HIV-Associated Immune Dysregulation nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij: Crucible rau Exaggerated Inflamation Thiab Hypersensitivity
Feb 19, 2024
Abstract
Cov kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij yog cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob HIV uas muaj feem cuam tshuam, nrog rau cov kab mob loj heev uas tsis muaj kab mob thiab cov kab mob rhiab heev raws li cov kab mob kis tau zoo. Cov xwm txheej xws li papular pruritic eruption yog AIDS-txhais, thaum ncua kev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo, feem ntau yog cutaneous, tshwm sim mus txog 100-fold ntau dua thaum kis kab mob HIV. Cov tawv nqaij, tas li nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog rau sab nraud ib puag ncig, muaj ib tug complex kev tiv thaiv. Kev sib tw tuab, nruj me ntsis nrog cov pib keratinocytes thiab epidermal langerhans thiab antate-activating, thiab antigen-activing, thiab antigen-prosting ntawm lub frontline. Cov neeg nyob hauv dermal dendritic, mast, macrophage, thiab innate lymphoid cells ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev coj thiab polarizing tsim nyog hloov lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab coj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev. Cov kab mob sib kis tau zoo ua rau muaj kev poob qis hauv CD4 T hlwb, thaum Langerhans thiab dermal dendritic hlwb ua haujlwm ua tus kab mob reservoirs thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm thawj kis kab mob hauv mucosa. Cutaneous cytokine teb thiab txo qis lymphoid cov pejxeem tsim ib qho crucible rau exaggerated o thiab hypersensitivity. Txawm li cas los xij, dhau ntawm cov lus piav qhia histopathological, cov tsos mob no tsis zoo. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no qhia meej txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij, kev hloov pauv cuam tshuam nrog kev tiv thaiv kab mob HIV cuam tshuam txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob HIV nce ntxiv. Peb qhia txog cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb thiab ntau lub tswv yim tshiab ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg los txhais cov txheej txheem uas yuav muab cov phiaj xwm kev tiv thaiv lossis kev kho mob.
cistanche tubulosa-Anti-inflammatory
Taw qhia
Cov tawv nqaij sawv cev rau lub cev ntawm tus mob loj thaum lub sij hawm kis kab mob HIV, nrog rau ob qho tib si kis kab mob thiab inflammatory pathologies. Qee qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm daim tawv nqaij xws li papular pruritic eruption (PPE) lossis kev kis kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij raug suav tias yog AIDS-defining (Garg and Sanke, 2017). Cov kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij hnyav nrog rau ncua kev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo xws li Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) thiab toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) cuam tshuam nrog kev mob hnyav thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau lub neej (Peter li al., 2017). Cov tawv nqaij thiab mucosa, nyob rau hauv tas li nrog ib puag ncig sab nraud, muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kuj yog qhov chaw tshaj plaws ntawm tus kab mob HIV nkag. HIV-txog kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, txhais tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm kev txo qis CD4 T hlwb, nce ntxiv nrog cov kev hloov pauv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tawv nqaij thiab cov mucosal. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no qhia meej txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab peb txoj kev nkag siab tam sim no ntawm cov kev hloov pauv uas cuam tshuam nrog kev kis kab mob HIV thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev tau nce ntxiv ntawm cov neeg nyob nrog HIV. Peb qhia txog cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb hauv peb cov kab mob pathophysiological ntawm cov xwm txheej no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ncua kev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab sib tham txog ntau qhov chaw tshiab ntawm cov txheej txheem kab mob raug siv los tshem tawm cov kev tiv thaiv kab mob tshwj xeeb.
NORMAL SKIN IMMUNOLOGY
Daim tawv nqaij barrier
Daim tawv nqaij muaj peb txheej loj: epidermis, dermis, thiab subcutis. Keratinocytes (KCs) yog hom cell tseem ceeb hauv cov kab mob epidermis. Lub stratum corneum, uas muaj pawg ntawm KCs tuag (corneocytes) thiab intercellular lipids, tsim txheej txheej sab nraud ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov loj tshaj plaws rau kev cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm (Kabashima li al., 2019). Nyob rau hauv qhov tob granular txheej ntawm cov epidermis, kev sib cuag lub cev nrog KCs yog tswj los ntawm nruj junctions, tsim lwm txheej tiv thaiv uas yog ze li ntawm impermeable rau microbes (Coates li al., 2019). Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov tawv nqaij appendages xws li cov hauv paus plaub hau thiab cov hws ducts tsim qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam thiab ib qho chaw nkag rau cov khoom sib xyaw uas tsis muaj zog xws li haptens, cov kab mob, lossis cov tshuaj me me thiab cov tshuaj (Kabashima li al., 2019). Yog li ntawd, daim tawv nqaij yuav tsum muaj lub zog tiv thaiv kab mob npaj los tiv thaiv cov kab mob.
