Hybrid Thiab Herd Immunity 6 Lub Hlis Tom Qab SARS-CoV-2 raug pom ntawm cov tib neeg los ntawm Kev Kho Mob Hauv Zej Zog

Tus neeg tuag los ntawm tus mob hnyav ua pa nyuaj rau tus mob coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) kab mob hauv xyoo 2022 tau qis dua tus neeg tuag xyoo 2021 thaum tus kab mob kis tau nce ntxiv. Kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis tau muab los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj thiab kis kab mob, suav nrog cov kab mob asymptomatic, tuaj yeem muab kev tiv thaiv zoo tiv thaiv kev tuag. Peb tshawb nrhiav qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov kab mob asymptomatic thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib txuas los ntawm kev kawm T-cell thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv SARS-CoV-2 ntawm cov tib neeg tau txais kev kho mob hauv tsev 6 lub hlis tom qab kis SARS-CoV{10}}. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV{12}} tus kab mob tau pom nyob rau hauv 24.4% ntawm cov neeg nyob ze. Cov theem ntawm kev tiv thaiv tsis sib txawv ntawm cov neeg mob thiab cov neeg nyob ze. Anti-RBD IgG tiv thaiv SARS-CoV-2 tau nce ntxiv nyob rau hauv cov koob tshuaj raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Interestingly, T-cell teb poob sai sai tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 tus kab mob tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob SARS-CoV-2 ntawm cov neeg nyob ze uas tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Kev txhaj tshuaj tag nrho yog qhov tseem ceeb los muab kev tiv thaiv hybrid. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum tsim cov tswv yim tshuaj tiv thaiv, T-cell qaug zog tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau yam yuav tsum xav txog.

cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob

Txij li thaum ntxov xyoo 2020, tus mob hnyav ua pa nyuaj rau tus mob coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) tau kis thoob ntiaj teb, dhau los ua tus kabmob kis thoob ntiaj teb. Txog thaum nruab nrab Lub Yim Hli 2021, Thaib tau ntsib Delta variant ntawm SARS-CoV-2, nrog tus kab mob kis mus txog ntau dua 20,000 tus neeg mob hauv ib hnub thiab kwv yees li 300 tus neeg tuag txhua hnub tau lees paub. Ntau qhov kev ntsuas tau siv los txo qis tus kab mob thiab cov neeg tuag, uas suav nrog txoj haujlwm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thoob tebchaws uas tau saib xyuas cov neeg muaj kev pheej hmoo siab mob hnyav. Kev poob qis ntawm tus kab mob tau pom ua ke nrog kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA.

cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob

Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob (CDC) tau tshaj tawm tias 66% ntawm cov neeg Asmeskas tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tag nrho thiab muaj tus neeg tuag tsawg dua li cov neeg tsis tau txhaj tshuaj (0.1 vs. 0.76 rau 1{{8} }0, 000 neeg); Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA tau siv los ua thawj qhov kev xaiv tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Hauv qhov sib piv, 91% ntawm Chile cov pej xeem tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tag nrho tab sis feem ntau nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog. Te sib txawv hauv Chilean cov neeg tuag tsawg dua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov pab pawg tau txhaj tshuaj thiab tsis tau txhaj tshuaj (0.41 vs. 0.8 ib 100,000 neeg) thaum piv rau US2. Hauv peb lub hlis dhau los xyoo 2022, ntau dua 75% ntawm cov pej xeem (70 lab tus tib neeg) hauv Thaib teb tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tag nrho, feem ntau yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab mRNA. Tus kab mob SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant tau nce mus rau xyoo 2022, thiab txog hnub no, 4 lab tus tib neeg hauv Thaib tau lees paub tias muaj tus kabmob (5% ntawm cov pejxeem). Ib zaug ntxiv, cov neeg mob tshiab ntawm SARS-CoV-2 tus kab mob lossis kis tus kab mob rov ua dua tau nce mus rau 50,000 ib hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tuag tau qis dua (120 ib hnub) piv rau cov neeg tuag thaum lub sij hawm ncov ntawm Delta variant (300 ib hnub) 1. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb xav tias kev tiv thaiv tsiaj txhu yuav txhim kho tom qab feem ntau ntawm cov pej xeem tau txhaj tshuaj, los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob los yog kev tiv thaiv ntuj tiv thaiv kab mob SARS-CoV-2. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv pab tsiaj tsis zoo li yuav tau ntsib vim qhov kev tsis txaus siab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv tshiab. Lub zeem muag mus ntev rau tus kabmob kis loj tuaj yeem yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm SARS-CoV-2 uas yog kab mob sib kis thiab xav txog qhov qub qub uas tsis suav nrog kev tiv thaiv tsiaj txhu. Interestingly, pov thawj los ntawm United Kingdom txoj kev tshawb fawb 3 tau qhia tias "hybrid immunity" (txhais tias yog kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv SARS-CoV-2 tsim los ntawm heterogeneous prime-boost tshuaj tiv thaiv ua ke nrog SARS-CoV-2 kab mob) tau ntev- kav ntev thiab tau txais kev tiv thaiv zoo heev tiv thaiv cov tsos mob tsawg kawg 6-8 lub hlis tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm Omicron. Peb tau pom muaj tus kab mob tsawg dua ntawm cov neeg nyob ze ntawm SARS-CoV-2 cov neeg mob uas tau txais favipiravir hauv tsev kho mob hauv tsev thaum muaj kev sib kis Delta hauv Bangkok. Thaum muaj kev sib kis, ntau dua 30,{49}} tus neeg mob tau kho hauv tsev, tsis muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib raug zoo vim muaj qhov txwv tsis pub muaj chaw nyob thiab muaj pes tsawg tus neeg mob nyob hauv tib tsev neeg. Peb xav tias qhov kev tuag qis dua tuaj yeem yog vim muaj kev tiv thaiv tsiaj txhu thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib txuas ntxiv rau qhov qis dua ntawm Omicron. Ntxiv mus, cov pov thawj tau qhia tias (nco) T-cell tiv thaiv kab mob SARS-CoV-2 tsim nyob rau hauv cov neeg nyob ze, uas tau raug suav hais tias yog asymptomatic case4. Cov kab mob asymptomatic no tuaj yeem ua rau qee qhov kev tiv thaiv tsiaj txhu thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib xyaw hauv zej zog. Yog li, peb tau kawm T-cell tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv SARS-CoV-2 ntawm cov neeg mob thiab cov neeg nyob ze uas tau sau npe hauv Bangkok qhov kev pabcuam kev noj qab haus huv hauv tsev 6 lub hlis tom qab kis SARS-CoV-2.

cistanche cov txiaj ntsig rau txiv neej-ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob

Nyem qhov no mus saib Cistanche Enhance Immunity khoom

【Nug ntxiv】 Email: cindy.xue@wecistanche.com / Whats App: 0086 18599088692 / Wechat: 18599088692

Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem

Cov kawm.

Txoj kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam no tau tso npe 79 tus neeg koom los ntawm 15 tsev neeg uas tau raug caw tuaj ntawm ntau thaj tsam hauv nroog Bangkok. Hauv txhua tsev neeg, yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog ib tus neeg mob SARS-CoV-2- tus neeg mob tau sau npe rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Bangkok cov kev pabcuam kev noj qab haus huv hauv tsev ntawm 1 txog 31 Lub Yim Hli 2021. Tsis tas li ntawd, yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog 1 asymptomatic ze. tiv tauj nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo nyob hauv tib qhov chaw raws li txoj cai tswjfwm kev noj qab haus huv hauv tebchaws. Plaub caug plaub tus neeg mob yog cov neeg uas tau zoo los ntawm SARS-CoV{10}} tsawg kawg yog 4 lub lis piam ua ntej tso npe kawm, thaum 45 tus neeg mob tau nyob ze. Tus qauv ntsuas qhov loj me yog 90 tus neeg mob raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 ntawm cov neeg nyob ze tshaj tawm hauv Suav pej xeem4, nrog 80% lub zog los kuaj pom tus kab mob asymptomatic. Cov ntshav peripheral (15 ml) tau sau tom qab tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm cov neeg koom. Txoj kev tshawb no tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Tsev Kho Mob Ramathibodi, Mahidol University (MURA2021/923), thiab Tsev Kho Mob Bangkok (BHQ-IRB 2021-11-34) raws li Kev Tshaj Tawm ntawm Helsinki, Belmont Report, CIOM Guidelines, thiab International Lub rooj sab laj txog kev sib haum xeeb hauv Kev Kho Mob Zoo (ICH-GCP).

Cov ntaub ntawv thiab reagents.

