfu/mL (McGuirk and Collins, 2004; Chigerwe et al., 2008).

Lwm cov khoom uas tau txais kev txaus siab yog trypsin inhibitor concentrations nyob rau hauv bovine colostrum vim nws muaj peev xwm pab mus inhibit proteolytic degradation ntawm ib co Cheebtsam (Quigley li al., 2005a). Trypsin inhibitor zoo li khaws cia cov dej num thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev nqus ntawm cov colostrum Cheebtsam (Hernández-Castellano li al., 2014). Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab tias txawm tias kev kho cua sov hauv colostrum tej zaum yuav muaj txiaj ntsig (Gelsinger li al., 2015; Saldana li al., 2019), nws kuj txo cov trypsin inhibitor concentrations (Mann li al., 2020). Trypsin inhibitor concentrations nyob rau hauv colostrum tom qab yug me nyuam yog siab nyob rau hauv kev sib piv rau cov mature mis nyuj thiab txo li ntawm ib puas puas los ntawm 2 wk tom qab yug me nyuam (Sandholm thiab Honkanen-Buzalski, 1979). Quigley et al. (1995a) qhia txog trypsin inhibitor concentrations hauv niam txiv colostrum ntawm 56 mg, uas tau tshaj tawm tias milligrams ntawm trypsin inhibited ib deciliter ntawm colostrum. Lawv tau hais tias muaj cov trypsin inhibitors muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog tag nrho cov immunoglobulins (r=0.54), rog, tag nrho N (r=0.70), protein N (r=0.70). ), noncasein N (r=0.64), thiab TS (r=0.66) hauv colostrum. Quigley et al. (1995a) xaus lus tias colostrum nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm immunoglobulin ntau dua muaj cov ntsiab lus trypsin inhibitor ntau dua, thiab rov ua dua, cov colostrum tsis zoo muaj cov ntsiab lus trypsin inhibitor tsawg dua, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau TPI. Quigley et al. (1995b) pom tias qhov sib ntxiv ntawm 1 g ntawm soybean trypsin inhibitor rau 1 L ntawm colostrum pub rau cov menyuam yug tshiab Jersey calves nce cov ntshav IgG ntau ntawm 27.9 txog 34.4 mg / mL. Ntxiv nrog rau trypsin inhibitors, lwm yam kev txaus siab yog lactoferrin thiab transferrin; uas yog hlau-binding proteins (Jenness, 1982). Cov concentrations ntawm transferrin thiab lactoferrin tau pom tias muaj ntau dua hauv cov mis nyuj thawj zaug (1.07 thiab 0.83 mg / mL, ntsig txog) hauv kev sib piv rau cov mis nyuj ntxiv, qhov twg cov concentrations yuav luag tsis txaus nyob ib ncig ntawm 3 wk tom qab yug me nyuam (0.02 thiab 0.09 mg / mL. Sánchez li al., 1988). Ib qho ntawm cov kev ua haujlwm lom neeg ntawm cov khoom no tau ntseeg tau txuas nrog kev xaiv ntawm tus menyuam yug tshiab lub plab hnyuv (Ribadeau-Dumas, 1983).

cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob

IgG absorption nyob rau hauv tus me nyuam mos calf

Colostrum yuav tsum tau noj tam sim ntawd tom qab yug me nyuam mos thiab tsis ncua sij hawm los muab kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kab mob (Fischer li al., 2018). Cov menyuam mos liab tseem tsis tau tsim lawv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thaum yug los (Nocek li al., 1984; Stelwagen li al., 2009). Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau pub cov menyuam yug tshiab nrog cov kua mis thawj zaug vim tias cov colostral ntau ntawm IgG, M, thiab A txo qis ntawm cov nqi sib txawv raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov mis nyuj tom qab yug me nyuam (Stott li al., 1981). Lub sij hawm ntawm colostrum pub mis yog qhov tseem ceeb kom ua tiav cov qib siab IgG. Kev hloov ntawm immunoglobulins los ntawm colostrum mus rau cov hlab ntsha ntawm tus nyuj yog vim muaj peev xwm nqus tau cov proteins hauv cov hnyuv hauv thawj teev ntawm lub neej. Kwv yees li 24 teev tom qab yug me nyuam, cov hlwb hauv cov hnyuv tsis tuaj yeem nqus tau thiab thauj cov immunoglobulins lossis lwm cov molecules loj. Qhov kev kaw permeability no tau tshaj tawm los ntawm McCoy li al. (1970) nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshawb no qhia tau hais tias pub mis nyuj colostrum ntawm 24 teev tom qab yug me nyuam tsis tau hloov lub serum -globulin theem. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias lub plab tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau colostral proteins ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd thiab kev pub mis colostrum ntawm 24 teev tom qab yug me nyuam tsis tsim nyog. Feem ntau, feem pua ​​​​ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob absorbed hauv cov hlab ntsha, AEA, los ntawm colostrum yog li ntawm 20 mus rau 35%, txawm tias muaj cov colostrum zoo (Quigley thiab Drewry, 1998; Jones thiab Heinrichs, 2006). Txawm li cas los xij, AEA sib txawv ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb, thiab qee cov ntawv tshaj tawm tau qhia qhov muaj txiaj ntsig sab nraud ntawm qhov no. Piv txwv li, Lago et al. (2018) tau tshaj tawm txog thaj tsam li ntawm 32.6 txog 76.9% nrog qhov nruab nrab ntawm 35.9% rau cov nyuj pub niam mis colostrum nrog IgG concentration ntawm 63.6 g / L. Tsis tas li ntawd, Halleran et al. (2017) qhia txog thaj tsam ntawm 10 thiab 50% thiab tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm tag nrho cov nyiaj IgG pub ​​thiab AEA. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv kwv yees tus nyuj BW thiab siv kwv yees li ntawm 7%, ob qho tib si tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lawv cov lus xaus. Fischer et al. (2018) tau hais tias ncua kev pub mis colostrum los ntawm 6 lossis 12 h cuam tshuam rau IgG passive hloov chaw thiab tias ncua sij hawm pub mis colostrum sib piv rau kev pub mis thaum yug los yuav cuam tshuam rau plab permeability kaw thiab txo AEA. Qee yam tseem ceeb uas ua rau muaj qhov loj ntawm IgG absorbed los ntawm nyuj yog qhov zoo (IgG concentration) thiab tus nqi (ntim noj) ntawm colostrum muab tom qab yug me nyuam (Vajtswv, 2008). Ntxiv nrog rau kev pub mis rau colostrum kom ntseeg tau tias SPI hauv cov menyuam mos liab, kev tswj xyuas kom txaus yuav tsum tau xyaum kom txo qis tus neeg mob (Quigley li al., 2017).