cistanche tubulosa-Anti-inflammatory
Innate tiv thaiv
Innate thiab adaptive cell tiv thaiv kab mob nyob rau hauv ib txwm tawv nqaij thiab lawv kev tiv thaiv kev sib cuam tshuam yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 1a. KCs muaj ntau lub zog tiv thaiv kab mob, qhia txog cov qauv kev paub txog receptors, piv txwv li, tus xov tooj hu ua receptors, uas ua rau muaj kev tso tawm ntawm proinflammatory cytokines thiab chemokines, uas txuas ntxiv ua kom cov tawv nqaij tiv thaiv kab mob los yog nrhiav lawv rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij (Nestle li al., 2009; Richmond thiab Harris, 2014). Lub xub ntiag ntawm daim tawv nqaij commensals xws liStaphylococcus epidermidiskuj tseem qhia KC cov lus teb tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob lossis ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tsis tsim nyog (Lai li al., 2009; Linehan li al., 2018). Mast hlwb, bearing receptor MRGPRX2, uas yog ib qho receptor rau host-defense antimicrobial peptides (Chompunud Na Ayudhya li al., 2020), kuj tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob. MRGPRX2- mediated mast cell activation pab kom tshem tau cov kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij, txhawb kev kho, thiab tiv thaiv kev rov ua dua tshiab (Chompunud Na Ayudhya et al., 2020). Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), uas suav nrog ILC1, ILC2, thiab ILC3 cov pej xeem, tsis ntev los no tau raug txheeb xyuas tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb nruab nrab ntawm innate thiab adaptive tiv thaiv kab mob. Lawv muaj ntau qhov sib npaug rau kev hloov pauv CD4 T hlwb thiab tsim T-cell-txuas nrog cytokines yam tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa los ntawm ib qho antigen (Panda thiab Colonna, 2019; Polese li al., 2020).
Daim tawv nqaij yog lub tsev rau ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv-tam sim no ntawm tes (APC) cov pej xeem, suav nrog cov neeg nyob hauv subsets thiab cov neeg raug xaiv thaum cov lus teb inflammatory. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv daim tawv nqaij APC yog coj tawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thaum lub sij hawm ntsib antigen los ntawm kev ua kom lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev nrog rau kev sib txuas hauv lub cev nrog lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob (Kupper thiab Fuhlbrigge, 2004). Nyob rau hauv tsis tu ncua, Langerhans hlwb (LCs) yog lub ntsiab dendritic cell (DC) subset nyob rau hauv lub epidermis, whereas CD1a + CD1c + thiab CD141hiCD14- DCs ua dermal DCs (Haniffa li al., 2015). LCs nthuav qhia CD207 (langerin), C-hom lectin receptor uas paub txog cov kab mob cuam tshuam nrog cov qauv molecular, nrog rau CD1a thiab loj histocompatibility complex class-II molecules, uas ua kom T pab (Th) cov lus teb thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tam sim no rau CD8 T. hlwb (Klechevsky et al., 2008; Zaba et al., 2009). Zoo ib yam li LCs, CD1a + CD1c + DCs muaj peev xwm ntawm polarizing Th1 thiab Th2 cov lus teb thiab cross-presenting exogenous antigens rau CD8+ T hlwb (Clausen thiab Stoitzner, 2015; Haniffa et al., 2015), whereas CD141hiCD14− yog cov kab mob sib kis zoo tshaj plaws (Haniffa li al., 2012). Macrophages yog lwm cov pejxeem ntawm APCs nyob hauv daim tawv nqaij li CD14+AF-mo-Mac (monocyte) thiab FXIIIa+CD14+AFhiMac (macrophage) subsets (Haniffa li al., 2015).
Adaptive tiv thaiv: neeg nyob thiab ncig
Kev ua kom cov T hlwb hauv cov qog nqaij hlav ntawm daim tawv nqaij ua rau muaj kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tshwj xeeb T (Teff). Teff hlwb tsiv mus rau daim tawv nqaij qhia cov tawv nqaij-homing receptors, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov carbohydrate epitope cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA), uas khi rau E-selectin (Kupper thiab Fuhlbrigge, 2004). Cov Teff hlwb no sib txawv ntxiv rau hauv lub cim xeeb T hlwb, uas suav nrog hauv nruab nrab nco, effector nco (TEM), thiab cov ntaub so ntswg-nyob nco (TRM) hlwb (Sallusto li al., 1999). TRM hlwb yog lub cim xeeb T-cell subset nyob hauv cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial barrier, thiab lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv kev noj qab haus huv thiab kab mob tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau ntxiv (Park thiab Kupper, 2015). Lawv tsis muaj cell molecules uas ua rau lawv tsiv mus rau hauv cov qog nqaij hlav (CCR7 thiab CD62L) thiab qhia cov cim ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg nyob (CD69 ± CD103) (Schunkert li al., 2021), muab cov tswv yim tso rau lawv kom ceev ceev ntawm qhov chaw tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob. (Nestle li al., 2009). Lawv yog cov zoo tshaj plaws phenotypically characterized li CD44high, CD{17}}, CD{18}}/CD{19}}, CD45RO+CD69+CLA+CCR7-CD62Llow, thiab CD{26}} / - (Schunkert li al., 2021). Zoo ib yam li T hlwb, B hlwb raug xaiv rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij los ntawm endothelial adhesion molecule thiab chemokine receptor-ligand kev sib cuam tshuam (Egbuniwe li al., 2015) thiab ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antigen tshwj xeeb uas yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij. xws liStaphylococcus aureus.
