Hofer-2021-Tshiab Los Ntawm Yav Dhau Los Rau Coronavirus.
May 06, 2023
MICROBIOME
Tawm koj tus tswv tsev polar bears tom qab
Ntau tus tswv tsev koom nrog ntawm microbiota tau xav tias tau hloov zuj zus los ntawm ib puag ncig cov txheeb ze; los ntawm qhov sib txawv, Welter et al. qhia tias Psychrobacter spp. pib cuam tshuam nrog cov tsiaj thiab tias qee cov kab mob poob qhov peev xwm no thiab tam sim no tshwj xeeb rau colonize ib puag ncig txias. Cov kws sau ntawv tau tsim 85 genomes ntawm Psychrobacter spp. los ntawm ntau qhov chaw, suav nrog tsiaj txhu, noog, thiab ntses, tab sis kuj muaj dej hiav txwv, permafrost, thiab dej khov. Cov ntaub ntawv genomic tau qhia tias cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Psychrobacter clade yog Moraxella spp., uas yog tus tswv tsev koom nrog, feem ntau cov kab mob pathogenic.
Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tshuaj xyuas phenotypic ntawm kev cais tawm tau qhia tias muaj ob hom kev sib txawv, cov uas hloov tau yooj yim thiab tuaj yeem loj hlob hauv qhov kub txog li 37 degree thiab cov uas muaj kev txwv kev loj hlob uas txwv tsis pub kub qis dua 25 degree. Cov kab mob basal tau koom nrog cov ecotype hloov tau thiab pom cov cim ntawm kev koom tes nrog tus tswv tsev, xws li cov kua tsib. Thaum kawg, txawm hais tias polar dais quav muaj cov kab mob ntawm ob qho tib si ecotypes, tsuas yog cov kab uas hloov tau yooj yim tuaj yeem ua rau cov nas gnotobiotic. Yog li, Psychrobacter spp. tej zaum yuav tshuav tus tswv tsev koom nrog niches thiab tshwj xeeb kom nyob hauv qhov chaw txias.
Tus tswv tsev koom nrog microbiota muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev tiv thaiv kab mob vim yog lawv qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj rau tus tswv tsev tiv thaiv kab mob. Ua ntej, microbiota tuaj yeem txhawb nqa lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob los ua kom lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab txhim kho tus tswv tsev tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv lub plab zom mov, ib txwm microbiota tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic microorganisms thiab cov khoom txawv teb chaws, thiab ua kom lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob los kho qhov tsim ntawm cytokines raws li. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub xub ntiag ntawm microbiota tuaj yeem txhim kho tus tswv tsev lub plab hnyuv ua haujlwm kom tsis txhob muaj kev cuam tshuam ntxiv ntawm cov kab mob phem. Qhov thib ob, microbiota tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tus tswv tsev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Hauv lub neej thaum ntxov, microbiota tseem ceeb heev rau cov kab mob colonization ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Lawv tuaj yeem txhawb kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tus tswv tsev lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev sib npaug thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob kom tsis txhob muaj kev ua kom dhau los lossis ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm lub cev. Thaum kawg, Microbiota thiab Sterilization of Immunity Nyob rau hauv lub inflammatory xeev ntawm tej yam kab mob, cov microbiota nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg yuav hloov, ua rau lub overgrowth ntawm pathogenic microorganisms, yog li cuam tshuam qhov sib npaug ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Piv txwv li, cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias kev txo qis hauv qee lub plab microbiota cuam tshuam nrog kev txhim kho cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv xws li kab mob plab hnyuv thiab enteric encephalopathy. Los ntawm qhov kev xav no, peb yuav tsum xyuam xim rau kev txhim kho peb txoj kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv peb lub neej txhua hnub. Cistanche tuaj yeem txhim kho tib neeg kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab cov polysaccharides hauv Cistanche tuaj yeem tswj kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tib neeg lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab txhim kho kev ntxhov siab ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, Txhim kho cov kab mob bactericidal ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Nyem cistanche tubulosa cov txiaj ntsig
ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
Cov kab mob nyob ntawm tsob ntoo bark noj methane
Cov ntoo thiab lawv ib puag ncig, tshwj xeeb hauv cov av ntub dej, tuaj yeem tso cov pa roj methane ntau ntau hauv tsev cog khoom. Jeffrey et al. pom tias tsob ntoo tawv ntoo muaj cov kab mob methane-oxidizing uas tuaj yeem txo qee qhov emissions. Thaum lawv incubated bark qauv ntawm cov ntoo zoo Melaleuca quinquenervia hauv chav kuaj, lawv pom qhov txo qis ntawm methane concentration dhau sijhawm. Tus nqi ntawm methane noj correlated nrog ntau ntawm cov kab mob methylotrophic (raws li kev txiav txim los ntawm ib tug metabolic marker gene), tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tswv cuab ntawm cov genus Methylomonas, uas muaj ntau nyob rau hauv cov ntoo bark qauv.
Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sim ua teb nrog cov chav airtight uas tuaj yeem siv los ntsuas cov methane fluxes tau qhia tias kev kho cov tawv ntoo nrog difluoromethane, kev sib tw inhibitor ntawm methanotrophy, nce methane emissions li ntawm 36 feem pua.
VIRAL INFECTION
Kev tawg los ntawm yav dhau los rau kev tiv thaiv tus kabmob coronavirus
Txawm hais tias nws yuav siv sijhawm ntev npaum li cas tus kabmob coronaviruses kom tsis txhob muaj kev tiv thaiv tus tswv yog ib lo lus nug tseem ceeb. Txhawm rau kawm txog tus mob coronavirus antibody khiav, Eguia li al. tau kawm tib neeg cov ntshav kuaj ntshav los ntawm xyoo 1980 thiab 1990s thiab lawv lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv tus kabmob khaub thuas 229E. Lawv tau soj ntsuam lub peev xwm ntawm cov qauv los tiv thaiv cov kab mob pseudotyped nrog spikes los ntawm tsib 229E hom los ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm, txij li xyoo 1986 txog 2016. Sera uas muaj peev xwm ua rau cov kab mob tsis zoo nrog cov kab mob sib kis tau pom tias muaj kev poob qis hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev khiav tawm titers. , tej zaum yog vim kev sib txawv ntawm receptor-binding domain.
Qhov nruab nrab, 10 xyoo ntawm 'yav tom ntej' tus kab mob evolution coj mus rau plaub zaug poob rau hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb titers. Los ntawm qhov sib txawv, sera sau hauv 2020 neutralized cov kab mob 'qub', yam tsawg kawg yog tus qauv los ntawm tus neeg laus. Cov menyuam yaus sera tau pom qee qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov kab mob yav dhau los tab sis tsis deb npaum li cov neeg laus sera.
Kab mob kev loj hlob
Hloov qhov kev pab cuam
Integrative thiab conjugative elements (ICEs) muaj nyob rau hauv ntau hom kab mob Gram-positive thiab Gram-negative bacteria. ICEs tau koom ua ke rau hauv tus tswv chromosomes, tab sis tom qab lawv ua haujlwm, lawv tuaj yeem excise, ncig, thiab xa mus rau cov neeg tau txais cov hlwb ntawm kev sib txuas. Ntxiv rau qhov yuav tsum tau ua cov tshuab sib txuas, ICEs feem ntau encode cov noob caj noob ces uas muaj cov phenotype sib txawv rau cov tswv tsev, suav nrog cov kab mob virulence thiab tshuaj tua kab mob lossis hlau tsis kam, thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv txawb thiab cov khoom sib txuas ntawm cov kab mob txhawb kev hloov pauv sai thiab sib kis. ntawm xws li phenotypes.
