HS-GC-IMS Kev Tshawb Fawb Ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob hauv Cistanche Hmoov Raws Li Txoj Kev Kho Mob
Jul 13, 2022
3.3. Gallery thaj av ntawm cistanche nrog kev kho mob sib txawv
Kom meej meej sib piv qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tshwj xeebcov tshuaj volatilehauvcistanchelos ntawm txhua qhov kev kho mob, xaiv txhua qhov siab tshaj hauv qab no rau kev sib piv ntiv tes (Fig. 4). Txhua kab hauv daim duab 4 sawv cev rau tag nrho cov teeb liab peaks xaiv nyob rau hauv cov qauv, thiab txhua kem sawv cev rau lub teeb liab siv ntawm tib yam volatile khoom nyob rau hauv cov qauv sib txawv, ntxoov ntxoo ntawm cov xim ntawm tus neeg cov ntsiab lus sawv cev rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv cov qauv. , thiab lub brighter cov xim qhia qhov siab dua cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov volatile tivthaiv nyob rau hauv cov qauv. Cov duab hauv daim duab 4 sawv cev rau cov khoom uas tseem tsis tau muaj tus yam ntxwv hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv migration spectrum kuaj pom hauv cov qauv.
Daim duab 4. Cov ntiv tes ntawm cov volatile compounds ntawm cistanche. a: synergistic cistanche hmoov, b: cistanche tshiab hmoov, c: super micro nqaij cistanche hmoov, d: dej extract ntawm Cistanches Herba hmoov, e: ethanol extract ntawmCistanches Herba hmoov.
Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 4, a muaj qhov tsawg kawg nkaus VOC hom thiab concentrations, thiab b muaj cov tshuaj volatile tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau ntawm cov concentrations. Nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias kev kho mob sib koom ua ke yuav ua kom cov volatilization ntawm cov tshuaj tsis haum rau hauvcistanche, kom cov ntsiab lus thiab hom volatile yam uas khaws cia hauv cistanche raug txo. Raws li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm daim duab 4, cov tshuaj tsis hloov pauv hauv acetoin feem ntau yog acetoin, cim raws li thaj tsam A hauv daim duab. Hais txog b, cov tshuaj tsis haum tshuaj uas kuaj pom yog 2-methylpropanol, 3-methylbutyral, 2-methylbutyral, valeraldehyde, propyl acetate, phenylacetaldehyde, linalool, E-{4}}caprylyl, E-{ {5}}heptanal, E−2-hexanal, E−2-valeraldehyde, methylheptenone, octanal, 2-pentylfuran, thiab lwm yam, cim raws li thaj tsam B hauv daim duab 4, ntawm lawv, E−2-hexanal, E−2-heptanal, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, E−2-caprylyl, E−2-valeraldehyde, octanaldehyde, methylheptenone thiab {{15 }}methylpropanol muaj cov qauv monomer thiab dimer. Cov tshuaj volatile uas kuaj pom hauv c muaj xws li heptanal, 2, 3-butanedione, nonaldehyde thiab E−2-nonal, thiab lwm yam, uas tau sau npe raws li cheeb tsam C hauv daim duab 4, uas yog nonaldehyde thiab heptanal muaj ob hom : monomer thiab dimer. Cov tshuaj volatile uas kuaj pom hauv d yog methylpropionaldehyde, 3-methylthioalcuraldehyde thiab furfural, thiab lwm yam. Uas yog cim raws li cheeb tsam D hauv daim duab 4, ntawm lawv, methylpropionaldehyde thiab furfural muaj nyob rau hauv ob hom. Cov tshuaj volatile uas kuaj pom hauv e yog ethyl acetate thiab n-propanol, thiab lwm yam, uas tau sau npe raws li thaj tsam E hauv daim duab 4, ethyl acetate muaj nyob hauv daim ntawv monomer.
