mwwXaiv lus
Tsev / Kev paub / Ntsiab lus

Kev paub

Immunogenicity Ntawm COVID-19 Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cov neeg tau txais kev hloov pauv hauv lub cev muaj zog: Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Txheej Txheem Thiab Meta-analysis

Dec 12, 2023

abstract

Keeb kwm: Cov neeg tau txais kev hloov pauv khoom nruab nrog cev (SOT) muaj kev pheej hmoo ntau ntxiv ntawm kev mob thiab kev tuag cuam tshuam nrog COVID-19.

Lub hom phiaj: Txoj kev tshawb no tsom los ntsuas qhov kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm COVID-19 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv SOT cov neeg tau txais.

Cov ntaub ntawv: Cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob tau tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog tau tshaj tawm txij lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1, 2019 txog rau Lub Tsib Hlis 31, 2022.

Kawm cov qauv tsim nyog:Peb suav nrog cov ntawv ceeb toom ntsuas cov lus teb humoral immune response (HIR) lossis cellular immune teb tus nqi hauv SOT cov neeg tau txais tom qab kev tswj hwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19. Cov neeg koom nrog: SOT cov neeg tau txais kev pab uas tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19.

Kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees: Peb siv Newcastle-Ottawa scale los ntsuam xyuas kev tsis ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv-tswj thiab kev tshawb fawb cohort. Rau randomized tswj kev sim, Jadad Scale tau siv.

Cov txheej txheem: Peb siv tus qauv random-effects los xam cov nqi sib sau ua ke ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob nrog 95% CI. Peb siv qhov kev pheej hmoo piv (RR) nrog 95% CI rau kev sib piv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm SOT thiab kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv.

Cistanche deserticola-improve immunity (6)

cistanche cog-nce kev tiv thaiv kab mob

Cov txiaj ntsig: Tag nrho ntawm 91 tsab ntawv ceeb toom uas suav nrog 11 886 cov neeg tau txais kev hloov pauv (lub ntsws: 655; lub plawv: 539; siab: 1946; thiab raum: 8746) thiab 2125 kev tswj kev noj qab haus huv tau nthuav tawm cov nqi HIR tom qab 1st, 2nd, thiab 3rd COVID{{ 10}} cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv SOT cov neeg tau txais yog 9.5% (95% CI, 7e11.9%), 43.6% (95% CI, 39.3e47.8%) thiab 55.1% (95% CI, 44.7e65.6%), raws. Rau cov kab mob tshwj xeeb, HIR tus nqi tseem qis tom qab koob tshuaj thib 1 (lub ntsws: 4.4%; raum: 9.4%; plawv: 13.2%; siab: 29.5%) thiab koob thib 2 (lub ntsws: 28.4%; raum: 37.6%; lub plawv: 50.3%; siab: 64.5%).

Taw qhia

COVID-19 ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob loj thiab tuag hauv cov neeg tau txais kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrog cev (SOT) vim tias muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv qab thiab kev sib koom ua ke [1]. Kev mus pw hauv tsev kho mob thiab kev tuag ntawm COVID-19 txawv ntawm 26% mus rau 63% [2,3] thiab 13% mus rau 30% [4] hauv SOT cov neeg tau txais, feem. Nws tau txiav txim siab tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19 yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los tswj tus kabmob kis [5,6]. Txog thaum Lub Xya Hli 2022, ntau dua 10 billion txhaj tshuaj tau txhaj tshuaj thoob ntiaj teb. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob COVID-19 tau pom zoo nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem hauv kev sim loj theem III [7e9]. Hmoov tsis zoo, kev sim thawj zaug rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tsis suav nrog cov neeg tau txais SOT. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau pom tias txo qis kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov neeg tau txais kev hloov pauv, txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb sib txawv [10e13]. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los koom ua ke cov kev tshawb pom no kom nkag siab zoo txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm COVID{21}} tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cov pej xeem. Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam meta no yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob COVID-19 hauv cov neeg tau txais SOT.

Cov txheej txheem

Txheej txheem cej luam

Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas meta no tau ua los ntawm Meta-analyses of Observational Studies hauv Epidemiology [14] cov lus qhia. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm no tau sau npe ua ntej thiab xa mus rau PROSPERO (CRD42022311886).

Cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev tshawb nrhiav

Peb tau tshawb fawb hauv cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, thiab Embase) txij lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1, 2019 txog rau 31 Lub Tsib Hlis 2022. Cov ntsiab lus tshawb fawb muaj nyob hauv Table S1. Cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no tau txheeb xyuas: 'COVID-19', 'SARS-CoV-2', 'vaccine', 'vaccination', 'solid organ transplant', 'transplantation', 'liver transplant (LIT) ', 'mob raum (KT), 'heart transplant (HT)', 'mob ntsws (LUT)', 'pancreas transplant', 'immunogenicity', 'seroconversion', 'humoral immune response (HIR)', thiab ' cellular immune response (CIR) '. Ob tus kws tshuaj xyuas nws tus kheej ua qhov kev tshawb nrhiav, thiab tus neeg soj ntsuam thib peb tau daws qhov tsis pom zoo.