Lub FACSLyric ™ (Becton Dickinson, USA) ntws cytometer tau ua haujlwm rau kev tshawb nrhiav cytokine, thiab Beckman Coulter's FC 500 series (Beckman Coulter, USA) tau ua haujlwm rau CBC kev txiav txim. Alinity thiab ARCHITECT Systems tau siv rau qib IgG tiv thaiv SARS-CoV-2 thiab EUROIMMUN Analyzer I tau siv rau ELISA nyeem ntawv. Lub incubator, centrifuge, vortex tov khoom, thiab lub txee tsis siv neeg ntawm tes yog los ntawm Termo Fisher Scientifc, Inc. (USA). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) nrog pH ntawm 7.4 tau yuav los ntawm Sigma‒Aldrich (Tebchaws USA), heparin thiab EDTA raj tau yuav los ntawm Becton Dickinson (Tebchaws USA), thiab RPMI-1640 nruab nrab tau yuav los ntawm Lub Neej Technologies (Tebchaws Asmeskas ).

Kev soj ntsuam enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) thiab T-SPOT.

Fresh heparinized tag nrho cov ntshav kuaj (10 mL) los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb raug cais tawm rau peripheral ntshav mononuclear hlwb (PBMCs) siv SepMate PBMC cov hlab cais (STEMCELL Technologies Inc., Canada). Cov ntshav heparinized tau diluted nrog RPMI nruab nrab (1: 1) hauv SepMate PBMC cais cov hlab thiab centrifuged ntawm 1700g ntawm 20 degree rau 20 min. Te cais PBMCs tau ntxuav ob zaug nrog PBS thiab tsis ntev los no ntawm 500 × g rau 5 min ntawm 4 degree. PBMCs (2.5 × 105 hlwb) tau ntxiv rau 96- cov phaj zoo precoated nrog anti-IFN-g antibody ntawm T-SPOT® COVID test (Oxford Immunotec, Ltd., UK). Lub phaj txhawb nqa txhua tus qauv tsim los ntawm plaub lub qhov dej nrog ob lub antigens tiv thaiv spike (S) protein thiab nucleocapsid (N) protein, membrane glycoprotein (M), thiab ORF1ab cheeb tsam ntawm RNA-dependent RNA (O) ntawm SARS-CoV{{ 19}} Alpha variant; phytohemagglutinin (PHA) thiab nruab nrab ib leeg tau siv los tswj qhov zoo thiab tsis zoo, raws li. Cov phaj tau khaws cia thaum hmo ntuj ntawm 37 degree hauv 5% CO2 humidified huab cua, ntxuav nrog phosphate-buffered saline, thiab tsim los siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv IFN-g antibody conjugate thiab substrate los kuaj pom muaj cov zais IFN-g. Spot-forming cells (SFCs) tau suav nrog tus nyeem ntawv ELISpot (CTL Analyzers, Cleveland, OH, USA). Tsawg dua 10 SFCs rau 250,000 cov hlwb tau sawv cev raws li keeb kwm yav dhau los raws li cov chaw tsim khoom cov lus pom zoo uas tau muab piv rau qhov qis tshaj quartile ntawm SFCs hauv SARS-CoV-2 cov neeg mob hauv txoj kev tshawb no.

IgG level of SARS-CoV-2 in the receptor-binding domain (RBD).

Tib neeg EDTA plasma cov qauv raug ntsuas los txiav txim siab IgG cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis receptor-binding domain (RBD) rau SARS-CoV-2, uas siv SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay ntawm Alinity thiab ARCHITECT kuv Systems. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv chemiluminescent raug xam raws li lub teeb txheeb ze (RLU) thiab qhia raws li qhov ntsuas ntsuas (S / C). SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay cutoff yog 50 AU/mL, thiab cov ntau dua 50 AU/mL raug txhais tias zoo.

ELISA txhawm rau kuaj SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies.