Feem ntau, immunoglobulins yog absorbed nyob rau hauv lub plab hnyuv epithelium ntawm ib tug me nyuam mos, dhau los ntawm lub lymphatic system, thiab thaum kawg nkag mus rau hauv lub systemic ncig ntawm lub thoracic duct (Comline li al., 1951; Bush thiab Staley, 1980; Besser thiab Gay, 1994) . Muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm immunoglobulin clearance thiab qhov pib ntawm endogenous ntau lawm nyob rau hauv ib tug calf lub cev. Nws ntseeg tau tias cov menyuam yug tshiab tau pom tseeb kwv yees li 70% ntawm kev noj IgG los ntawm txoj hnyuv lumen (Besser li al., 1988). Tsis tas li ntawd, immunoglobulins tau pom nyob rau hauv lub plab zom mov uas lawv ua haujlwm raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (Besser li al., 1988). Nws ntseeg tau tias cov nyuj pib lawv qhov kev sib txuas ntawm IgG endogenous ntawm 36 h thiab 3 wk ntawm hnub nyoog (Devery li al., 1979). Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau raug tshawb fawb tias colostrum-deprived calves los yog calves tsis pub txaus colostrum pib tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua ntej hauv lub neej (Txiv neej thiab Lascelles, 1975) thiab tias lawv twb muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tes zoo ib yam li tus nyuj laus ntawm kwv yees li 2 xyoos. wk ntawm hnub nyoog (Barrington thiab Parish, 2001). Comline et al. (1951) cannulated cov menyuam yug tshiab Jersey calves nyob rau hauv duodenum, cecum, thiab thoracic duct, thiab muab cov roj-dawb colostrum ncaj qha mus rau txoj hnyuv los kawm txog txoj kev nqus ntawm immunoglobulins. Lawv pom tias globulins tsis yog thauj ncaj qha mus rau lub portal ncig, tab sis theej thauj hauv cov qog ntshav thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau cov ntshav peripheral. Tshwj xeeb, nws tau nkag siab tias kev nqus ntawm immunoglobulin hauv txoj hnyuv yog qhov tsis xaiv thiab ua tiav los ntawm lub tshuab pinocytosis (Besser thiab Gay, 1994). Staley et al. (1972) tau hais tias txoj hnyuv muaj qee theem ntawm kev xaiv; Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau txiav txim siab tias txawm hais tias txoj hnyuv ntawm tus menyuam mos tuaj yeem nqus tau lossis permeable rau cov protein ntau, nws tsis nqus ferritin. Ib yam li ntawd, Bush thiab Staley (1980) kuj tau hais tias kev nqus ntawm immunoglobulin nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv yog ua los ntawm apical tubular system absorbing tsuas yog qee yam tshuaj. Muaj ntau yam uas tau pom tias cuam tshuam nrog IgG. Piv txwv li, cov kab mob sib kis uas muaj nyob hauv colostrum tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev nqus vim cov kab mob tuaj yeem khi rau cov molecule no thiab yog li cuam tshuam rau nws txoj kev nqus (Gelsinger li al., 2014). Qhov teeb meem no tau hais los ntawm kev kho cua sov colostrum, qhov uas nws tau pom tias nws nce cov ntshav IgG concentrations ntawm 24 teev hauv cov menyuam mos liab (Gelsinger li al., 2014, 2015; Saldana li al., 2019). Nws kuj yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab tias tsis yog txhua tus immunoglobulins nkag los yog tuaj yeem pom hauv cov kab ke hauv lub cev, vim qee qhov tuaj yeem siv lwm txoj hauv kev es tsis yog ntshav ntshav lossis raug tso tawm hauv cov quav (Matte li al., 1982).