HIV SKIN IMMUNOLOGY
Cov kev hloov pauv hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob tseem ceeb tom qab kis kab mob HIV tau hais qhia hauv daim duab 1b.
CD4+ T-cell depletion yog qhov cim ntawm tus kab mob HIV (Okoye and Picker, 2013). Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj qhov txo qis hauv CD4+ T-cell proliferative muaj peev xwm, nce kev qhia ntawm inhibitory molecules CTLA-4 thiab PD-1, thiab nce feem pua ntawm CD{{7} } T hlwb raug apoptosis (Boasso li al., 2009). Ib qho kev nthuav dav ntawm CD8+ thiab lub davhlau ya nyob twg effector T hlwb kuj tau tshaj tawm hauv daim tawv nqaij uas muaj kab mob HIV (Galhardo li al., 2004). Cov hlwb no sim tswj cov kab mob retroviral tsis tu ncua tab sis kuj kho cov cell / cov ntaub so ntswg puas, uas yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Piv txwv li, CD8+ T-cell-mediated granulysin secretion induces KC cell tuag raws li pom hauv TEN (Chung et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2014). Qhov txo qis CD4+ T-cell suav nrog cov kab mob HIV ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm Th1 mus rau Th2 cytokine polarization, uas tshwm sim raws li kev poob qis hauv qib IFN- thiab cytotoxic T lymphocyte ua haujlwm thiab ua tiav incline hauv IL{ {21}}, IL-5, thiab IgE (Clerici thiab Shearer, 1994, 1993; Klein et al., 1997).
Muaj cov pov thawj ntau ntxiv uas TRM hlwb ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev kho mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij, nrog psoriasis thiab kev tsis haum tshuaj dermatitis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws piav qhia (Cheuk li al., 2014; Clark, 2015; Guide et al., 2015; Suárez-Fariñas li al. ., 2011). Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj, lawv lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv taag tshuaj eruptions yog tus yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws rau hnub tim (Mizukawa li al., 2002; Schunkert li al., 2021; Teraki thiab Shiohara, 2003). Txawm hais tias muaj pov thawj me me hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus kab mob HIV, nws tau raug tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv lwm yam kab mob xws li herpes simplex virus (HSV) uas HSV-specific CD8+ hlwb tau khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw mos mucosa li TRM hlwb thiab kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. (Zhu et al., 2013, 2007); Yog li ntawd, HIV-tshwj xeeb TRM hlwb hauv daim tawv nqaij yuav raug nce ntxiv thaum kis kab mob HIV thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Nws tau raug pom zoo tias cov kab mob tshwj xeeb TRM hlwb (xws li, tib neeg herpesvirus tsev neeg) tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus kheej-peptides uas tau nthuav tawm los ntawm HLA kev pheej hmoo allele, ua rau cov tshuaj tsis haum tshuaj (Schunkert li al., 2021; Dawb et al., 2015). Kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob T hlwb (Tregs) hauv cov kab mob inflammatory ntawm daim tawv nqaij tsis zoo nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus kab mob HIV. Sab nraum tus kab mob HIV nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij mob xws li psoriasis thiab TEN, Tregs tau tshaj tawm tias yuav txo qis hauv cov lej thiab kev ua kom tsis muaj zog (Takahashi li al., 2009; Wölfer li al., 1998). Hauv kev kis kab mob HIV, cov ntaub ntawv tsis sib haum xeeb tau tshaj tawm txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm HIV ntawm Treg zaus thiab muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog hauv kev ncig (Chevalier thiab Weiss, 2013).