Los ntawm daim duab 4, nws tuaj yeem pom tias cov yam ntxwv tsis muaj zog ntawm cistanche nrog kev kho mob sib koom ua ke yog acetoin, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj tsis haum tshuaj.tshiab cistancheFeem ntau yog cov cawv, aldehydes thiab ketones, thiab cov khoom tsis zoo ntawm cistanche tom qab kev kho mob ultra-micro feem ntau yog aldehydes, thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cistanche dej hmoov kuj tseem yog aldehydes, tab sis lawv txawv ntawm cov tshuaj aldehyde hauv ultra-microtreatment. Lub cistanche cawv hmoov muaj esters thiab cawv, uas yog ntau dua paub nyob rau hauv tsw thiab muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb tsw. Hauv cov kev tshawb fawb ntsig txog, nws tau pom tias qhov nce hauv cawv concentration tau ua rau muaj kev nce hauv ester cov ntsiab lus thiab ntau yam, qhov no yuav yog ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj rau cov organic sib txuas uas cuam tshuam rau cistanche (Wei, Ma, Cao, Sun, & Fang, 2018). Feem ntau ntawm cov ketones muaj ib tug saj ntawm milky thiab fruity (Feng, Wang, Ji, Min, & Yan, 2021), uas yuav siv tau raws li ib tug Performance index los soj ntsuam cov oxidized tsw, thiab cov yam ntxwv volatile muaj nyob rau hauv synergistic cistanche hmoov yog acetone, uas tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los txhim kho cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm cistanche, tab sis muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm oxidation yooj yim. Tsis tas li ntawd, cistanche tuaj yeem hloov pauv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm ntau yam tshuaj thaum lub sijhawm ua noj, uas tej zaum yuav yog ib qho laj thawj rau kev txo cov ntsiab lus tshuaj thiab hom hauv cov cistanche synergistic (Ai, Zhang, Li, Sun, & Liu, 2021). Hauv kev tshawb fawb txog cov khoom tsis hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj yej daj, nws tau pom tias geraniol thiab linalool muaj siab thiab yog cov ntsiab lus tsis haum xeeb nrog cov ntshiab, qab zib (Shi li al., 2021). Geraniol thiab linalool kuj tau tshaj tawm tias yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj yej ntsuab thiab dub, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv aroma zoo ntawm cov tshuaj yej nplooj (Joshi & Gulati, 2015; Liu li al., 2018), thiab ntawm tsib tus qauv, linalool Cov ntsiab lus tau siab tshaj plaws hauv cistanche tshiab, qhia tias cistanche tshiab yuav tsim nyog rau kev ua cov dej qab zib cistanche. Ethyl acetate yog cov khoom tsis haum nrog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsw, uas feem ntau yog siv los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev txiav txim siab tsis hloov pauv ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab dej cawv. Hauv cov cawv tsw qab, ethyl acetate yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab tsw (J. Tang li al., 2021). Ethyl acetate nyob rau hauv cistanche yog ib tug yam ntxwv volatile compound nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb tsw, thiab raws li tus yam ntxwv no, ib tug series ntawmcistanche wine khoomtuaj yeem tsim tau. Nonaldehyde muaj ib tug qab zib saj thiab fruity tsw (Nunes, Coimbra, Saraiva, & Rocha, 2008), thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm nonaldehyde nyob rau hauv lub cistanche dej extract yog siab, uas yuav suav hais tias muaj ib tug qab zib saj thiab fruity tsw, thiab ntawm no. hauv paus, hmoov npaj cov khoom tuaj yeem tsim. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev soj ntsuam kom muaj nuj nqis tuaj yeem ua tiav raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom tsis sib xws tam sim no hauv cistanche tom qab kev kho mob sib txawv, thiab cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem tsim los muab lub hauv paus theoretical rau kev txheeb xyuas qhov zoo ntawm cistanche-txog cov khoom.
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog cov txiaj ntsig cistanche
3.4. Clustering tsom xam ntawm cov kev kho mob sib txawv ntawm cistanche
3.4.1. Dynamic PCA ntawm cov qauv
Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Cheeb Tsam Cheeb Tsam (PCA) yog ib txoj hauv kev sib txawv ntau yam. Nws ntsuas qhov tsis tu ncua thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv los ntawm kev ua cov ntaub ntawv qhov loj me, thiab feem ntau yog siv rau kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev pom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siab (MQ Li li al., 2019; Yao et al., 2020). Cov qauv kev soj ntsuam zoo tshaj plaws feem ntau yog suav tias yog cov qauv uas muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm 60 feem pua lossis ntau dua rau PC1 thiab PC2 (Feng, Wang, He, et al., 2021).