Txawm hais tias ntau tus ICE-encoded noob tau txheeb xyuas bioinformatically, cov phenotypes uas lawv tuaj yeem hais rau lawv cov tswv feem ntau tseem tsis paub. Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, Jones et al. tshaj tawm tias ICEBs1, uas yog ICE ntawm Bacillus subtilis, muab kev xaiv kom zoo dua rau nws cov tswv tsev cell thaum lub sij hawm ob txoj kev loj hlob: biofilm tsim thiab sporulation.
Kev hloov pauv ICEBs1 tau qhib ua haujlwm tom qab qhov kev paub ntawm cov teeb liab sib txawv, piv txwv li, cell ceev ceev txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm ICEBs1, thiab ICEBs1 hloov pauv tau raug txwv los ntawm pawg pawg-sensing teeb liab encoded ntawm lub caij. Thaum lub sij hawm loj hlob hauv biofilm, ICEBs1 yog induced thiab pauv tau zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis paub tias ICEBs1 puas cuam tshuam rau cov tswv tsev thaum lub sijhawm kev loj hlob no.
Txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm nws tus tswv tsev, cov kws sau ntawv tau ua qhov kev sim sib tw hauv biofilms siv hom B. subtilis nrog lossis tsis muaj ICEBs1. Lawv pom tias ICEBs1 muaj txiaj ntsig zoo sib kis ntawm tus neeg pub dawb-rau-tus neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig tsawg thaum lub sijhawm loj hlob hauv biofilms, lees paub cov kev soj ntsuam yav dhau los qhia tias ICEBs1 induction yog inhibited los ntawm muaj lwm tus neeg pub dawb.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kws sau ntawv tau tshaj tawm txog kev ua kom muaj zog ntawm ICEBs1- muaj cov hlwb piv nrog cov hlwb uas tsis muaj ICEBs1, uas kuj yog nyob ntawm qhov pib zaus ntawm cov khoom hauv cov pejxeem. Tab sis dab tsi hauv qab no ICEBs 1-kev txhawb nqa kev loj hlob zoo dua?
Interestingly, cov kws sau ntawv pom tias cov hlwb uas muaj ICEBs1 'kev dag' los ntawm kev txo qis ntawm biofilm matrix noob piv nrog cov hlwb tsis muaj ICEBs1, tejzaum nws ua rau lawv tsis txhob raug nqi ntau ntawm cov pej xeem zoo.
Tsis tas li ntawd, sporulation ntawm ICEBs1- muaj cov hlwb tau ncua sij hawm nyob rau hauv ntau zaus nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si thaum lub sij hawm loj hlob nyob rau hauv biofilms thiab nyob rau hauv tsis muaj biofilms, yog li ua kom muaj kev loj hlob ntawm tes mus txog rau kev cog lus rau txoj kev loj hlob. Cov kws sau ntawv tau pom tias qhov kev qhia ntawm ICEBs1 gene devI yog qhov tsim nyog thiab txaus los txo qis biofilm matrix qhia thiab ncua kev pib ntawm sporulation.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus, txoj kev tshawb no qhia tau hais tias ncua sij hawm biofilm thiab spore txoj kev loj hlob ua rau lub ICEBs 1- uas muaj cov host cells kom loj hlob ntau dua li cov hlwb tsis muaj ICEBs1, uas ua rau kom propagation ntawm lub caij. Yog li, ICEBs 1-encoded genes modulate ib txwm host functions es tsis muab tag nrho cov phenotypes tshiab rau lawv cov tswv, uas cov kws sau ntawv xav tias tej zaum yuav yog ib qho kev txuag ntawm ICEBs 1-zoo li cov ntsiab lus lossis lwm yam ICEs.
Thawj tsab xov xwm Jones, JM et al. Ib lub xov tooj ntawm tes caj ces ua rau cov kab mob ua kom lub cev muaj zog los ntawm kev tswj hwm txoj kev loj hlob. eLife 10, e65924 (2021).
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