LCs thiab dermal DCs yog thawj lub hlwb uas ntsib HIV ntawm qhov chaw mucosal thiab yog li lub hom phiaj nyiam rau kev kis kab mob HIV (Gray li al., 2020; Miller thiab Bhardwaj, 2013). Th17 cov hlwb uas ua rau muaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm epithelial barrier tseem yog lub hom phiaj rau kev kis kab mob HIV vim tias lawv tau raug tshaj tawm tias lawv tau depleted hauv mucosal cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm txoj hnyuv (Brenchley li al., 2008; Klatt thiab Brenchley, 2010). Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee cov pov thawj ntawm kev txiav tawm Th17 cell depletion hauv tus kab mob HIV. Txawm hais tias DCs ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kis tus kab mob, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kis kab mob ntawm tes, thiab kev nthuav qhia ntawm HIV antigens (Manches li al., 2014), lwm APCs xws li macrophages kuj ua rau muaj kab mob ntau ntxiv. Kev ua kom TREM-1 ntawm macrophages los ntawm HIV tau pom tias ua kom ntev macrophage muaj sia nyob, ua rau lawv tsim nyog rau cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv HIV (Campbell li al., 2019; Yuan et al., 2017). Txawm hais tias KCs tsis tuaj yeem kis tus kabmob HIV ncaj qha, lawv muaj peev xwm zais cov kab mob immunomodulatory cytokines uas yuav pab txhawb kev kis tus kabmob thiab kev sib kis (Galhardo li al., 2004). Mast hlwb kuj qhia txog CCR5 thiab CXCR4 thiab yog ib qho ntawm cov kab mob HIV latently (Marone li al., 2016; Sundstrom et al., 2007). Cov neeg mob uas tsis kho HIV, tshwj xeeb, tau pom tias muaj cov lus teb tsis yog-IgE-kev kho kom haum xeeb rau fluoroquinolones xws li ciprofloxacin, uas yog ib qho me me molecule ligand rau MRGPRX2 (Kelesidis li al., 2010). TAT, ib feem ntawm HIV-1 TAT protein, kuj tau pom tias ua kom MRGPRX2 (Grimes li al., 2019).
cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob
TSEEM CEEB TAM SIM NO: Cov kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij cuam tshuam nrog HIV
Kev mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij mob
PPE thiab eosinophilic folliculitis.-PPE feem ntau tshwm sim thaum muaj kab mob HIV thaum ntxov thiab yog li siv los ua tus cim rau kev kuaj mob ntxov ntawm tus kab mob HIV (Samanta li al., 2009), thiab qhov xwm txheej thiab qhov hnyav ntawm tus kab mob tau tshaj tawm tias muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm CD. 4+ T-cell suav (Uthayakumar li al., 1997). PPE tau npaj los ua qhov tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntau ntxiv rau arthropod tom lossis stings, nrog nce tag nrho IgE qhia hauv cov neeg mob uas tsim tus mob (Jiamton li al., 2014). PPE muaj qhov chaw kho mob sib tshooj nrog eosinophilic folliculitis (EF) ntawm HIV. EF tau xav tias yuav kho los ntawm Th2 cov lus teb rau cov kab mob tsis paub lossis cov neeg ua haujlwm, yuav yogPityrosporum ovallos yogDemodex folliculorum(follicular mite), ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv autoimmune rau sebocyte lossis ib feem ntawm sebum (Brenner li al., 1994; Oladokun li al., 2018b). Kev nce qib ntawm IL-4, IL-5, RANTES, thiab eotaxin tau tshaj tawm hauv daim tawv nqaij, qhia txog Th2 qauv (Amerio li al., 2001; McCalmont et al., 1995).
Seborrheic dermatitis.-Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) yog ib qho mob uas tshwm sim txog li 40% ntawm cov neeg mob HIV (Mathes thiab Douglass, 1985) thiab tsuas yog kwv yees li 3% ntawm cov neeg mob uas tsis muaj kab mob HIV (Fröschl li al., 1990; Mathes and Douglass, 1985; Valia, 2006). Hauv cov tib neeg uas muaj tus kab mob HIV, SD feem ntau muaj qhov tshwm sim tam sim ntawd, hnyav dua, thiab feem ntau rov kho dua. Nws tshwm sim thaum ntxov thaum kis kab mob HIV, ua rau muaj kev txo qis CD4 T-cell suav, thiab siv los ua tus cim ntxov ntawm kev kis kab mob HIV thiab kev kis kab mob (Ippolito li al., 2000; Uthayakumar li al., 1997). Txawm hais tias lub pathogenesis ntawm SD tsis to taub zoo, muaj kev koom tes nrog cov tawv nqaij colonization nrog cov poov xab ntawm genus.Malassezia. Raws li kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov neeg mob HIV, lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis tuaj yeem tshem cov poov xab, ua rau cov poov xab overgrowth thiab mob hnyav (Garg and Sanke, 2017). Ntxiv rau unhinderedMalasseziaKev loj hlob, kev cuam tshuam ntawm daim tawv nqaij microbiota ntawm cov kab mob SD daim tawv nqaij tau raug tshaj tawm piv nrog rau qhov chaw noj qab haus huv, thiab qhov kev cuam tshuam no tau xav tias yuav ua rau muaj ntau yam kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij, suav nrog atopic-zoo li dermatitis (AD) (Fercek li al., 2021. ).