METHOD OF FEEDING COLOSTRUM

Cov neeg tsim khoom yuav tsum xav txog cov nyiaj colostrum uas lawv pub kom ntseeg tau tias SPI hauv cov menyuam mos liab. Txhawm rau kom muaj kev noj haus colostrum txaus, cov neeg tsim khoom yuav tsum tsis txhob cia siab rau colostrum ib tug calf tuaj yeem nqus tau los ntawm nws lub pas dej (McCoy li al., 1970) vim tias nws tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov ntim thiab lub sijhawm tom qab yug me nyuam tus nyuj noj colostrum. Qhov kev ncua sij hawm no thaum tus menyuam mos liab tuaj yeem nqus tau yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias kev ncua sij hawm rau 2 txog 6, 7 txog 12, 13 txog 24, lossis 25 txog 48 teev muaj kev tuag ntawm 5, 8, 11, thiab 20%, feem ( Margerison thiab Downey, 2005). Nws tau raug tshaj tawm tias 25 txog 30% ntawm cov nyuj tsis nqus los ntawm lawv lub pas dej los ntawm 6 h, thiab kwv yees li 20% tsis nqus los ntawm 18 teev (Moran, 2012). Qhov no qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas tsuas yog tso cai rau ib tug calf rau suckle colostrum los ntawm nws lub pas dej ua ke tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau nws FPI (Besser li al., 1991) vim qhov tsis ua haujlwm ntawm tus calf kom yeem haus cov colostrum txaus. Interestingly, Stott et al. (1979a) tau tshaj tawm tias tus nqi ntawm kev nqus thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws IgG nqus tau zoo dua hauv cov nyuj uas nqus cov colostrum los ntawm lawv lub pas dej ua ke piv nrog cov nyuj pub los ntawm lub raj mis. Stott et al. (1979a) thiab Selman et al. (1971) xav tias muaj kev cuam tshuam leej niam uas tau dhau mus rau calf nyob rau hauv lub colostrum tshiab suckling. Cov nyhuv no tuaj yeem ua raws li tus neeg xa xov liaison uas tuaj yeem txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlwb nqus hauv plab hnyuv epithelium; Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj pov thawj txaus los txhawb qhov no (Stott li al., 1979a). Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv cov ntawv tshaj tawm feem ntau, cov nyuj uas tau tso cai rau tsuas yog saib xyuas lawv lub pas dej tau qis dua cov ntshav IgG thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob ntau dua li cov nyuj pub mis (Brignole thiab Stott, 1980; Nocek li al., 1984; Besser li al., 1991). Haines and Godden (2011) tau soj ntsuam qhov cuam tshuam ntawm niam los ntawm kev ua niam txiv uas muaj kev hais lus thiab lub cev rau cov menyuam mos liab. Lawv tau tshaj tawm tias tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev nqus ntawm IgG ntawm cov nyuj uas tau txais kev tsim niam lossis tsis yog (15 thiab 13.9 mg / mL; feem).

Niam txiv colostrum tuaj yeem pub tau los ntawm lub txiv mis lub raj mis, lub thoob, lossis cov khoom noj khoom haus (Jones and Heinrichs, 2006). Kev siv cov tshuaj esophageal feeder feem ntau pom zoo vim tias muaj cov kua dej ntau. Txoj kev pub mis ntau tshaj yog siv los ntawm tes los ntawm lub thoob los yog lub txiv mis lub raj mis (64%) thiab qhov tsawg tshaj plaws yog kev siv cov khoom noj khoom haus (2.3%; Heinrichs li al., 1994). Cov ntaub ntawv tsis ntev los no los ntawm NAHMS (2014) tau tshaj tawm tias 81.6, 15.7 thiab 2.7% ntawm heifer calves tau pub los ntawm kev pub mis nkaus xwb (xws li ntawm kev pub mis), ob qho tib si pub mis thiab nqus dej thiab lub pas dej nqus dej nkaus xwb, feem. Txhua hom kev pub mis colostrum muaj lub peev xwm los muab cov menyuam yug tshiab uas tsim nyog thiab txaus cov as-ham thiab immunoglobulins yog tias qhov tsis raug ntawm colostrum zoo thiab ntim tau muab rau hauv tus account (Roy, 1972). Txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev pheej hmoo nrog kev siv cov esophageal feeder nrog qhov tsis raug tso rau hauv cov calf puas rau txoj hlab pas, lossis, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, cov kua aspiration hauv lub ntsws (Jones and Heinrichs, 2006). Kev pub mis colostrum ntawm esophageal feeder rau cov menyuam mos liab tau raug tshaj tawm tias yog lub sijhawm txuag thiab zoo tshaj plaws los ua kom tiav IgG passive hloov pauv. (LateurRowet thiab Breukink, 1983; Elizondo-Salazar li al., 2011). Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho kev tsis zoo uas cuam tshuam rau txoj kev no yog tias txoj hlab pas groove reflex tsis tshwm sim thaum cov nyuj tau noj nrog cov khoom noj khoom haus. Thaum twg cov calves tsis hnov ​​​​cov esophageal groove reflex, colostrum nkag mus rau hauv forestomach ua ntej abomasum thiab ces nkag mus rau hauv cov hnyuv. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, yog ib tug calf suckles los ntawm nws lub pas dej los yog noj los ntawm lub txiv mis lub raj mis, lub esophageal groove reflex tshwm sim thiab lub colostrum mus ncaj qha mus rau lub abomasum, uas ua rau ib tug ceev thauj mus rau cov hnyuv. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum cov nyuj tau noj los ntawm kev pub noj mov, qhov kev tso cai ntawm colostrum los ntawm forestomach (reticulorumen) mus rau abomasum tshwm sim li ntawm ob peb feeb thiab tsis cuam tshuam rau kev nqus ntawm immunoglobulin (Lateur-Rowet thiab Breukink, 1983). Elizondo-Salazar et al. (2011) tau ua ib txoj kev tshawb fawb los sib piv yog tias muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev nqus ntawm IgG ntawm cov nyuj pub mis colostrum los ntawm lub txiv mis lub raj mis los yog esophageal feeder. Lawv pom tsis muaj qhov sib txawv hauv cov ntshav IgG concentration ntawm 24 teev lossis AEA tus nqi, qhia tias kev siv cov khoom noj khoom haus tsis txo qis IgG nqus. Ib yam li ntawd, Desjardins-Morrissette et al. (2018) tsis pom qhov sib txawv ntawm IgG nqus tau thaum cov colostrum zoo tau noj los ntawm kev pub mis los yog lub txiv mis lub raj mis, thiab tsis muaj kev pub mis los yog lub mis-lub raj mis pub mis cuam tshuam rau lub plab hnyuv loj. Besser et al. (1985) xaus lus tias kev pub mis colostrum nrog rau cov khoom noj hauv plab muaj qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm hav zoov mus rau abomasum thiab txoj hnyuv me, uas muab kev nqus tau zoo thiab txaus ntawm immunoglobulins. Lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb ua los ntawm Besser li al. (1991) tau soj ntsuam 3 txoj hauv kev pub mis rau cov menyuam mos thiab pom tias kev pub mis yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo kom ncav cuag SPI. Txoj kev tshawb no los ntawm Besser et al. (1991) tau pom 3 pab tsiaj uas cov menyuam yug tshiab tau noj colostrum los ntawm lawv cov dams, pub mis-lub raj mis, lossis pub mis rau hauv plab. Kev tsis ua haujlwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob (IgG concentration < 10 mg / mL) ntawm cov kev sib txawv yog 61.4, 19.3, thiab 10.8%, feem. Cov txiaj ntsig no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm lub peev xwm los pub ntau lub ntim ntawm colostrum nrog rau lwm txoj hauv kev rau leej niam suckling, xyuas kom SPI.

Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias nyob rau hauv feem ntau lub sij hawm thaum loj npaum li cas ntawm cov colostrum yog noj, AEA nyhav txo. Qhov no tuaj yeem piav qhia vim qhov kev tawm tswv yim tias qhov kev txwv siab tuaj yeem tshwm sim rau tus nqi ntawm IgG uas tuaj yeem nqus tau hauv qee lub sijhawm (Saldana li al., 2019). Lopez et al. (2020a) tau tshaj tawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws uas AEA poob qis dua li tag nrho IgG loj tau noj nrog pluas noj loj ntawm 3.78 L thaum yug. Lopez et al. (2020a) kuj pom tau tias qhov kev txwv siab tshaj ntawm IgG nqus tau tuaj yeem tshwm sim vim qhov txo qis AEA thaum noj ntau dua ntawm IgG nrog rau colostrum uas muaj ntau dua ntawm tag nrho cov khib nyiab.

When colostrum reaches the abomasum, it forms a curd from the reaction of renin with casein and milk fat, which separates out the whey. Curd formation occurs in milk, colostrum, and CR or milk replacers that have casein and milk fat, as they are the molecules to which chymosin specifically binds (Yvon et al., 1984; Longenbach and Heinrichs, 1998). This curd formation is somewhat detrimental to the digestion and absorption of IgG and other nutrients found in colostrum (Miyazaki et al., 2017). It is attributed to the fact that IgG is found in the whey portion of colostrum (Besser and Osborn, 1993) and permits a faster release to the intestine for absorption while leaving fat and casein in the abomasum for later absorption (Cruywagen et al., 1990). Data from Cabral et al. (2014) and Besser and Osborn (1993) suggest that casein competes with IgG for absorption in the intestinal tract, and, as a result, AEA of IgG may be negatively affected. Also, Davenport et al. (2000) demonstrated that the addition of large amounts of casein (>500 g) hauv colostrum tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau IgG nqus tus nqi, uas rov qhia tias kev nqus ntawm IgG tuaj yeem txhim kho yog tias casein tsis tuaj lossis tsawg. Ib yam li ntawd, Lopez et al. (2020a) pom tias kev pub mis rau kev lag luam CR uas muaj nws cov casein tshem tawm tau nce AEA los ntawm 24.4 mus rau 40.1% piv rau cov poj niam zoo colostrum (106 g / L ntawm IgG). Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau tshaj tawm tias ntxiv rau cov niam txiv uas tsis zoo colostrum (30 g / L ntawm immunoglobulins; cov ntsiab lus qis ntawm tag nrho cov khib nyiab) nrog CR uas muaj nws cov casein tshem tawm, nce AEA nce txog 54.3%. Txawm hais tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem hais qhia txog cov txheej txheem uas nce AEA siab dua qhov nruab nrab, Lopez li al. (2020a) qhia tias qhov qis osmolality ntawm cov pluas noj no, txo casein, thiab qis tag nrho cov khib nyiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam li cas IgG tau nqus. Cabral et al. (2014) qhia tias qhov sib ntxiv ntawm NaHCO3 rau CR tuaj yeem ua rau nws cov coagulation zog vim qhov nce ntawm casein cov ntsiab lus. Nws tau raug pom tias casein coagulation los yog curd tsim yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau IgG nqus (Cabral li al., 2014; Miyazaki li al., 2017). Txawm li cas los xij, thaum muaj ntau ntau, nws tuaj yeem ua rau colostrum osmolality. Qhov no ua rau qeeb qeeb qeeb los ntawm abomasum mus rau txoj hnyuv, thiab yog li txo qis qis qis qis (Constable li al., 2009; Cabral li al., 2014; Burgstaller li al., 2017). Constable et al. (2009) pom tau hais tias qhov sib ntxiv ntawm qhov ncauj rehydration tov uas muaj bicarbonate, acetate, thiab citrate pab txhawb cov nyuj cov mis nyuj osmolality, thiab yog li txo qis abomasal emptying npaum li cas. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau qeeb immunoglobulin nqus yog tias lawv tau daig hauv curd. Colostrum hloov osmolality tuaj yeem sib txawv vim lawv cov kev tsim khoom sib txawv, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 300 mOsm tau tshaj tawm (Cabral li al., 2014), thiab Quigley li al. (2019) tau tshaj tawm ib qho piv txwv osmolality tus nqi ntawm 332 mOsm rau niam txiv colostrum. Feem ntau mammalian (tib neeg) mis osmolality nruab nrab yog 300 mOsm/kg (Rochow li al., 2013). Osmolality nce ntxiv raws li cov khoom ntxiv ntxiv rau cov mis nyuj lossis colostrum; Piv txwv li, qhov sib ntxiv ntawm NaHCO3 rau CR nce nws cov osmolality ntawm 301 mus rau 515 hli (Cabral li al., 2014), tab sis nws yuav txawv nrog cov ntsiab lus protein thiab qhov chaw (Burgstaller li al., 2017). Osmolality qhov tseem ceeb rau bovine mis nyuj nyob nruab nrab ntawm 275 thiab 285 mOsm / L, thaum qee cov mis hloov mus txog 600 mOsm / L.