Tib neeg EDTA plasma kuaj tau diluted 1:5 hauv cov qauv tsis, uas tau ua raws li cov chaw tsim khoom cov lus qhia rau Euroimmun SARS-CoV-2 NeutraLISA (Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany). Hauv luv luv, 100 μL ntawm cov qauv diluted, tswj, lossis qhov khoob tau ntxiv rau ib qhov dej thiab incubated ntawm 37 degree rau 1 h. Lub tshuab tsis siv neeg ntxuav lub phaj 3 zaug nrog ntxuav tsis; Tom qab ntawd, 100 μL ntawm enzyme conjugate tau ntxiv thiab incubated ntawm RT rau 30 min. Tom qab lub voj voog ntxuav, 100 μL ntawm cov tshuaj substrate tau ntxiv, thiab lub phaj tau incubated ntawm RT rau 15 min. Thaum kawg, 100 μL ntawm kev daws teeb meem tau ntxiv rau ib qhov dej, thiab qhov nqus ntawm 450 nm tau ntsuas los ntawm EUROIMMUN Analyzer I. Cov qauv raug txheeb xyuas hauv ib qho kev rov ua dua. Qhov feem pua ​​inhibition (%IH) raug xam raws li nram no: 100% − [(extinction of sample × 100%)/extinction of blank]. Euroimmun pom zoo kom txhais cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no: %IH<20: negative; %IH>20 rau<35: borderline; and %IH>35 :zoo. Kev txheeb cais. Cov txiaj ntsig piav qhia tau nthuav tawm raws li qhov nruab nrab (interquartile ranges) thiab feem pua ​​± tus qauv sib txawv. Kev sib piv inferential tau ua los ntawm kev siv t-test los yog Mann‒ Whitney U test thiab kev txheeb xyuas kev sib txheeb tau suav nrog siv GraphPad Prism version 9.4.0 rau Windows, GraphPad Sofware, San Diego, California USA, www.graphpad.com .

Cov txiaj ntsig

Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 tus kab mob ntawm cov neeg nyob ze.

Thaum lub sij hawm kis tus kab mob SARS-CoV-2, cov neeg mob thiab cov neeg nyob ze ntawm txhua tsev neeg ntawm txoj kev tshawb no tau nyob hauv tib qho chaw. Muaj 15 tsev neeg suav nrog 11 tus neeg (nruab nrab, thaj tsam 3–30) ib tsev neeg nyob hauv qhov chaw ntawm 200 m2 (qhov nruab nrab, thaj tsam 30–400 m2). Feem ntau ntawm cov neeg koom yog poj niam (58%), hnub nyoog qis dua 60 xyoo (91%), thiab muaj lub cev qhov hnyav tsawg dua 30 (81%). Comorbidities, txhais tau tias yog ib qho kev pheej hmoo ntawm tus kab mob SARS-CoV{17}} hnyav, tau kuaj pom hauv ib feem tsib ntawm cov neeg koom (26.5% hauv cov neeg mob thiab 15.5% hauv cov neeg nyob ze) (Table 1). Peb cov ntaub ntawv tau pom tias T-cell teb rau S antigen hauv cov neeg nyob ze tsis txawv ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov neeg mob SARS-CoV-2 (Fig. 1). Txij li 75% ntawm cov neeg koom tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tag nrho, T-cell teb rau S antigen hauv cov pej xeem txoj kev tshawb no tej zaum yuav yog qhov tshwm sim los ntawm kev kis kab mob yav dhau los lossis txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li, peb tau soj ntsuam T-cell teb tawm tsam NMO antigens thiab pom qhov zoo T-cell teb (ntawm kev txiav ntawm 10 SFCs/250,{34}} hlwb) hauv 11 ntawm 45 tus neeg mob (24.4%) ntawm cov neeg nyob ze, uas tau suav hais tias yog pov thawj ntawm kev kis kab mob yav dhau los (Fig. 1). Txawm li cas los xij, keeb kwm ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog tag nrho cov kab mob molecule (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog) yuav yog qhov tsis sib xws. Ib feem plaub ntawm cov neeg koom tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tag nrho nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog 3.5 lub hlis ua ntej tso npe kawm. Txhawm rau tshawb xyuas qhov teeb meem no, peb tau txheeb xyuas keeb kwm ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm 11 tus neeg nyob ze thiab pom tsuas yog 2 tus neeg uas tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog. Yog li ntawd, T-cell teb rau NMO antigen nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no feem ntau yuav yog vim asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 kab mob.

Hybrid kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab pab tsiaj tiv thaiv kab mob SARS-CoV-2 hauv cov neeg mob rov zoo thiab cov neeg nyob ze.