Kawm xaiv

Cov khoom tau suav nrog tsis hais txog ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm (cov ntaub ntawv qub, cov lus pom, cov lus piav qhia, thiab cov ntawv sau). Tsis muaj kev txwv hom lus. Peb suav nrog cov ntawv ceeb toom ntsuas tsawg kawg yog ib qho ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb. Cov ntawv ceeb toom nrog tsawg dua 10 tus neeg mob raug cais tawm.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txaus siab

Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb no suav nrog HIR cov nqi ntawm cov neeg tau txais SOT thiab kev sib piv ntawm HIR ntawm cov neeg tau txais SOT thiab kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv. Cov txiaj ntsig thib ob suav nrog CIR tus nqi thiab kev sib piv ntawm CIR ntawm cov tib neeg hauv SOT thiab kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv.

Kev rho tawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev soj ntsuam zoo

Peb tau tshuaj xyuas tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb tsim nyog los rho tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm thawj tus sau, luam tawm xyoo, kev kawm tsim, poj niam los txiv neej, hnub nyoog, qauv loj, hom tshuaj tiv thaiv, hom kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev, tus naj npawb ntawm koob tshuaj, lub sij hawm tom qab hloov pauv, ntsuas ntawm immunogenicity, lub sij hawm ncua ntawm koob thib 2 thiab 3, thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txaus siab. Peb hu rau cov kws sau ntawv rau cov ntaub ntawv uas ploj lawm. Newcastle-Ottawa scale [15] tau siv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv-tswj kev tshawb fawb, uas kuj tsim nyog rau cov kev tshawb fawb pawg. Rau qhov kev sim randomized-tswj (RCTs), Jadad Scale [16] tau siv. Newcastle-Ottawa scale ranges ntawm 0 mus rau 9, thiab Jadad scale ranges ntawm 0 mus rau 5, nrog cov qhab nia siab dua qhia tau hais tias muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees. Qib ntawm Kev Pom Zoo, Kev Ntsuas, Kev Txhim Kho, thiab Kev Ntsuas (GRADE) [17] tau ua los ntsuas qhov kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov pov thawj rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txaus siab.

Desert ginseng-Improve immunity (12)

cistanche cov txiaj ntsig rau txiv neej-ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob

Cov ntaub ntawv synthesis thiab tsom xam

We used Stata version 12.0 to perform the meta-analysis. The random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled rates with 95% CI of immune response after the COVID-19 vaccine in SOT recipients. We used a risk ratio (RR) with 95% CI for a comparison of immune responses between SOT and healthy controls. We calculated pooled rates and RR using the 'meta prop' and 'mean' commands in Stata software, respectively. Heterogeneity was defined as mild (I2 ¼ 0e25%), moderate (I2 ¼ 26e75%), or considerable (I2 >75%). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tau ua los ntawm kev tshem tawm ib txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm ib lub sij hawm kom paub meej tias qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov txiaj ntsig [18]. Kev tshuaj xyuas pawg pawg tau ua raws li hom kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev, hom tshuaj tiv thaiv, lub sijhawm hloov pauv tom qab hloov pauv, lub sijhawm ncua ntawm koob thib 2 thiab thib 3, thiab koob tshuaj txhaj tshuaj (ib-, ob-, lossis peb koob). Peb tsis tau ua qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas pab pawg yog tias muaj cov ntawv ceeb toom tsawg dua tsib. Ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm meta-regression tsom xam tau ua los ntsuas qhov chaw thiab qhov loj ntawm heterogeneity. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv tuaj yeem hloov kho los ntawm qhov sib txawv hauv qab no: (a) hom tshuaj tiv thaiv, (b) lub sijhawm hloov pauv, (c) kev kawm zoo, thiab (d) kawm cov qauv loj. Yog tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb suav nrog ntau tshaj kaum, qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm kev tshaj tawm tau ua los ntawm Egger's test thiab funnel plots.

Cov txiaj ntsig

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb suav nrog Peb cov kev tshawb fawb hauv hluav taws xob tau txheeb xyuas 2073 kab lus. Ib puas tsib caug-ib nqe lus uas muaj feem cuam tshuam tau raug txheeb xyuas rau kev soj ntsuam cov ntawv nyeem tag nrho tom qab tshem tawm cov ntawv sib tshooj thiab ntsuas cov ntsiab lus tsis txaus ntseeg thiab cov npe (Daim duab 1). Tom qab siv cov qauv tsim nyog, 91 [5,6,10-13,19-25,26-35,36-45,46-55,56-65,{{ 13}},76- 85,86-95,96-103] cov kab lus tau suav nrog hauv kev sib txuas ntau, ntawm ob yog RCTs. Qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam meta no suav nrog tag nrho ntawm 11 886 cov neeg tau txais kev hloov pauv (LUT: 655, HT: 539, LIT: 1946, thiab KT: 8746) thiab 2125 kev tswj kev noj qab haus huv. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb suav nrog yog qhia hauv Table 1.