Tshawb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm Saldana et al. (2019) hais txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm qhov txwv siab tshaj ntawm IgG nqus tau ua rau qhov kev xav tias lub plab zom mov tuaj yeem tshwm sim, uas tau kwv yees yav dhau los tab sis tsis tau pom meej meej. Lub tswv yim no tau pom thawj zaug los ntawm Besser li al. (1985), uas tau hais tias cov nyuj yuav muaj kev txwv lub cev rau tus nqi ntawm IgG lawv tuaj yeem nqus tau los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov colostrum pub. Besser et al. (1985) tau hais tias ib qho kev ua tau zoo rau cov txiaj ntsig no tuaj yeem yog qhov saturation ntawm macromolecular thauj mechanism nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm absorbing IgG molecules nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv. Qhov muaj peev xwm saturation no muaj feem xyuam nrog cov colostrum ntawm CR pub, suav nrog IgG thiab tag nrho cov khib nyiab concentration, tab sis osmolality tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb.

TIV THAIV COLOSTRUM SHORTAGES

Cia

Vim yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm colostrum rau cov menyuam mos liab, txhua qhov chaw ua liaj ua teb yuav tsum muaj cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, tsis muaj kab mob colostrum. Thaum cov colostrum tsis tuaj yeem muab los ntawm cov dams, cov liaj teb yuav tsum muaj lub tswv yim ntxiv los xyuas kom muaj cov colostrum txaus rau cov menyuam mos liab. Kev khaws cov colostrum ntau dhau yog qhov kev xaiv nyiaj txiag. Colostrum tuaj yeem khaws cia los ntawm tub yees lossis khov, tab sis nws feem ntau khaws cia kom khov kom zoo thiab tiv thaiv kab mob loj hlob. Cov txheej txheem cia sib txawv cuam tshuam rau colostrum zoo vim muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob loj hlob (Morrill li al., 2012). Nws paub tias qee zaum ua liaj ua teb tsis muaj cov txheej txheem khaws cia colostrum. Yog tias cov colostrum tshiab tsis pub dhau 2 teev tom qab sau, tub yees ntawm 4 degree hauv cov thawv me me tuaj yeem tswj hwm nws cov cellular Cheebtsam thiab immunoglobulin muaj pes tsawg leeg rau ib lub sijhawm luv luv (Manohar li al., 1997). Colostrum sab laug ntawm qhov kub thiab txias tau pom tias muaj cov kab mob loj hlob sai (Stewart li al., 2005), thiab Morrill li al. (2012) tau tshaj tawm tias cov qauv colostrum hauv tub yees muaj tag nrho cov phaj suav txog 1 lab cfu / mL. Stewart et al. (2005) pom tau hais tias cov kab mob suav hauv colostrum feem ntau qis thaum sau los ntawm tus nyuj, tab sis hloov mus rau cov thoob lossis cov thawv ntim khoom yog cov kauj ruam uas colostrum feem ntau muaj kab mob. Feem ntau cov lus pom zoo hais tias colostrum yuav tsum tsis txhob khaws cia ntev dua 48 teev nyob rau hauv tub yees vim qee cov kab mob tuaj yeem sib ntxiv los ntawm kev loj hlob nruab nrab txawm tias nyob rau hauv cov mob khaub thuas (Stewart li al., 2005). Cov txheej txheem no tsuas yog pom zoo ua lwm txoj hauv kev khaws cia rau lub sijhawm luv vim tias khov colostrum yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los khaws nws thiab tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov khoom noj thiab IgG cov ntsiab lus degradation rau ntau tshaj ib xyoos (Foley thiab Otterby, 1978; Davis thiab Drackley, 1998). Ntxiv nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob, colostrum cia cov txheej txheem kuj tau raug soj ntsuam rau ib qho kev cuam tshuam ntawm calf serum IgG concentrations. Kev pub mis pasteurized colostrum uas yav tas los tau khov los yog pub mis nyuj tshiab uas tau sau qoob loo tau ua rau cov nyuj muaj cov ntshav siab tshaj plaws IgG concentration piv rau cov nyuj pub colostrum khaws cia ntawm 4, 13, lossis 22 degree rau 48 h (Cummins li al., 2017). Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov colostrum tshiab los yog yav tas los khov yog ob qho tib si suav tias yog kev cia thiab pub mis (Holoway li al., 2001).

Colostrum Replacer

Thaum ntxov CR tsis muaj ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 100 g ntawm IgG ib koob tshuaj raws li Quigley li al. (2001). Yog li ntawd, lwm cov khoom xyaw (ie, dextrose, glycine, ntsev, emulsifier, lecithin, vitamin / mineral premix, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, thiab tsw) tau ntxiv rau hauv kev sim los txhim kho nws cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig. Cov khoom siv CR tam sim no muab ib qho chaw exogenous ntawm IgG (Cabral li al., 2013), yog tsim los ntawm lacteal, ntshav lossis ntshav, lossis qe qhov chaw (Quigley, 2004; Swan et al., 2007), tab sis lawv cov khoom noj muaj pes tsawg leeg sib txawv vim cov txheej txheem tsim khoom sib txawv (Quigley li al., 2002; Foster et al., 2006; Swan et al., 2007). Qee cov neeg tsim khoom siv CR thaum lawv tsis muaj peev xwm muab cov colostrum txaus rau lawv cov nyuj thaum lub sij hawm thaum nyuj muaj kab mob xws li mastitis los yog mis nyuj cov kab mob xws li Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis, feem ntau hu ua Johne's disease (Pithua li al., 2009). Maternal colostrum kuj tuaj yeem yog qhov chaw ntawm Escherichia coli thiab bovine leukosis rau tus menyuam mos liab, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau tus nyuj noj qab haus huv (Cabral li al., 2013). Siv CR cov khoom tiv thaiv FPI thaum txo cov kab mob kis tau vim CR muaj cov kab mob qis dua li niam txiv colostrum (McGuirk thiab Collins, 2004; Foster et al., 2006). Zuag qhia tag nrho, thaum lub colostrum tsis muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug ua liaj ua teb, CR tuaj yeem yog lwm txoj hauv kev vim yooj yim cia thiab kev npaj pub mis (Priestley li al., 2013), tab sis nws yuav tsum tsis txhob hloov cov txheej txheem kev noj zaub mov zoo ntawm colostrum (Cabral li al. ., 2013). Ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm CR pub mis yog qhov yooj yim ntawm kev npaj, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev noj zaub mov sai dua li thawing niam txiv colostrum los ntawm lub txhab nyiaj colostrum ntawm qee lub teb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau tham txog yuav ua li cas CR cov khoom yuav tsis muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov menyuam yug tshiab tawm tsam cov kab mob tshwj xeeb ua liaj ua teb (Swan et al., 2007), tseem tsis tau tshaj tawm cov teebmeem tsis zoo.

Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb (piv txwv li, Jones et al., 2004; Lago li al., 2018; Lopez li al., 2020a) tau qhia tias CR tuaj yeem yog lwm txoj hauv kev pub niam mis colostrum rau cov menyuam mos. Jones et al. (2004) tau tshaj tawm tias IgG concentration hauv cov ntshav ntshav ntawm 24 teev tsis txawv ntawm cov nyuj pub niam mis colostrum (txhais tau tias ± SD; 13.78 ± 0.39 g / L) thiab calves noj tib qhov loj ntawm IgG los ntawm CR (13.96 ± 0.38 g. /L). Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ntsuas kev loj hlob (ie, ADG, withers qhov siab, lub duav siab, lub cev ntev, thiab lub plawv girth) tsis txawv ntawm kev kho mob. Txawm li cas los xij, ib tus yuav tsum xav txog tias cov immunoglobulins tam sim no nyob rau hauv CR tuaj yeem tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv cov kab mob tshwj xeeb ua liaj ua teb (Jones li al., 2004). Txawm hais tias niam txiv colostrum yog qhov nyiam noj, CR tuaj yeem yog lwm txoj hauv kev rau cov menyuam mos liab.

IgG kev tsom xam tsom xam

Cov txheej txheem siv

Serum IgG concentration tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm txoj hauv kev ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj, tab sis radial immunodiffusion (RID; ib txoj kev ncaj qha) thiab ELISA (ib txoj hauv kev tsis ncaj) tau raug suav tias yog cov qauv siv rau kev tshuaj xyuas no (Coons li al., 2012; Deelen li al. , 2014; Wilm et al., 2018). Ob txoj kev no tau raug suav hais tias yog ib txoj hauv kev tsim nyog los txheeb xyuas cov nyuj nrog FPI (Dawes et al., 2002; Coons et al., 2012; Priestley et al., 2013). Txawm li cas los xij, Gelsinger et al. (2015) tau soj ntsuam qhov sib txheeb ntawm colostrum thiab serum IgG thaum soj ntsuam nrog ELISA lossis RID thiab pom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm RID thiab ELISA rau cov ntshav plasma thiab cov colostrum uas tsis muaj cua sov. Tsis tas li ntawd, Gelsinger et al. (2015) tau pom tias ELISA kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, piv nrog RID, muab cov txiaj ntsig IgG qis dua, tab sis kev sib piv ncaj qha ntawm ob txoj hauv kev tsis tuaj yeem kos. Hauv kev sib piv, Dunn et al. (2018) tau tshaj tawm qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem no rau colostral (R2=0.83) thiab ntshav ntshav IgG concentrations (R{11}}.97). Dunn et al. (2018) kuj tau pom zoo kom tsis txhob ncaj qha piv RID thiab ELISA cov txiaj ntsig, txawm tias ob txoj hauv kev tau muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws. Zuag qhia tag nrho, tsuas yog qhov kom zoo dua ntawm RID tawm tsam ELISA yog tias nws yuav tsum muaj kev sib cais tsawg dua, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov txiaj ntsig (Gelsinger li al., 2015b). Cov txheej txheem no tsim los ntawm Fahey thiab McKelvey (1965) thiab Mancini li al. (1965) yog qhov tshwj xeeb rau ntau yam proteins uas muaj nyob hauv cov ntshav uas ua rau lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb. Hom kev txiav txim rau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas no yog nyob ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub qhov dej thiab cov antigen hauv cov qauv ntshav. Cov proteins uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov qauv diffuse nyob rau hauv lub qhov dej kom txog rau thaum equilibrium mus txog (Guidry and Pearson, 1979). Tom qab ntawd, lub nplhaib precipitin tsim nyob rau hauv 24 teev ntawm chav tsev kub. Lub nplhaib txoj kab uas hla yog proportional rau qhov concentration ntawm cov protein nyob rau hauv cov qauv (Guidry thiab Pearson, 1979), thiab ib tug IgG xam yuav ua tau los ntawm linear regression nrog cov qauv muab nyob rau hauv cov khoom (Guidry thiab Pearson, 1979; Gelsinger li al. , 2015b). Hauv cov ntsiab lus, qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no ua haujlwm los ntawm kev sib kis ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb uas ua rau lub nplhaib ncig lub qhov dej kom txog thaum sib npaug ntawm 24 teev.