Atopic-zoo li dermatitis (nyob rau hauv HIV).-Atopic-zoo li dermatitis yog ib tug mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij mob uas tshwm sim los ntawm xerosis, pruritus, thiab o ntawm daim tawv nqaij nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas muaj genetic susceptible (Oladokun li al., 2018b). Nws pom nyob hauv kwv yees li 30-50% ntawm cov neeg mob HIV piv nrog 2-20% hauv cov neeg uas tsis muaj kab mob HIV (Cedeno-Laurent li al., 2011; Lin thiab Lazarus, 1995) thiab ntau dua hauv cov menyuam yaus (Sodré et al. ., 2020). Tsis muaj ib theem tshwj xeeb ntawm kev kis kab mob HIV uas cuam tshuam nrog qhov pib ntawm tus kab mob; yog li ntawd, nws tsis yog siv los ua ib qho kev kuaj mob lossis kev ntsuas ntsuas (Garg and Sanke, 2017). Nws cuam tshuam nrog Th2 cytokine profile nrog nce IgE qib, nce eosinophils, thiab nce IL{16}} thiab IL{17}} cytokine theem (Dlova thiab Mosam, 2006; Ekpe, 2019; Majors et al., 1997 ). Tsis ntev los no, cov neeg mob nrog AD tau pom tias muaj NK cell deficiency uas zoo nkaus li zoo dua nrog kev kho mob (Kabashima thiab Weidinger, 2020; Mack li al., 2020), thiab HLA thiab killer Ig-zoo li receptor genetics kuj tseem ceeb heev. Cov xwm txheej txaus ntshai (Margolis li al., 2021). HIV viremia yog txuam nrog kev ua haujlwm txawv txav hauv NK hlwb thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tso cai ib puag ncig rau atopic-zoo li dermatitis (Fauci li al., 2005).
Chronic actinic dermatitis.-Chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD) yog ib qho tsis tshua muaj, tsis tu ncua, thiab tsis zoo rau photodermatosis, suav nrog cov kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Tus kab mob HIV yog txuam nrog ntau dua ntawm kev tsim cov duab (Bilu li al., 2004; Pappert li al., 1994; Vin-Christian li al., 2000), nrog CAD, photodistributed tshuaj eruptions, pellagra, thiab porphyria cutaneatarda feem ntau. Spectra of photodermatosis uas tau tshaj tawm (Isaacs li al., 2013; Koch, 2017). Cov yam ntxwv kho mob ntawm CAD, suav nrog kev faib tawm thiab kev ua qauv, yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg muaj kab mob HIV thiab cov neeg tsis muaj kab mob. Cov txiv neej muaj kab mob HIV ntawm Fitzpatrick daim tawv nqaij hom V thiab VI feem ntau cuam tshuam (Meola li al., 1997; Mercer et al., 2016; Wong and Khoo, 2005, 2003), thiab nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav, HIV-koom nrog rau theem CAD. tuaj yeem tshwm sim nrog hypopigmented lossis vitiligo zoo li depigmentation (Meola li al., 1997; Mercer li al., 2016). Cov kab mob HIV feem ntau muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob tseem ceeb ntawm kev nthuav qhia (CD4 suav <200 cells/mm3 ) (Meola li al., 1997; Wong and Khoo, 2003). Lub pathogenesis ntawm HIV-txuas nrog CAD tsis tau txhais, txawm hais tias CD8+ T hlwb xav tias ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Kev txo qis hauv CD4: CD8 piv rau cov tawv nqaij tawv nqaij tau raug tshaj tawm hauv txhua hom CAD (Hamada li al., 2017; Hawk, 2004; Pappert li al., 1994). Cov antigenic molecules hauv CAD tau raug postulated los ua DNA, RNA, los yog cov molecules muaj feem xyuam rau cov no (Hawk, 2004; Paek thiab Lim, 2014).