HIR hauv SOT cov neeg tau txais

Nees nkaum plaub kev tshawb fawb [13,24,27,28,33,40,43,46,47,49,53,55,58,63, 64,74e76,81,90 e92,95,103] tau soj ntsuam HIR tom qab kev tswj hwm ntawm koob tshuaj thib 1 hauv cov neeg tau txais SOT. Cov lus teb sib sau ua ke yog 9.5% (95% CI, 7e11.9%) (Fig. 2a) nrog ntau heterogeneity (I2 ¼ 89.1%; p < 0.001). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev qhia tau hais tias qhov tshwm sim tsis tau hloov pauv (Daim duab S1a). Xya caum tsib kev tshawb fawb [5,6,{40}},20,21,23,25-27,29-31,34-39,41- 48,{48}} ,55,56,58-64,66-75,77-84,86-95,97-100] tau soj ntsuam HIR tom qab koob tshuaj thib 2 hauv SOT cov neeg tau txais. Cov lus teb sib sau ua ke yog 43.6% (95% CI, 39.3e47.8%) (Fig. 2b) nrog ntau heterogeneity (I2 ¼ 95.4%; p < 0.001). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tsis hloov qhov tshwm sim (Fig. S1b). Kaum xya kev tshawb fawb [19,20,23,32,43,54,64,67,69,72e74,80,96,99, 101,102] tau soj ntsuam HIR tom qab kev tswj hwm ntawm koob tshuaj thib 3 hauv SOT cov neeg tau txais, ntawm 55.1% ( 95% CI, 44.7e65.6%) (Daim duab 2c) tau nthuav tawm cov lus teb humoral, nrog rau ntau yam heterogeneity (I2 ¼ 95.2%; p < 0.001). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tau qhia tias HIR tus nqi yog 60% (95% CI, 55.1e64.9%; I2 ¼ 69.9%; p < 0.001) (Fig. S1c) tom qab tshem tawm txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Chavarot li al. [32].

Kev sib piv ntawm HIR (SOT cov neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig vs.

Plaub qhov kev tshawb fawb [22,40,91,95] piv rau HIR ntawm cov neeg tau txais SOT thiab kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv tom qab koob tshuaj thib 1. Txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb suav nrog siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias cov neeg tau txais SOT tau qis dua HIR ntau dua li kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv (RR ¼ 0.{{10}}36; 95% CI, 0.{{8 0}}14e0.091; I2 ¼ 55.9%, p ¼ 0.078) (Fig. 2d). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tsis hloov qhov tshwm sim (Daim duab S1d). Nees nkaum cuaj txoj kev tshawb fawb [1,4,5,17,21,25,32,34,37,38,42,44,47e49, 54,56,65,66,68,73,84e86, 88,90,92,94,98] piv rau HIR ntawm cov neeg tau txais SOT thiab kev tswj xyuas kev noj qab haus huv tom qab koob tshuaj thib 2. Tsuas yog nees nkaum tsib kev tshawb fawb [1,4,5,17,21,32,34,37,38,44,47,48,54,56,65,66,68, 73,84e86,88 ,92,94,98] siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA, ib txoj kev tshawb fawb [25] tsuas yog siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog, ob [49,90] siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA lossis adenovirus vector, thiab ib qho [42] siv mRNA lossis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias cov neeg tau txais SOT tau nthuav tawm HIR qis dua li kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv (RR ¼ 0.382; 95% CI, 0.313e0.468; I2 ¼ 96.1%, p < 0.001) (Fig. 2e). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tsis hloov qhov tshwm sim (Daim duab S1e).

CIR hauv SOT cov neeg txais

Rau qhov kev tshawb fawb [27,33,47,53,90,95] tau soj ntsuam CIR tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thib 1 hauv cov neeg tau txais SOT. Tsib qhov kev tshawb fawb [27,33,47,53,95] siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA, thiab ib qho kev tshawb fawb [90] siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA lossis adenovirus vector. Tag nrho cov kev faib ua feem ntawm SOT cov neeg tau txais kev pom zoo CIR yog 12.2% (95% CI, 6.5e17.8%, Fig. 3a), nrog rau nruab nrab heterogeneity (I2 ¼ 60.5%, p ¼ 0.027). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tsis hloov qhov tshwm sim (Fig. S2a).

Fig. 1. Flow diagram of the study selection process.

Fig. 1. Flow diagram of the study selection process.

Table 1 Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb suav nrog hauv kev tshuaj xyuas thiab ntsuas kev ntsuas kev tiv thaiv kab mob rau COVID-19 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv SOT cov neeg tau txais

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies in systematic review and meta-analysis of immune response to COVID-19 vaccines in SOT recipients

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies in systematic review and meta-analysis of immune response to COVID-19 vaccines in SOT recipients

Table 1 (txuas ntxiv)

Table 1 (continued )

Table 1 (txuas ntxiv)

Table 1 (continued )


Kaum yim kev tshawb fawb [6,27,29,33,38,39,44,47,53,57,58,78,79,87, 89,90,95,102] soj ntsuam CIR tom qab koob tshuaj thib 2 hauv cov neeg tau txais SOT. Kaum tsib kev tshawb fawb [6,27,33,38,39,44,47,53,57,58,78,79, 89,95,102] siv tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA, ib [30] siv tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog, thiab ob [87,90] siv mRNA lossis adenovirus vector vaccine. Tag nrho cov feem ntawm SOT cov neeg tau txais kev pom zoo CIR yog 48.3% (95% CI, 34.2e62.4%, Fig. 3b) nrog ntau heterogeneity (I2 ¼ 96.5%, p <0.01). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tsis hloov qhov tshwm sim (Daim duab S2b). Tsuas yog ob txoj kev tshawb fawb [96,102] tau tshaj tawm CIR tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thib 3 hauv cov neeg tau txais SOT (Fig. 3c). Tag nrho cov feem ntawm SOT cov neeg tau txais kev pom zoo CIR nrog ntau heterogeneity (I2 ¼ 96.5%, p < 0.001) yog 57.6% (95% CI, 5.4% rau 120.6%).

Desert ginseng-Improve immunity (9)

cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob

Kev sib piv ntawm CIR (SOT cov neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig vs.