Txoj Kev Indirect

Ib txoj hauv kev tsis ncaj ncees uas tau siv dav yog kev ntsuas cov ntshav qab zib tag nrho (STP) los ntawm refractometry, uas muab kev kwv yees ntawm IgG los ntawm tag nrho cov protein hauv cov ntshav (Deelen li al., 2014; Thornhill li al., 2015; Elsohaby li al. ., 2019). Serum tag nrho cov protein tau raug suav hais tias yog qhov qhia tau zoo ntawm IgG concentration los kwv yees tus mob plab hnyuv (Naylor thiab Kronfeld, 1977; Naylor li al., 1977; Tyler et al., 1996; Weaver et al., 2000). Txoj kev no tau siv dav los ua qhov ntsuas tsis ncaj los kwv yees FPI thiab IgG concentration vim nws ntsuas tag nrho cov protein. Immunoglobulins pab txhawb ntau feem ntawm tag nrho cov protein tam sim no nyob rau hauv tus menyuam mos liab cov hlab ntsha, uas muab kev kwv yees txaus, vim tias cov protein nonimmunoglobulin hauv cov ntshav tseem nyob tas li (Calloway li al., 2002). Kev sib raug zoo ntawm STP thiab IgG tuaj yeem sib txawv hauv cov nyuj noj CR. Qhov kev hloov pauv no tau raug ntaus nqi rau qhov sib txawv IgG rau tag nrho cov protein sib piv tam sim no hauv niam txiv colostrum thiab CR, uas cuam tshuam rau kev kwv yees ntawm tag nrho cov protein ib qho kev ntsuas refractometer (Quigley li al., 2002). Zuag qhia tag nrho, qhov piv txwv ntawm IgG rau cov protein nyob hauv niam txiv colostrum yog li ntawm 400 txog 500 mg / g (Quigley li al., 2002).

Txawm tias Wilm et al. (2018) tau hais tias STP muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog RID, Quigley li al. (2002) thiab Lago et al. (2018) tau hais tias kev ntsuas STP rau cov nyuj noj CR cov khoom yuav muaj kev kwv yees yuam kev los txheeb xyuas FPI. Lopez et al. (2020a) pom tias txhais tau tias STP qib hauv cov menyuam nyuj noj cov qes qis CR tau qis dua FPI qhov pib ntawm 5.2 g / dL txawm tias lawv cov ntshav qab zib IgG siab dua 10 mg / mL. Ib yam li ntawd, Quigley et al. (2002) thiab Lago et al. (2018) tau pom STP qis thaum cov nyuj tau noj CR. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias cov nyuj tseem ua tiav cov ntshav txaus txaus IgG cov ntsiab lus txawm tias lawv cov STP qis thaum twg lawv tau noj tsawg-casein CR. Lopez et al. (2020a) tau qhia tias STP cov ntsiab lus txiav tawm tshiab yuav tsum tau siv los txheeb xyuas FPI kom raug hauv cov nyuj pub CR, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum pub whey-based CR. Lopez et al. (2020a) thiab Quigley et al. (2002) tau tshaj tawm tias qhov kev txiav tawm ntawm STP ntawm 4.2 g / dL yog qhov kev kwv yees zoo dua ntawm cov ntshav IgG concentration ntawm 10 mg / mL thaum cov nyuj tau noj CR. Zuag qhia tag nrho, kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yog xav tau kom raug faib FPI lossis SPI hauv cov khoom noj CR.

TSIS TXAUS SIAB PASSIVE IMMUNITY

Kev tsis ua haujlwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob yog ib qho mob rau cov menyuam mos uas muaj ntshav siab IgG concentration<10 mg/mL at 24 h (Besser et al., 1991; Furman-Fratczak et al., 2011; Shivley et al., 2018). In contrast, calves with a serum IgG concentration >10 mg/mL ntawm 24 teev raug suav tias muaj SPI (Quigley, 2004; Lombard li al., 2020). Tsis tas li ntawd, txhawm rau ntsuas cov ntshav IgG cov concentrations ntawm 24 teev, STP kuj yog ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas siv los txiav txim FPI hauv cov nyuj. Sib txawv STP concentration endpoints suav nrog 5.0, 5.2, lossis 5.5 g / dL los txiav txim siab FPI tau tshaj tawm (Tyler li al., 1996; Donovan li al., 1998; Priestley li al., 2013). Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas meta ua los ntawm Buczinski li al. (2018) xaus lus tias STP txiav cov ntsiab lus ntawm 5.2 lossis 5.5 g / dL yog qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws los ntsuas FPI. Burzynski thiab al. (2018) pom zoo tias qhov pib ntawm 5.5 g / dL tuaj yeem txo qhov feem ntawm qhov tsis zoo. Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Quigley et al. (2002) tau hais tias qhov sib txawv ntawm nonimmunoglobulin protein cov ntsiab lus ntawm CR cov khoom thiab cov niam txiv colostrum cuam tshuam qhov kev kwv yees ntawm cov ntshav IgG qib los ntawm refractometry thaum nyuj noj CR. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tau txiav txim siab tias tus nqi ntawm 4.9 g / dL yog qhov tsim nyog los ua qhov kawg los txiav txim siab FTP hauv cov nyuj pub CR es tsis yog niam txiv colostrum. Quigley et al. (2002) tau qhia qhov tsis raug ntawm refractometry los kwv yees cov ntshav ntshav IgG concentrations. Nws yuav raug pom zoo tias tam sim no STP refractometry txiav cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum tau tshawb xyuas ntxiv los ntsuas FPI tus nqi hauv cov liaj teb. Lub hav zoov ntawm lwm yam xws li kev noj zaub mov thiab kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig (xws li, kev huv huv, vaj tse, thiab kis kab mob) tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau calf kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev loj hlob txawm tias calves muaj kev vam meej (Davis and Drackley, 1998; Swan et al. , 2007).

TEEB MEEM NTAWM ABSORPTION

Pom meej efficiency ntawm kev nqus yog ib lo lus siv los piav qhia qhov ua tau zoo uas colostral IgG absorbed. Qhov no tsis yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm tag nrho IgG absorbed; Hloov chaw, nws yog ib qho kev ntsuas kev ua tau zoo ntawm feem ntawm tag nrho IgG loj-noj tam sim no hauv tus menyuam nyuj cov ntshav ntawm 24 teev. Ntau yam cuam tshuam rau AEA, suav nrog colostrum zoo (IgG concentration), lub sij hawm thaum thawj zaug pub mis, pub mis, poj niam txiv neej pw, calf yug BW, thiab hydration raws li txoj cai, uas cuam tshuam rau plasma ntim hauv calf (Quigley li al., 1998; Godden li al. ., 2009b). Cov mis AEA feem ntau siv yog raws li hauv qab no: AEA={[yug qhov hnyav (kg) × 0.09 × serum IgG (mg/mL 24 h)]/tag nrho IgG pub ​​(g)} × 100 [hloov los ntawm Quigley thiab Drewry (1998), Quigley et al. (2002), thiab Saldana et al. (2019)].