Psoriasis (nyob rau hauv HIV).-Psoriasis yog ib tug mob inflammatory kab mob nrog cutaneous manifestations. Hauv cov tib neeg uas muaj kab mob HIV, qhov tshwm sim ntawm psoriasis ntau dua, nws feem ntau nthuav tawm nrog cov kev kho mob ntau dua, thiab nws feem ntau rov kho dua (Cedeno-Laurent li al., 2011). Qhov hnyav ntawm tus kab mob cuam tshuam nrog qib ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob (Garg thiab Sanke, 2017; Wölfer li al., 1998). Psoriasis sab nraud ntawm tus kab mob HIV yog txuam nrog Th1 cytokine profile (Alpalhão li al., 2019). Muab qhov hloov pauv Th2 pom nyob rau hauv cov kab mob HIV siab heev, psoriasis hauv HIV yog suav tias yog paradoxical (Alpalhão li al., 2019; Morar et al., 2010), nrog cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias CD8+ T hlwb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub cim xeeb subset, ua lub luag haujlwm hauv cov kab mob pathogenesis, thiab yog li qhov kev hloov pauv Th2 tuaj yeem yog qhov yooj yim dua (Cheuk li al., 2014; Fife li al., 2007; Morar et al., 2010; Smoller et al., 1990; Visers et al., 2004). Ib qho kev soj ntsuam nthuav yog tias cov neeg mob psoriasis zoo li muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov kab mob sib txawv uas tiv thaiv kab mob HIV{18}} (Chen li al., 2012). Qhov no suav nrog HLA chav kawm 1 B-alleles uas tau cuam tshuam nrog kev tswj hwm tus kabmob HIV-1 rov ua dua ntxiv nrog rau kev nthuav dav ntawm HLA–C. Tsis tas li ntawd, HLA Bw4-80Kuv thiab qhov ua kom KIR3DS1 muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev tsis zoo ntawm HIV mus ntev nrog rau kev mob psoriasis ntxiv (Jiang et al., 2013).
Daim tawv nqaij tshwm sim ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob inflammatory syndrome.- Immune reconstitution syndrome yog ib qho mob rau cov kab mob uas twb muaj lawm, tus tswv tsev, lossis lwm yam antigens uas yuav tshwm sim thaum cov neeg mob HIV pib siv tshuaj tua kab mob (Lehloenya thiab Meintjes, 2006). Combinational antiretroviral therapy (cART) ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm tus kab mob HIV replication thiab poob ntawm cov kab mob kis, ua rau rov qab los ntawm CD4 xov tooj ntawm tes. Kev kho kom rov muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm cART yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig vim nws txo qis kev kis kab mob thiab xav tau kev kho mob tsis tu ncua. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob (IRIS) tshwm sim vim qhov kev tiv thaiv kab mob no, ua rau ib ntus zuj zus ntawm ntau yam kab mob thiab kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij (Lawn li al., 2005; Lehloenya thiab Meintjes, 2006; Oladokun li al., 2018b). IRIS feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov neeg mob pib cART nrog CD4 cell suav<50 cells/mm3. The most common types of skin infections seen as part of IRIS include human papillomavirus, reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, cutaneous mycobacterial infections, or molluscum contagiosum. Inflammatory skin disorders of IRIS include AD and EF (Oladokun et al., 2018c).
Hypersensitivity ntawm daim tawv nqaij mob Maculopapular eruptions.-Maculopapular eruptions (MPEs) los yog morbilliform pob liab yog hais txog cov pob liab liab uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov macules tiaj tus thiab tsa papules ntawm keeb kwm ntawm erythema. Ua rau MPE muaj xws li cov tsos mob tshwm sim ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab kis kab mob. MPE yog qhov kev kho mob tshwm sim ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov tsos mob tsis zoo, txawm hais tias nws feem ntau yog mob me thiab ntuav. HIV yog ib qho kev lees paub zoo hauv kev tshem tawm ntawm MPE. MPE tau raug cais ob qho tib si raws li hom IVb (Th2) thiab hom IVc (cytotoxic T-cell-mediated) hypersensitivity cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (Ukoha li al., 2015). Sab nraum tus kab mob HIV, kev tshawb fawb immunohistochemistry (IHC) tau pom tias cov cell infiltrates hauv MPE feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm CD4+ thiab CD8+ T hlwb, qhia cov cim ntawm cytotoxic muaj nuj nqi perforin thiab granzyme (Yawalkar li al., 2000).
cistanche ntxiv cov txiaj ntsig-yuav ua li cas ntxiv dag zog rau lub cev
Nyem qhov no mus saib Cistanche Enhance Immunity khoom
【Nug ntxiv】 Email: cindy.xue@wecistanche.com / Whats App: 0086 18599088692 / Wechat: 18599088692
Cov tsos mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij mob hnyav.-Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) occur at a higher rate in HIV-infected patients than in the general population and cause significant morbidity (Peter et al., 2019). SCARs are type IV hypersensitivity reactions, and in HIV-infected persons, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and SJS/TEN are the two most frequently encountered treatment-limiting forms (Lehloenya and Dheda, 2012; Peter et al., 2019). SCAR is common in persons living with HIV and occurs at all severities of HIV-associated immunosuppression. Data linking CD4 cell count strata with certain SCAR combinations have been conflicting. For example, early studies identified CD4 cell counts >200 hlwb/mm3 raws li qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam rau nevirapine (NVP)-induced SJS thiab tshuaj-vim lub siab raug mob (Dube li al., 2013; Hasan et al., 2022; Tseng et al., 2014); Txawm li cas los xij, tau muaj NVP-induced SJS cov neeg mob uas muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob hnyav (<200 cells/mm3 ) (Britto and Augustine, 2019) and studies where no association between CD4 counts and disease onset was found (Peters et al., 2010; Phanuphak et al., 2007).