Hauv cov pej xeem txoj kev tshawb fawb no, tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau stratified los ntawm ib pawg neeg mob (nrog rau yav dhau los SARS-CoV-2 tus kab mob) thiab ib pawg neeg nyob ze (tsis muaj keeb kwm ntawm yav dhau los SARS-CoV-2 kab mob ), raws li qhia hauv Table 1. Muaj 4 tus neeg mob uas tsis tau txhaj tshuaj thiab 9 tus neeg uas tsis tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Plaub tus neeg tau txais ib koob tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm 7 tus neeg mob thiab 9 ntawm 13 tus neeg nyob ze, 13 tau txais 2 koob tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm 35 tus neeg mob thiab 22 ntawm 35 tus neeg nyob ze, 9 tau txais 3 koob tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm 18 tus neeg mob thiab 9 ntawm 18 tus neeg nyob ze, thiab 4 tau txais 4. koob tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm 6 tus neeg mob thiab 2 ntawm 6 tus neeg nyob ze.

Qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm neutralizing antibody (%NT) tawm tsam Alpha variant ntawm SARS-CoV-2 correlated nrog cov theem ntawm RBD IgG (Fig. 2). Thaum 6 lub hlis tom qab kis tus kab mob SARS-CoV-2, cov neeg mob uas tsis tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tau qis heev ntawm RBD IgG, piv rau cov neeg nyob ze. Tsis tas li ntawd, T-cell thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv SARS-CoV-2 nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog tus kab mob asymptomatic (nrog rau qhov zoo T-cell teb rau NMO antigens) tsis txawv ntawm lwm cov neeg nyob ze (Daim duab 3. ). T-cell thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob SARS-CoV-2 qhia txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis thiab pab tsiaj tiv thaiv kab mob tau piav qhia hauv daim duab 4. Hybrid tiv thaiv tau txheeb xyuas cov neeg mob uas tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yav dhau los SARS-CoV-2, thaum pab tsiaj tiv thaiv kab mob tau txheeb xyuas cov neeg mob uas tsis tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob SARS-CoV-2 yav dhau los thiab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv cov neeg nyob ze yam tsis muaj keeb kwm ntawm tus kab mob SARS-CoV-2. Ntxiv rau, peb tau pom 9 tus neeg nyob ze uas tsis tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Hauv txoj kev xav, cov neeg mob no tsis tuaj yeem tsim kev tiv thaiv kab mob SARS-CoV-2 thaum lub sijhawm kawm. Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov ntawm lawv tau pom T-cell teb tawm tsam S antigen, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 4B. Yog lawm, lawv yuav tau tsim pab pawg tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 kab mob.

cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob

Tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev nce qib ntawm RBD IgG qib tau pom nyob rau hauv kev siv tshuaj raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ob tus neeg mob thiab cov neeg nyob ze. Txawm li cas los xij, T-cell teb tsis tau nce hauv tib tus qauv li RBD IgG. Muaj qhov txo qis hauv T-cell cov lus teb tawm tsam S antigen hauv cov neeg koom nrog uas tau txais peb thiab plaub koob tshuaj tiv thaiv. Txhawm rau tshawb nrhiav hom tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, peb tau soj ntsuam cov hom tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cov pej xeem txoj kev tshawb fawb thiab pom tias 75% ntawm cov neeg koom tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tag nrho nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis ua haujlwm lossis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob viral vector (3.5 lub hlis ua ntej tso npe), thaum tsawg dua ib feem peb. ntawm cov neeg tuaj koom tau txais koob thib peb lossis plaub koob tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA (1 hli ua ntej tso npe) (Daim duab 5). Te cov lej thiab hom tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov neeg mob thiab cov neeg nyob ze kuj tau piav qhia hauv cov ntaub ntawv pej xeem (Table 1).

Kev sib tham

"Herd immunity" yog tsim los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob los yog kev tiv thaiv ntuj tiv thaiv kab mob SARS-CoV-2. "Hybrid immunity" (txhais tau tias yog kev tiv thaiv kab mob SARS-CoV-2 tsim los ntawm heterogeneous prime-boost tshuaj tiv thaiv ua ke nrog SARS-CoV-2 kab mob) tuaj yeem muab kev tiv thaiv zoo heev tiv thaiv kab mob tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv3. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov pov thawj tau nthuav tawm asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 tus kab mob hauv cov neeg nyob ze uas txhais los ntawm T-cell teb tawm tsam SARS-CoV-24. Cov kab mob asymptomatic tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qee qhov kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv zej zog.