Tsib qhov kev tshawb fawb [29,38,47,87,89] piv rau cov neeg tau txais SOT thiab kev tswj kev noj qab haus huv tom qab koob tshuaj thib 2 (Daim duab 3d). Cov txiaj ntsig metaanalysis tau qhia tias cov neeg tau txais SOT muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm CIR qis dua li kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv (RR ¼ 0.477; 95% CI, 0.257-0.885; I2 ¼ 96.9%, p < 0.001). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tsis hloov qhov tshwm sim (Fig. S2c).

Kev tsom xam pab pawg raws li hom kab mob rau HIR

Raws li qhia hauv daim duab 4a thiab Table 2, kaum rau kev tshawb fawb [13,24,27,28,33,40,46,49,74e76,81,95,103] tau soj ntsuam cov HIR tom qab txhaj koob tshuaj thib 1 hauv KT cov neeg tau txais. Qhov sib xyaw ua ke yog 9.4% (95% CI, 6e12.7%), nrog rau ntau yam heterogeneity (I2 ¼ 9{{101}}.9%, p < 0.{{125 }}01). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tsis hloov qhov tshwm sim (Fig. S3a). Plaub caug-ob txoj kev tshawb fawb [5,10,11,13,21,23,25,27,29,30,35,37,39,42,44,48,5{{ 198}},53,56,59,62,66,68,7{{207}}e75,77,80e82,{57}},88,89, 95,99,100] soj ntsuam HIR tom qab koob thib 2 hauv KT cov neeg tau txais. Tag nrho cov feem ntawm KT cov neeg tau txais kev pom HIR yog 37.6% (95% CI, 33.5e41.6%; I2 ¼ 90.5%, p < 0.001). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tsis hloov qhov tshwm sim (Fig. S3b). Tsuas yog 13 txoj kev tshawb fawb [19,23,32,43,64,72e74,80,96,99,101,102] tau soj ntsuam HIR tom qab koob tshuaj thib 3 hauv cov neeg tau txais KT, ntawm lawv 54.4% (95% CI, 40.8e68.1%) exhi cov lus teb humoral, nrog ntau heterogeneity (I2 ¼ 96.3%, p <0.001). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tsis hloov qhov tshwm sim (Fig. S3c). Tag nrho cov kev faib ua feem ntawm LIT cov neeg tau txais kev pom HIR tom qab txhaj koob tshuaj thib 1 yog 29.5% (95% CI, 12.2e46.7%), nrog rau ntau yam heterogeneity (I2 ¼ 86.5%, p < 0.001). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev qhia tau hais tias qhov sib koom ua ke ntawm cov lus teb yog 37% (95% CI, 29.1e44.8%) tsis muaj heterogeneity (I2 ¼ 0, p ¼ 0.951), tom qab tshem tawm txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Mazzola li al. [13] (Fig. S3d). Kaum xya kev tshawb fawb [5,10,13,34,41,46,47,51,53,58,60,61,71,84,87,94,97,98] tau soj ntsuam HIR tom qab koob tshuaj thib ob hauv LIT. Cov lus teb yog 64.5% (95% CI, 57.4e71.6%; I2 ¼ 89.5%, p <0.01). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tsis hloov qhov tshwm sim (Daim duab S3e). Plaub qhov kev tshawb fawb [13,28,58,63] tau soj ntsuam HIR tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thib 1 hauv HT. Txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb tau siv tshuaj tiv thaiv RNA. Cov lus teb sib sau ua ke yog 13.2% (95% CI, 8.1e18.2%) tsis muaj heterogeneity (I2 ¼ 0, p ¼ 0.934). Kaum ib txoj kev tshawb fawb [10,13,31,53,55,58,61,63,70,83,93] tau soj ntsuam HIR tom qab koob tshuaj thib 2 hauv cov neeg tau txais HT, uas 50.3% tau nthuav tawm cov lus teb humoral (95% CI, 37.6e63%) nrog ntau heterogeneity (I2 ¼ 89.1%, p <0.001). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tsis hloov qhov tshwm sim (Daim duab S3f). Tsuas yog ob txoj kev tshawb fawb [28,92] kuaj pom HIR tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thib 1 hauv cov neeg mob LUT. Kev sib sau tus nqi teb yog 4.4% (95% CI, 0.9e7.9%, I2¼17.7%). Yim txoj kev tshawb fawb [10,12,31,53,55,61,79,92] tau soj ntsuam HIR tom qab koob tshuaj thib 2 hauv LUT cov neeg tau txais 28.4% (95% CI, 22.3e34.5%), pom cov lus teb nrog ntau heterogeneity (I2 ¼ 64.5%, p <0.001). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tau qhia tias tag nrho cov feem ntawm HIR yog 30.8% (95% CI, 26.2e35.3%; I2 ¼12.5; p ¼ 0.335) (Fig. S3G), tom qab tshem tawm txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Shostak li al. [92].

Fig. 2. Meta-analysis of the HIR after 1st, 2nd, and 3rd doses of COVID-19 vaccine in SOT recipients and comparison of HIR. (A) HIR after 1st vaccine dose in SOT (9.5%); (B) HIR after 2nd vaccine dose in SOT (43.6%); (C) HIR after 3rd vaccine dose in SOT (55.1%); (D) Comparison of HIR after 1st vaccine dose (SOT vs. healthy controls, RR ¼ 0.036); (E) Comparison of HIR after 2nd vaccine dose (SOT vs. healthy controls, RR ¼ 0.382). HIR, humoral immune response; SOT, solid organ transplant; RR, risk ratio.