Lwm yam cuam tshuam nrog kev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo xws li kev nthuav dav ntawm CD8+ thiab lub davhlau ya nyob twg TEM hlwb, kev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo cuam tshuam nrog ntau theem ntawm cov kab mob cytokines, hloov pauv Th subset piv nrog Th2 skewing, thiab muaj peev xwm depletion ntawm Treg hlwb tau raug npaj. / Qhia kom muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim SCARs hauv HIV (Cardone li al., 2018; Peter li al., 2019; Phillips thiab Mallal, 2018). HLA-gene koom haum yog ib qho kev pheej hmoo rau kev tsim SCARs thiab tuaj yeem yog cov pej xeem tshwj xeeb vim muaj kev hloov pauv ntau zaus; Ib qho piv txwv yog HLA-B * 58:01 kev pheej hmoo allele rau allopurinol-induced SJS/TEN thiab DRESS nyob rau hauv Han Suav, African American, thiab cov neeg mob ntawm European caj ces (Fontana li al., 2021; Gonçalo li al., 2013; Goodman thiab Brett, 2021; Hung et al., 2005; Saito et al., 2016; Zhou et al., 2021).
Abacavir hypersensitivity.-Abacavir yog ib qho nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor siv los ua ib feem ntawm kev kho mob HIV (Borrás-Blasco li al., 2008; Phillips thiab Mallal, 2007). Abacavir hypersensitivity yog qhov tsis tshua muaj tab sis muaj kev phom sij rau lub neej, tshwm sim hauv kwv yees li 3-5% ntawm cov neeg tau txais kev kho mob (Borrás-Blasco li al., 2008). Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kub taub hau, pob liab liab, mob plab, thiab cov tsos mob ua pa, tshwm sim hauv 6 lub lis piam ntawm kev pib abacavir (Hetherington li al., 2001; Phillips thiab Mallal, 2007). Abacavir hypersensitivity yog txwv los ntawm HLAB * 57:01 allele (Norcross et al., 2012; Ostrov et al., 2012) thiab yog kho los ntawm CD8+ T-cell activation thiab tom qab tso tawm ntawm inflammatory cytokines. Lesional daim tawv nqaij biopsies los ntawm ob qho tib si abacavir hypersensitivity cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab ib qho kev kuaj qhov zoo tau pom tias muaj kev nkag mus ntawm CD8+ T hlwb (Giorgini li al., 2011; Micozzi li al., 2015; Shear et al., 2008). Kev tshuaj ntsuam caj ces rau HLA-B * 57:01 allele rau abacavir hypersensitivity yog pom zoo los ntawm US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, thiab Canada Health nyob rau hauv niaj hnub kev kho mob xyaum kom txo tau txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (Mallal li al., 2008; Rauch et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2022; Zucman et al., 2007). Txawm li cas los xij, lub nra hnyav nrog HLA kev tshuaj xyuas rau ntau yam tshuaj yog tias txawm tias HLA pheej hmoo allele yog qhov tsim nyog, nws tsis txaus rau kev txhim kho cov tshuaj hypersensitivity vim tias tsis yog txhua tus neeg mob nqa qhov kev pheej hmoo alleles tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (Peter li al., 2017). Cardone et al. (2018) tsim HLAB*57:01–transgenic nas qauv uas qhia lub luag hauj lwm CD4+ T hlwb ua si nyob rau hauv kev kho kom haum xeeb rau lub altered endogenous peptide repertoire induced los ntawm abacavir thiab npaj ib tug mechanism uas CD{{33} } T hlwb suppress DC maturation (Cardone li al., 2018; Phillips thiab Mallal, 2018), yog li muaj peev xwm piav qhia vim li cas qee tus neeg nqa khoom HLA-B * 57:01 zam abacavir.