Rau lub hlis tom qab SARS-CoV-2 raug, peb tau soj ntsuam T-cell teb tawm tsam NMO antigens (interferon tso tawm assay)5 hauv 11 ntawm 45 tus neeg nyob ze. Tus nqi ntawm asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 tus kab mob hauv cov pej xeem txoj kev tshawb fawb yog 24.4%, zoo ib yam li kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los uas tau tshaj tawm 16–26% ntawm asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 tus kab mob hauv cov neeg nyob ze tshawb nrhiav los ntawm (ex. vivo) CD4 thiab CD8 nco T-cell teb4. Hmoov tsis zoo, peb tsis tau soj ntsuam lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob sib txawv tiv thaiv SARS-CoV-2 tsim tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tag nrho hauv SARS-CoV-2- cov neeg mob yav dhau los piv rau cov neeg nyob ze, raws li qhia los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab T-cell teb rau the Alpha variant of SARS-CoV-2. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tau nthuav tawm cov kev tiv thaiv zoo sib xws rau SARS-CoV-2 ntawm cov neeg nyob ze nrog thiab tsis muaj tus kab mob asymptomatic (txhais los ntawm T-cell teb tawm tsam NMO antigens). Cov txiaj ntsig no tau qhia tias kev tiv thaiv kab mob SARS-CoV-2 ntawm cov neeg koom feem ntau yog txhawb nqa los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ob tus neeg mob thiab cov neeg nyob ze. Txawm li cas los xij, peb tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv soj ntsuam ntawm tus nqi rov qab los, thiab tsis muaj cov neeg koom nrog uas tau rov kis tus kabmob SARS-CoV-2 thaum lub sijhawm kawm.

Table 1. Cov ntaub ntawv pej xeem.

Daim duab 1. T-cell teb tawm tsam spike (S) protein (A) thiab nucleocapsid (N) protein, membrane glycoprotein (M) thiab ORF1ab cheeb tsam ntawm RNA-dependent RNA (O) ntawm SARS-CoV-2 ( B) ntsuam xyuas los ntawm ELISPOT (P<0.0001, t=5.720, df=77). SFCs spot-forming cells, PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Daim duab 2. Te antibody teb rau RBD IgG qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov qib tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev muaj peev xwm nruab nrab tiv thaiv Alpha variant ntawm SARS-CoV-2 (R=0.5571, P<0.0001).

Daim duab 3. Immune response against SARS-CoV-2 viral antigens between close contact with and without asymptomatic infection, antibody response (RBD IgG) P=0.1922 t=1.325, df{ {7}} (A), T-cell teb tawm tsam cov protein ntau P=0.5325, t=0.6293, df=43 (B). RBD IgG SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain immunoglobulin G, AU/ml=arbitrary units per milliliter.

Hauv cov pej xeem txoj kev tshawb fawb no, feem ntau ntawm cov neeg koom tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas suav nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob kab mob, thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA. Ib tsab ntawv tshaj tawm dhau los tau qhia txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob thiab T-cell teb 6. Txawm li cas los xij, peb tau kawm txog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm RBD IgG tawm tsam Alpha variant ntawm SARS-CoV-2. Tsis ntev los no, cov pov thawj tau nthuav tawm qhov txo qis ntawm kev muaj peev xwm ntawm RBD IgG tawm tsam kev hloov pauv ntawm SARS-CoV-2 piv rau cov tsiaj qus SARS-CoV-2 rau cov tswv yim txhaj tshuaj sib txawv, nrog lossis tsis muaj kab mob yav dhau los7,8.

T-cell dysfunction tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub sij hawm antigen stimulation thoob plaws kab mob, mob cancer, thiab autoimmunity. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsig kev kho mob yuav txawv ntawm txhua lub ntsiab lus. CD8+T hlwb tau poob qis ntawm cytokine ntau lawm thiab cytotoxicity, lub xeev hu ua "T-cell qaug zog"9. Tom qab peb thiab plaub koob tshuaj tiv thaiv, peb tau pom cov lus teb qis dua T-cell tiv thaiv cov protein ntau, piv rau qib siab RBD IgG. Qhov no cuam tshuam cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los uas qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm T-cell teb rau cov kab mob loj thiab nucleoprotein/membrane proteins thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab tshaj 5. Txo T-cell teb tawm tsam SARS-CoV-2 (T-cell qaug zog) tau pom 1 lub hlis tom qab peb thiab plaub koob tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog qhov tsis sib xws rau hauv daim ntawv tshaj tawm yav dhau los uas pom tau tias CD4+T-cell teb, uas feem ntau pom tau los ntawm Hnub 8 tom qab thawj zaug, nce siab sai tom qab koob tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tom qab ntawd poob mus rau qib boost. tom qab 4 lub hlis 10. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab lub sijhawm luv luv ntawm T-cell qaug zog, raws li tau pom hauv txoj kev tshawb no, T-cell teb tuaj yeem rov qab tau 3 lub hlis tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, raws li qhia hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm Zuo li al. ua qauv qhia cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab T-cell cov lus teb tawm tsam SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant afer heterogeneous txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog ua raws li mRNA booster11. Cov pov thawj tsis ntev los no los ntawm Reinscheid et al. kuj tau nthuav tawm tias cov kab mob tshwj xeeb CD8+T lub cim xeeb qia cell tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm koob thib peb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, koob tshuaj txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kis kab mob sib kis nrog Delta lossis Omicron variants ntawm SARS-CoV-2 rov ua haujlwm sai sai CD8+T nco hlwb 3 lub hlis tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yav dhau los koob tshuaj 12.