Fig. 2. Meta-analysis ntawm HIR tom qab koob thib 1, 2, thiab thib 3 ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19 hauv SOT cov neeg tau txais thiab kev sib piv ntawm HIR. (A) HIR tom qab koob tshuaj thib 1 hauv SOT (9.5%); (B) HIR tom qab koob tshuaj thib ob hauv SOT (43.6%); (C) HIR tom qab koob tshuaj thib 3 hauv SOT (55.1%); (D) Kev sib piv ntawm HIR tom qab koob tshuaj thib 1 (SOT vs. kev noj qab haus huv tswj, RR ¼ 0.036); (E) Kev sib piv ntawm HIR tom qab koob tshuaj thib ob (SOT vs. kev noj qab haus huv tswj, RR ¼ 0.382). HIR, humoral tiv thaiv kab mob; SOT, hloov khoom nruab nrog cev; RR, kev pheej hmoo piv.

Kev tsom xam pab pawg raws li hom kab mob rau CIR

Raws li pom hauv daim duab 4b thiab Table 2, tsuas yog ob qho kev tshawb fawb suav nrog [33,95] tau tshaj tawm CIR tom qab koob tshuaj tiv thaiv thib 1 hauv cov neeg tau txais KT. Tag nrho cov feem ntawm KT cov neeg tau txais kev pom zoo CIR yog 6.9% (95% CI, 3.1e10.7%) yam tsis muaj heterogeneity (I2 ¼ 0, p ¼ 0.51). Kaum ib txoj kev tshawb fawb [6,27,29,33,38,39,44,47,89,95,102] tau soj ntsuam CIR tom qab koob tshuaj thib ob hauv KT cov neeg tau txais. Kaum qhov kev tshawb fawb [6,27,33,38,39,44,47,89,95,102] siv tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA thiab ib qho [29] siv tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog. Tag nrho cov feem ntawm KT cov neeg tau txais kev pom zoo CIR yog 42.6% (95% CI, 23.5e61.7%) nrog ntau heterogeneity (I2 ¼ 97.0%, p < 0.001). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tsis hloov qhov tshwm sim (Daim duab S3h).

Fig. 3. Meta-analysis of the CIR after 1st, 2nd, and 3rd doses of COVID-19 vaccine in SOT recipients. (A) CIR after 1st dose in SOT (12.2%); (B) CIR after 2nd dose in SOT (48.3%); (C) CIR after 3rd dose in SOT (57.6%); (D) Comparison of CIR after 2nd dose (SOT vs. healthy controls, RR ¼ 0.477). CIR, cellular immune response; SOT, solid organ transplant; RR, risk ratio.


Fig. 3. Meta-analysis of the CIR after 1st, 2nd, and 3rd doses of COVID-19 txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv SOT cov neeg tau txais. (A) CIR tom qab koob tshuaj thib 1 hauv SOT (12.2%); (B) CIR tom qab koob thib 2 hauv SOT (48.3%); (C) CIR tom qab koob thib 3 hauv SOT (57.6%); (D) Kev sib piv ntawm CIR tom qab koob thib 2 (SOT vs. kev noj qab haus huv tswj, RR ¼ 0.477). CIR, cellular tiv thaiv kab mob; SOT, hloov khoom nruab nrog cev; RR, kev pheej hmoo piv.

Peb qhov kev tshawb fawb [47,58,87] tau soj ntsuam CIR tom qab koob tshuaj thib ob hauv LIT cov neeg tau txais. Ob txoj kev tshawb fawb [47,58] siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA, thiab ib [87] siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA lossis adenovirus vector. Tag nrho cov kev faib ua feem ntawm LIT cov neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig uas tau tshaj tawm CIR tus nqi yog 66.3% (95% CI, 30.1e102.5%) nrog ntau yam heterogeneity (I2 ¼ 96.1%, p < {{27} } 001). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tau pom tias cov lus teb sib sau ua ke yog 85% (95% CI, 76.7e93.3%) tsis muaj heterogeneity (I2 ¼ 0, p ¼ 0.459) tom qab tshem tawm txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Ruether li al. [87]. Tsuas yog ob txoj kev tshawb fawb [57,79] tau soj ntsuam CIR tom qab koob tshuaj thib 2 hauv cov neeg tau txais LUT. Tag nrho kev faib ua feem ntawm LUT cov neeg tau txais nrog siab heterogeneity (I2 ¼ 88.9%, p < 0.001) yog 56.9% (95 CI% ¼ 14.5e99.2%).

Desert ginseng-Improve immunity (2)

cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob

Nyem qhov no mus saib Cistanche Enhance Immunity khoom

【Nug ntxiv】 Email: cindy.xue@wecistanche.com / Whats App: 0086 18599088692 / Wechat: 18599088692

Kev tsom xam pab pawg raws li hom kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev: kev sib piv ntawm HIR (cov neeg txais kev hloov pauv thiab kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv)

Raws li pom hauv Table 2, tsuas yog 3 qhov kev tshawb fawb [22,40,95] piv rau HIR ntawm cov neeg tau txais KT thiab kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv tom qab koob tshuaj thib 1. Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias piv nrog kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv, KT cov neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig tau qis dua ntawm HIR (RR ¼ 0.030; 95% CI, 0.{ {35}}07e0.124; I2 ¼ 75%, p ¼ 0.018). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tsis hloov qhov tshwm sim tau zoo heev (Fig. S4a). Tom qab koob tshuaj thib 2, 12 qhov kev tshawb fawb [29,38,42,48, 50,59,66,68,82,85,89,95] pom tias cov neeg tau txais KT muaj tus nqi qis ntawm HIR ntau dua. cov tswj kev noj qab haus huv, (RR ¼ 0.322; 95% CI, 0.242e0.429; I2 ¼ 90.7%, p < 0.001). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tsis hloov qhov tshwm sim tau zoo heev (Fig. S4b). Xya txoj kev tshawb fawb [5,13,41,46,51,84,87] pom tias LIT cov neeg tau txais kev pom zoo txo ​​qis HIR ntau dua li kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv (RR ¼ 0.676; 95% CI, 0.589e0.776; I2 ¼ 83.7%, p <0.001). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tsis hloov qhov tshwm sim tau zoo heev (Fig. S4c).