Tus nqi 0.09 nyob rau hauv cov qauv qhia tso nyiaj rau qhov kwv yees cov ntshav plasma ntawm tus menyuam mos mos (9% ntawm BW yug). Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv no nyob ntawm qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov ntshav plasma. Feem ntau cov kev tshawb fawb cia siab rau 9%, uas tau siv los ntawm Quigley li al. (1998), tsis tau lwm yam kev tshawb fawb tau siv 9.9% (Fischer li al., 2018) thiab 7% (Halleran li al., 2017).

Besser et al. (1991) thiab Davis thiab Drackley (1998) tau hais tias qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 100 g ntawm IgG yuav tsum tau muab rau cov menyuam mos liab kom ua tiav SPI, tab sis cov nyuj pub 100 lossis 110 g ntawm IgG tseem tuaj yeem muaj FPI. Yog li ntawd, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi ntawm 100 g ntawm IgG yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam ntxiv. Piv txwv li, ib tug scenario piav los ntawm Quigley li al. (2002) qhia tau hais tias yog ib tug nyuj pub 100 g ntawm IgG (xav tias nws muaj 35% AEA, uas yog tus nqi siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj li ntawm 20 mus rau 35%; Quigley thiab Drewry, 1998), nws yuav muaj kev kwv yees. Ntshav qab zib IgG concentration ntawm 9.7 mg / mL, uas yog qis dua qhov kev txiav tawm ntawm 10 mg / mL siv los txiav txim FPI. Yog li ntawd, Quigley et al. (2002) pom zoo kom tsawg kawg ntawm 150 mus rau 200 g ntawm IgG yuav tsum tau muab rau tus menyuam mos los tiv thaiv FPI.

Zuag qhia tag nrho, kev tswj colostrum zoo yog xav tau kom txaus rau cov menyuam mos liab qab. Ntau yam xws li tab sis tsis txwv rau colostrum muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhov zoo, kev cia, kev nqus tau zoo, thiab kev pub mis yuav tsum tau xav txog. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas yog tias muaj qhov txaus ntawm IgG tau pub rau tus menyuam mos, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ntsuas cov ntshav IgG ncaj qha rau hauv tus menyuam nyuj ntawm 24 teev ntawm lub neej. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj txoj hauv kev tsis ncaj ncees los ntsuas IgG, xws li STP, uas tuaj yeem tsim nyog thaum cov nyuj pub mis niam colostrum. Txoj kev tsis ncaj yuav xav tau cov ntsiab lus txiav tawm sib txawv rau cov nyuj noj CR. Ob txoj kev, STP lossis ntshav IgG, muaj cov ntsiab lus txiav tawm sib txawv (5.2 lossis 5.5 g / dL thiab 10 mg / mL, ntsig txog) uas yuav txiav txim siab seb tus menyuam nyuj tuaj yeem pom SPI lossis FPI tom qab noj colostrum. Nws raug nquahu kom pub colostrum nrog qhov concentration Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 50 mg / mL ntawm IgG thiab muab nws li 2 teev tom qab yug me nyuam. Qhov kev pub noj ceev no yuav tso cai rau cov hnyuv me kom nqus cov protein uas xav tau ua ntej nws maj mam kaw, uas ntseeg tau tias yuav tshwm sim tag nrho 24 teev tom qab yug me nyuam. Thaum twg cov colostrum zoo tsis muaj rau kev pub mis tam sim ntawd, CR tuaj yeem ua lwm yam pub. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom siv no tsuas yog suav tias yog cov hloov pauv yog tias lawv muaj qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 100 g ntawm IgG ib koob thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob hloov tag nrho cov qauv pub mis niam colostrum.

TSEEM CEEB

Maternal colostrum yog ib qho khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas yuav tsum tau muab rau tus menyuam mos thaum yug los. Nws muaj cov qib siab ntawm immunoglobulins, uas yog cov proteins uas txhim kho lub cev nqaij daim tawv tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev hloov pauv tsis zoo. Muaj ntau hom immunoglobulins hauv colostrum, tab sis chav kawm IgG yog thawj qhov cuam tshuam txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas yog tias muaj qhov txaus ntawm IgG tau pub rau tus menyuam mos, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ntsuas ncaj qha cov ntshav IgG concentration ntawm 24 teev ntawm lub neej. Muaj cov kev tsis ncaj ncees los ntsuas IgG, xws li STP lossis Brix %, uas tuaj yeem tsim nyog thaum cov menyuam mos noj mis niam colostrum. Thaum cov nyuj noj CR, cov ntsiab lus txiav tawm sib txawv yuav xav tau, thiab ntsuas cov ntshav IgG yuav yog qhov tseeb dua. Cov yam ntxwv xws li colostrum zoo, uas suav nrog IgG concentration thiab qib kab mob, yuav pab txiav txim seb tus nqi ntawm IgG pom nyob rau hauv tus menyuam nyuj cov hlab ntsha ntawm 24 teev. Nws raug nquahu kom pub colostrum nrog qhov concentration Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 50 mg / mL ntawm IgG thiab muab nws li 2 teev tom qab yug me nyuam. Qhov kev pub noj ceev no yuav tso cai rau cov hnyuv me kom nqus cov immunoglobulin proteins ua ntej nws maj mam permeability kaw; Kev kaw tiav tshwm sim 24 teev tom qab yug me nyuam. Thaum cov colostrum zoo tsis muaj rau kev pub mis tam sim ntawd, CR tuaj yeem ua lwm yam pub.

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