Los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cistanche, nws pom tau tias PC1 yog 54 feem pua, PC2 yog 19 feem pua, thiab cov nyiaj tau los tag nrho yog 73 feem pua, uas tuaj yeem suav tias yog tus qauv zoo kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov kev kho mob sib txawv. ntawm cov tshuaj volatile ntawm cistanche. Raws li pom hauv daim duab 5, a yog nyob rau hauv qhov tsis zoo ntawm PC2 thiab thaj tsam 0 ntawm PC1, d yog nyob rau hauv qhov zoo ntawm PC2 thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm PC1, b yog nyob rau hauv qhov zoo. Cov qhab nia ntawm PC2 thiab tus nqi zoo ntawm PC1, e nyob rau hauv qhov tsis zoo ntawm PC2 thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm PC1, c nyob rau hauv qhov tsis zoo ntawm PC2 thiab qhov qhab nia zoo ntawm PC1, muaj qhov pom tseeb ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm tsib, qhov chaw ntawm b, c, d thiab e zoo ib yam li plaub lub quadrants ntawm lub coordinate axis, thiab txoj hauj lwm ntawm ib txoj hauj lwm zoo ib yam li qhov tsis zoo ib nrab axis ntawm ntsug axis, muaj qhov sib txawv meej. nruab nrab ntawm thaj tsam zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias cov kev kho mob sib txawv muaj qhov sib txawv loj hauv cov tshuaj tsw qab ntawm cistanche, thiab HS-GC-IMS ua ke nrog ntau yam kev txheeb cais yog cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo kom muaj qhov xav tau thiab nrawm ntawm cov qauv cistanche hmoov. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev xav tseem ceeb los ntawm qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no yog tias muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov organic sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov kev kho mob sib txawv ntawm cistanche, thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm txhua qhov sib xyaw ua ke thiab kev kho mob tsis meej. Hauv kev tshawb fawb zoo sib xws, los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov organic sib txuas tseem ceeb ntawm cov taum kas fes los ntawm ntau qhov chaw hauv cov txheej txheem roasting,. Nws tau pom meej tias cov tshuaj tseem ceeb hauv cov taum kas fes ntawm lub hauv paus sib txawv thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv tau raug txheeb xyuas kom meej (Gancarz li al., 2022); Khodamoradi et al. (Khodamoradi, Mirzaee-Ghaleh, Dalvand, & Sharifi, 2021) muab piv rau PCA tsom xam nrog ob lwm txoj kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas kom paub qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov organic tebchaw nyob rau hauv Basil ntawm daim ntawv thov nitrogen chiv.
Daim duab 5. PCA ntawm cov qauv sib txawv. a: synergistic cistanche hmoov, b: cistanche tshiab hmoov, c: super micro nqaij cistanche hmoov, d: dej extract ntawm Cistanches Herba hmoov, e: ethanol extract ntawm Cistanches Herba hmoov.
3.4.2. Kev ntsuas ntiv tes zoo sib xws los ntawm kev siv euclidean nrug
Euclidean nrug yog ib txoj kev tsom xam pawg, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txiav txim siab qhov zoo sib xws ntawm txoj kev no yog qhov kev ncua deb coefficient, yog tias tus coefficient loj, qhov sib txawv ntawm ob kuj tseem loj, uas qhia qhov kev sib raug zoo. Hloov pauv, qhov me me ntawm cov coefficient, qhov me me thiab ntau dua qhov sib txawv ntawm ob (Tshav, Yan, Hou, Li, & Wang, 2015; YZ; Tang, 2019). Los ntawm kev siv Euclidean nrug zoo sib xws algorithm los ntsuas qhov zoo ntawm ob lub tshuaj suav tshuaj, nws tau pom tias cov algorithm tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov tseeb thiab ntseeg tau qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj suav (QH, Z., JY, & JW, 2018). Daim duab 6 qhia cov ntiv tes zoo sib xws raws li Euclidean nrug, thiab Table 2 sawv cev rau Euclidean nrug qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tsib.