Kev tsom xam pab pawg raws li hom kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev: kev sib piv ntawm CIR (cov neeg txais kev hloov pauv thiab kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv)

Raws li pom hauv Table 2, peb txoj kev tshawb fawb [29,38,89] piv rau CIR ntawm cov neeg tau txais KT thiab kev tswj xyuas kev noj qab haus huv tom qab koob tshuaj thib 2. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias KT cov neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig pom qhov CIR qis dua li cov kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv (RR ¼ 0.416; 95% CI, 0.416e1.220; I2 ¼ 98.1% , p <0.001 ib.). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tsis hloov qhov tshwm sim tau zoo heev (Fig. S4d).

Kev tshuaj xyuas pab pawg raws li hom tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv SOT cov neeg tau txais

Raws li pom nyob rau hauv Table 2, subgroup tsom xam pom tau hais tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA sib sau ua ke HIR tus nqi yog 7.9% (95% CI, 5.7e10.1%; I2 ¼ 85.2%), 42.2% (95% CI, 37.6e46.9%; I2 ¼ 95.2%) thiab 56.2% (95% CI, 44.5e67.9%; I2 ¼ 95.8%) tom qab kev tswj hwm ntawm 1st, 2nd, thiab 3rd koob tshuaj tiv thaiv, feem. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv HIR tsuas yog 24.8% (95% CI, 3.5e46.1%; I2 ¼ 96.3%) tom qab kev tswj hwm ntawm koob thib 2 hauv SOT cov neeg tau txais. Kev txheeb xyuas pawg pawg tau pom tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA qhov sib koom ua ke CIR tus nqi yog 12.2% (95% CI, 5.7e18.8%; I2 ¼ 67.4%) thiab 51.6% (95% CI, 39e64.2%; I2 ¼ 93.8%) tom qab kev tswj hwm ntawm koob tshuaj thib 1 thiab thib 2, feem.

Fig. 4. Meta-analysis of the HIR and CIR after 1st, 2nd, and 3rd COVID-19 vaccine doses in different types of transplant recipients. (A) HIR in LUT (1st dose: 4.4%, 2nd dose:28.4%), HT (1st dose: 13.2%, 2nd dose: 50.3%), LIT (1st dose: 29.5%, 2nd dose: 64.5%) and KT (1st dose: 9.4%, 2nd dose: 37.6%, 3rd dose: 54.4%); (B) CIR in LIT (2nd dose: 66.3%) and KT (1st dose: 6.9%, 2nd dose: 42.6%, 3rd dose: 57.6%). HIR, humoral immune response; CIR, cellular immune response; KT, kidney transplant; LIT, liver transplant; HT, heart transplant; LUT, lung transplant.


Fig. 4. Meta-analysis ntawm HIR thiab CIR tom qab 1st, 2nd, thiab 3rd COVID-19 koob tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv ntau hom kev hloov pauv tau txais. (A) HIR hauv LUT (1 koob tshuaj: 4.4%, koob thib 2: 28.4%), HT (1 koob tshuaj: 13.2%, koob thib ob: 50.3%), LIT (1 koob tshuaj: 29.5%, koob thib 2: 64.5%) thiab KT (1 koob tshuaj: 9.4%, koob thib 2: 37.6%, koob thib 3: 54.4%); (B) CIR hauv LIT ( koob thib 2: 66.3%) thiab KT (1 koob tshuaj: 6.9%, koob thib 2: 42.6%, koob thib 3: 57.6%). HIR, humoral tiv thaiv kab mob; CIR, cellular tiv thaiv kab mob; KT, hloov raum; LIT, daim siab hloov; HT, hloov lub plawv; LUT, lub ntsws transplant.

Kev soj ntsuam pab pawg neeg tau pom tias cov neeg tau txais SOT uas tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA nkaus xwb muaj tus nqi qis ntawm HIR ntau dua li kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv (RR ¼ {{0}}}.366; 95% CI, 0.291e{{ 9}}.461; I2 ¼ 96.0%). Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tau pom tias tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig hauv pawg pab pawg no tsis tau hloov pauv ntau.