Daim duab 4. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (A) thiab T-cell teb (B) tawm tsam SARS-CoV-2 hauv cov neeg mob (kev kis tus kab mob yav dhau los) thiab cov neeg nyob ze (tsis muaj kab mob) tau stratified los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob lossis cov lus teb T-cell ntawm cov neeg mob thiab cov neeg nyob sib ze uas tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv SARS-CoV-2 hauv cov neeg mob thiab cov neeg nyob ze tau nce ntxiv nyob rau hauv cov koob tshuaj raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv qib RBD IgG ntawm cov neeg tau txais 2 koob tshuaj vs. 3–4 koob tshuaj (P<0.0001, t=5.682, df=57) (C). The T-cell response against the spike protein (S ELISPOT) significantly decreased after the booster dose of the vaccine, P=0.027, t=1.961, df=46 (D).

Cov tib neeg muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm ntau yam kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov cellular thiab humoral tiv thaiv kab mob thaum lub sij hawm thawj kis kab mob, nrog rau qee cov neeg mob uas pom cov kab mob sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob B-cell thiab T-cell tiv thaiv kab mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tib neeg uas raug mob hnyav thiab ntev ntev 13. Txij li feem ntau ntawm peb cov neeg kawm tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA raws li koob tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, nws kuj tseem ua tau tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA cuam tshuam T-cell ua haujlwm tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv14,15. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshwm sim no tau ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog T-cell qaug zog tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau zaus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab luv luv ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj (1-3 lub hlis). Qhov kev soj ntsuam no yuav piav qhia txog cov pov thawj ntawm herpes zoster reactivation tom qab tau txais koob tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob nrog rau cov lymphopenia 16. Yog li ntawd, ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau siv nrog kev txiav txim siab tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg muaj kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob uas tsis zoo T-cell teb thiab kaw kev saib xyuas kev kis kab mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum ntxov tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tsis ntev los no tau hais txog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev nco B hlwb hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo ib yam thaum rov ua dua nrog tib tus kab mob thiab encoding lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv. Txawm li cas los xij, T hlwb xav tau rau tiam ntawm ntau haiv neeg nco B cells17. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tam sim no nrog txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv Omicron variant9, yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv T-cell-10,18. Txawm tias muaj kev txwv hauv txoj kev tshawb no, xws li cov neeg koom nrog tsawg, lub sijhawm ntev tom qab SARS CoV-2 raug (6 lub hlis), thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis txaus ntseeg los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, txoj kev tshawb no qhia txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab T-cell cov lus teb hauv Cov tsos mob thiab asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 kab mob, txhais los ntawm ib tus neeg lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv zej zog uas yuav ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv mus ntev li kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib xyaw. Tsim cov tswv yim txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis tom ntej yog xav tau.

cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob

Cov ntaub ntawv muaj

Cov ntaub ntawv siv thiab/lossis tshuaj xyuas thaum lub sijhawm kawm tam sim no muaj los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv raws li qhov kev thov tsim nyog.

Daim duab 5. Hom tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob SARS-CoV-2 rau cov neeg koom tau piav qhia hauv daim ntawv qhia ncuav qab zib los qhia txog qhov feem ntawm cov neeg tau txais koob thib 1 (A), koob thib 2 (B), thiab koob thib 3 (C) mus rau 4th koob tshuaj tiv thaiv (D) thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob kab mob, thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA; Tsis muaj=cov neeg tsis tau txhaj tshuaj.

Cov ntaub ntawv

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