Daim duab 6. Fingerprint Similarity raws li Euclidean nrug ntawm cov qauv sib txawv. a: synergistic cistanche hmoov, b: cistanche tshiab hmoov, c: super micro nqaij cistanche hmoov, d: dej extract ntawm cstanches herba hmoov, e: ethanol extract ntawmcistanches herba hmoov.
4. Cov lus xaus
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no qhia tau tias HS-GC-IMS txoj kev tau siv los kuaj cov tshuaj tsw qab hauv cistanche hmoov kho nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, nrog rau tag nrho ntawm 48 peaks, 32 tebchaw txheeb xyuas, suav nrog 5 ketonesone, 5 cawv, 17 aldehydesaldehyde, 1 furans, 1lactone lactone, 3 ester ester. Vim qhov kev txwv ntawm HS-GS-IMS nrhiav pom thiab qhov tseeb tias 34 lub teeb liab peaks tseem tsis tau txiav txim siab, ntxiv kev soj ntsuam zoo tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm GC-MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) lossis HPLS-MS (High Performance Liquid Chromatography. -Mass Spectrometry).
Los ntawm kev soj ntsuam spectrogram, nws tuaj yeem pom qhov tseeb tias cistanche hmoov muaj ntau cov ester tebchaw, uas tuaj yeem siv los ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv los txheeb xyuas cov khoom siv ethanol extraction cistanche. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau pom tias ntau yam ntawm cov khoom tsis sib haum xeeb hauv cistanche tom qab kev sib koom ua ke tau txo qis, tab sis acetoin tuaj yeem siv los ua tus cim cim. Cistanche tshiab tuaj yeem khaws ntau hom volatile compounds kom ntau dua. Yog tias VOCs feem ntau yog aldehydes pom hauv qhov kev sim, nws yuav yog cistanche tom qab kev kho mob ultra-micro thiab kev kho dej extraction. Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, nws tau pom tias tsib txoj kev kho mob muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj volatile hauv cistanche. Hauv tib hom kev tshawb fawb, esters thiab olefins tau txheeb xyuas tias yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov volatiles kom paub qhov txawv ntawm Fuji cov kua txiv kab ntxwv, thiab nws tau pom tias qhov chaw ntim khoom tuaj yeem txo qhov aroma sib txawv ntawm ntau hom txiv apples (Yudong, Haijing, Zhen, Zhemin, & Xian, 2021). Hauv kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm Dongbei Suancai cov yam ntxwv tsis hloov pauv cov tshuaj los ntawm HS-GC-IMS thiab PCA, qhov sib txawv ntawm VOCs cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhua theem fermentation tau qhia meej thiab 3-methyl butanol tau txiav txim siab tias yog ib yam khoom uas tsim los ntawm fermentation tom qab ntxiv. ntawm cov kab lis kev cai pib Lactobacillus plantarum LND 399 (Han, Wang, Zhang, Li, & Gao, 2022). Txhawm rau nkag siab ntxiv txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom xyaw thiab kev kho mob ntawm cistanche, kev sib raug zoo linear yooj yim tuaj yeem siv hauv cov kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv rau kev txheeb xyuas kev sib raug zoo (Granato, Santos, Escher, Ferreira, & Maggio, 2018). Thaum kawg, raws li euclidean nyob deb los txiav txim thiab txheeb xyuas cov ntiv tes zoo sib xws, thiab cov khoom tsis zoo hauv cov hmoov cistanche tshiab thiab dej-lifted cistanche hmoov yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm txhua qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov organic tivthaiv thiab hom kev kho mob tuaj yeem kawm ntxiv hauv ua ke nrog lub qhov ntswg hluav taws xob lossis HPLS-MS thiab GC-MS.
Nrog rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo no, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm HS-GC-IMS thiab PCA yog cov cuab yeej muaj txiaj ntsig uas yuav txheeb xyuas thiab txheeb xyuas.cistanche qauv, uas muaj peev xwm siv tus nqi hauv kev lag luam khoom noj.