Kev tsom xam pab pawg ntawm lub sijhawm tom qab hloov pauv hauv SOT cov neeg tau txais

As shown in Table 2, subgroup analysis revealed that the pooled HIR rates of time post-transplant  5 years were 5.2% (95% CI, 2.5e7.8%; I2 ¼ 53.2%), 33.3% (95% CI, 28.1e38.5%; I2 ¼ 80.6%) and 51.2% (95% CI, 30.6e71.8%; I2 ¼ 95.7%) after the administration of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd vaccine doses, respectively. In contrast, the pooled HIR rates of time post-transplant >5 years were 11.2% (95% CI, 7.9e14.4%; I2 ¼ 89.1%), 45.0% (95% CI, 39.4e50.5%; I2 ¼ 95.9%) and 58.6% (95% CI, 48.6e68.7%; I2 ¼ 85%) after the administration of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd vaccine doses, respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed that the pooled CIR rates of time post-transplant  5 years were 11.5% (95% CI, 2.0e21.1%; I2 ¼ 68.1%) and 44.5% (95% CI, 21.1e68.0%; I2 ¼ 93.8%) after receiving the 1st and 2nd vaccine doses, respectively. The rates of time posttransplant >5 xyoo yog 13.7% (95% CI, 4.4e23.0%; I2 ¼ 68.1%) thiab 51.2% (95% CI, 32.0e70.4%; I2 ¼ 93.8%) tom qab tau txais koob tshuaj thib 1 thiab thib 2, raws li. Kev soj ntsuam rhiab heev tsis tau hloov pauv qhov tshwm sim hauv pawg pawg kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub sijhawm tom qab hloov pauv.

Table 2 Subgroup tsom xam raws li hom tshuaj tiv thaiv, hom kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev, thiab lub sijhawm hloov pauv

Table 2 Subgroup analysis based on the type of vaccine, type of organ, and the time post-transplant

Table 3 Subgroup tsom xam raws li hom tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab lub sijhawm tom qab hloov pauv hauv ntau hom kev hloov pauv

Table 3 Subgroup analysis based on the vaccine type and the time post-transplant in different transplant types


Kev tshuaj xyuas pawg pab pawg raws li hom tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv ntau hom kev hloov pauv rau HIR

Raws li pom nyob rau hauv Table 3, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA qhov sib xyaw HIR yog 6.6% (95% CI, 3.8e9.4%; I2 ¼ 85.3%), 37.6% (95% CI, 33.2e42%; I 2 ¼ 89.8%), thiab 55.5% (95% CI, 41.2e69.8%; I2 ¼ 96.6%) tom qab tau txais koob tshuaj 1st, 2nd, thiab 3rd, raws li nyob rau hauv cov neeg tau txais KT. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog 'pooled HIR tus nqi yog 24.8% (95% CI, 3.5e46.1%; I2 ¼ 96.3) tom qab kev tswj hwm ntawm koob thib 2 hauv cov neeg tau txais KT. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA qhov sib xyaw HIR yog 37% (95% CI, 29.1e44.8%; I2 ¼ 0%) thiab 60.7% (95% CI, 51.9e69.5%; I2 ¼ 90.9%) tom qab kev tswj hwm ntawm koob tshuaj thib 1 thiab thib 2 hauv cov neeg tau txais LIT, feem. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA qhov sib xyaw HIR tus nqi yog 48.1% (95% CI ¼ 34.7% e61.4%, I2 ¼ 89.1%) tom qab kev tswj hwm koob thib 2 hauv cov neeg tau txais HT.

Kev tsom xam pab pawg raws li hom tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv ntau hom kev hloov pauv rau CIR

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA suav nrog CIR tus nqi yog 46.7% (95% CI, 30.3e63.2%; I2 ¼ 94.6%) thiab 85% (95% CI, 76.7e93.3%, I2 ¼ 0%) Tom qab kev tswj hwm ntawm koob thib 2 hauv KT thiab LIT cov neeg tau txais, feem (Table 3).

Kev tsom xam pab pawg raws li lub sijhawm tom qab hloov pauv hauv ntau hom kev hloov pauv

Raws li pom nyob rau hauv Table 3, nrog rau lub sij hawm ntxiv tom qab hloov pauv, qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm HIR thiab CIR tau siab nyob rau hauv cov neeg tau txais kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrog cev tom qab kev tswj hwm ntawm 1st, 2nd, thiab 3rd koob.

Kev tsom xam pab pawg raws li lub sijhawm ncua ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj thib 2 thiab thib 3 hauv SOT thiab KT cov neeg tau txais

Kev tshuaj xyuas pawg pab pawg tau ua raws li lub sijhawm ncua ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm koob thib 2 thiab thib 3. Ntxiv mus, qhov tshwm sim tau pom tias qhov sib sau HIR tus nqi tsis hloov pauv ntau hauv SOT thiab KT cov neeg tau txais (Daim duab S5).

Muab pov thawj zoo

GRADE txoj hauv kev qhia tau hais tias tag nrho cov pov thawj zoo tsis tshua muaj vim tias feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog los ntawm kev soj ntsuam kev tshawb fawb (Table S2).

Meta-regression tsom xam

Meta-regression tsom xam qhia tias qhov heterogeneity ntawm HIR tom qab koob tshuaj thib 1 thiab thib 2 yog los ntawm hom tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab lub sijhawm hloov pauv, raws li (Table S3). Cov piv txwv loj thiab qhov kev pheej hmoo-ntawm-kev tsis ncaj ncees cov qhab nia ntawm qib kawm tsis tau qhia cov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv kev txheeb xyuas meta-regression.

Desert ginseng-Improve immunity

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cistanche tubulosa- ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob

Kev tshaj tawm tsis ncaj ncees

Kev tshaj tawm kev tsis ncaj ncees tau txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm cov phiaj xwm funnel. Tsis muaj kev tshaj tawm tsis ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb (Daim duab S6).

Kev sib tham

This systematic review and meta-analysis summarised the cumulative evidence of immunogenicity of the COVID-19 vaccines in SOT recipients. We demonstrated that the immunogenicity of the vaccine was poor in SOT, especially for LUT recipients, varied among target organs, and was significantly lower than that of healthy controls. A booster vaccination could induce a stronger immune response. Besides, the longer the time post-transplant was, the higher the probability of a detectable HIR and CIR after the vaccination in SOT recipients. Moreover, the immunogenicity of mRNA-based vaccines was stronger than the inactivated vaccines in SOT recipients. Our meta-analysis showed that the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines in cellular or humoral immune responses was signifi- cantly impaired in SOT patients. However, with an increased vaccination dose, SOT patients' immune capacity can be enhanced, consistent with previous studies [64,67,69,74]. In our analysis, we found that, after receiving the 2nd dose, SOT patients' immune response rate significantly increased from 9.5% to 43.6% in HIR, and from 12.2% to 48.3% in CIR. In addition, the rates of HIR and CIR reached 56.2% and 57.6% after receiving the 3rd vaccine dose, respectively. The same trend was observed in different transplant recipients. The HIR rates after the 2nd vaccine dose increased from 4.4% to 28.4% in LUT recipients and from 13.2% to 50.3% in HT recipients. A higher proportion of LIT and KT recipients exhibited a humoral response after the 2nd vaccine dose. Although vaccine immunogenicity in SOT patients improved with an increased dose, immune response varied among different transplant recipients. Therefore, we performed a subgroup analysis of different organ transplants. Our results revealed that vaccination appeared to induce a relatively poor HIR in LUT recipients (1st dose: 4.4%, 2nd dose: 28.4%) but a relatively strong one in LIT recipients (1st dose: 29.5%, 2nd dose: 64.5%). We found that the high proportion of older patients comprising the LUT group may be responsible for the low immune response. Narasimhan et al. [79] and Hallett et al. [55] included 63% and 58% of LUT patients aged >60 xyoo, feem. Txawm li cas los xij,<50% of older recipients were included in LIT. In addition, the proportion of recipients receiving antimetabolite therapy was different [57,92]. Antimetabolites were used in a high proportion of LUT recipients, a high proportion of 99% reported by Narasimhan et al. [79], but less than 40% in LIT patients. Furthermore, patients who have a short time post-transplant have a strong immunosuppressive state [51,55,94]. Therefore, 34.9% of LUT recipients had a time post-transplant of fewer than 3 years [55], but only 28.4% of HT recipients [94]. Our subgroup analysis results also indicated that with the longer time post-transplant, the immunogenicity was strong in SOT recipients after vaccination. We speculate that this may be due to the longer time since immunosuppression induction.

Desert ginseng-Improve immunity (10)

cistanche cov txiaj ntsig-ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob

Lub immunogenicity zoo li txawv nrog rau hom tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li ntawd, kev tshuaj xyuas pab pawg raws li hom tshuaj tiv thaiv tau ua. Peb pom tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA tuaj yeem ua rau HIR muaj zog dua li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog (56.2% vs. 24.8%), raws li kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los [104e106]. Saure et al. [106] piv cov seroconversion tus nqi ntawm CoronaVac thiab BNT162b2 los ntawm recruiting 56 261 cov tib neeg. Lawv pom tias tom qab koob thib 1 ntawm CoronaVac hauv lub lim tiam 4, 28.1% ntawm cov tib neeg muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv IgG zoo rau SARS CoV-2. Qhov siab tshaj plaws yog 77.4% tom qab koob thib 2 hauv lub lis piam 3. Txawm li cas los xij, seroconversion yog 79.4% thaum lub lim tiam 4 tom qab tau txais koob thib 1 ntawm BNT162b2, uas tau nce mus rau 96.5% thaum lub lim tiam 3 tom qab koob thib 2. Tsis tas li ntawd, piv nrog Sinovac, txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog BNT162b2 ua rau muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab dua hauv cov neeg tiv thaiv kab mob [104]. Lub hauv paus txheej txheem tej zaum yuav yog tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA tau siv cov cell ua ke los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antigens rau SARS-CoV-2 thiab ua rau muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob [107,108]. Muaj qee qhov kev txwv hauv txoj kev tshawb no. Ua ntej, feem ntau cov ntawv yog cov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam, thiab ntau yam kev tswj xyuas kev noj qab haus huv hauv cov kev tshawb fawb suav nrog yog cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob. Qhov thib ob, feem ntau suav nrog cov kev tshawb fawb tau soj ntsuam HIR rau COVID-19 tshuaj tiv thaiv. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm CIR. Thib peb, ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA, tab sis lwm hom tseem tsis muaj. Thaum kawg, cov kev sim sib txawv rau HIR thiab CIR tau ua hauv cov kev tshawb fawb sib txawv. Tus nqi txiav tawm los txiav txim siab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob zoo sib txawv hauv cov kev tshawb fawb, uas yuav ua rau muaj kev tsis ncaj ncees. Xaus Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob txhawb kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm COVID-19 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv SOT; Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg tau txais SOT tseem tsis tau tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob humoral tom qab koob thib 3. Qhov kev tshawb pom no hu rau lwm txoj hauv kev, suav nrog kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob monoclonal. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg mob ntsws hloov pauv yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sai los txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis muaj tus nqi txiav tawm serological cuam tshuam nrog kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv thiab ntau qhov chaw hloov pauv SARS-CoV-2 variants tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kab mob uas twb muaj lawm, ua rau muaj kev sib kis ntawm COVID-19.

Cov ntaub ntawv

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