SEARCH GAP
Sab nraud ntawm tus kab mob HIV, cov kab mob ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov kab mob inflammatory ntawm daim tawv nqaij uas tau piav qhia ua ntej tau zoo immunohistologically characterized. Hauv qhov sib piv, tsis muaj pov thawj me me ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tus kab mob hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm HIV coinfection. Txawm hais tias muaj pov thawj uas twb muaj lawm ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm HIV rau ntawm qhov chaw mucosal, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau nthuav dav ntxiv rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij nrog cov kab mob sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob epithelial, txhais tau hais tias ob qho tib si ib txwm muaj thiab kab mob cuam tshuam nrog microenvironments. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kab mob HIV uas cuam tshuam nrog kev mob siab rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, lawv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob HIV, thiab cov txheej txheem tam sim no siv rau cov chaw tshawb fawb tau piav qhia hauv Table 1, nrog cov duab macroscopic uas qhia txog cov yam ntxwv zoo li no hauv daim duab 2a–i. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsuas yog txwv rau cov kev tshawb fawb histopathology thiab IHC, thiab tsis muaj qhov chaw siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov txheej txheem kab mob raug siv los nkag siab txog kab mob pathogenesis nyob rau hauv thiab sab nraud ntawm tus kab mob HIV.
cistanche cov txiaj ntsig rau cov txiv neej-ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob
TECHNICAL APPPROACHES
Expanded immunohistochemistry thiab multiplex fluorescent microscopy
Basic immunohistochemistry muaj nuj nqis nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab txhais ntawm inflammatory kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij, pab txheeb xyuas lub ntsiab culprit lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tes thiab ib co ntawm cov molecules lawv tsim / nthuav tawm uas tej zaum yuav kho kab mob. Kev nthuav dav cov hom phiaj tiv thaiv kab mob txhim kho tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus kab mob thiab yuav ua kom txhua tus neeg tuaj yeem kho tau tus kab mob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tus kab mob tsis raug pom. Qhov no suav nrog kev nthuav dav lub hom phiaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tes (ob leeg hauv lub cev thiab hloov kho) thiab lawv cov cytokines, chemokines, thiab cell deg receptors. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev txheeb xyuas cov kab mob HIV hauv thiab sab nraud yuav ua rau muaj kev pom zoo rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm HIV hauv kev kis kab mob. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias kev txheeb xyuas ntawm qee cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob xws li TRM hlwb tseem yog qhov nyuaj vim lawv cov phenotypic heterogeneity thiab kev nthuav qhia ntawm ntau cov cim saum npoo, tsis suav nrog kev siv tus qauv triple colocalization immunofluorescence mus kom ze (Schunkert li al., 2021). Kev nce qib tsis ntev los no hauv multiplex immunofluorescence microscopy imaging aid hauv kev kov yeej qhov teeb meem no (Phillips li al., 2021; Willemsen li al., 2022).
Kev tiv thaiv ib leeg-cell txoj hauv kev: txav los ntawm cov txheej txheem transcriptomic mus rau ib leeg-cell tsom xam
Ib leeg-hlwb RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) nthuav tawm lwm cov txheej txheem muaj zog uas tau siv los ua tus cwj pwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tsis muaj zog ntawm tes los ntawm cov tawv nqaij thiab cov tawv nqaij tsis zoo hauv cov kab mob inflammatory thiab hypersensitivity. Kev hloov pauv hloov ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tus kab mob tsis yog tsuas yog muab kev nkag siab rau kev nkag siab tam sim no ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic tab sis kuj tseem pab txheeb xyuas cov kab mob tseem ceeb T-cell cov pej xeem, cov noob loj dhau, thiab hloov txoj hauv kev ntawm tes; tag nrho cov no tuaj yeem txhais tau rau kev siv tshuaj kho tus kheej (Shalek thiab Benson, 2017). Hauv cov kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm psoriasis, cov txheej txheem no tau siv los qhia cov noob qhia cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob sib piv nrog rau cov tawv nqaij li qub thiab txhais cov kev kho tus kheej thiab tsom mus rau kev kho mob (Kim li al., 2021). Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij qhov txhab ntawm DRESS, txoj kev ntsuam xyuas tau siv los txheeb xyuas cov Jak-signal transducer thiab activator ntawm transcription pathways raws li lub hom phiaj kho mob (Kim li al., 2020). Nkag siab txog cov ntaub ntawv transscriptomic ntawm cov tawv nqaij ib txwm nyob hauv thiab sab nraud tus kab mob HIV yuav ua rau muaj kev nkag siab ntau ntxiv rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cov noob caj noob ces ntawm lub xeev khov kho. Ntxiv profileing ntawm daim tawv nqaij kab mob HIV yuav pab ua kom cov kab mob ua rau cov cell.
cistanche cov txiaj ntsig-ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob
Spatial transscriptomics
Txawm hais tias tsis ntev los no kev nce qib hauv scRNA-seq hauv kev txheeb xyuas cov cell subpopulations nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, qhov tsis muaj peev xwm los ntes cov spatial localization ntawm cov hlwb hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg yog ib qho kev txwv loj. Cov ntaub ntawv spatial no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev nkag siab txog kev sib txuas lus hauv lub cev hauv qab ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab kab mob (Longo li al., 2021; Rao et al., 2021). Spatial transcriptomics hais txog qhov kev sib tw no los ntawm lub cev daim ntawv qhia cov noob tau nthuav tawm hauv cov cell subsets hauv cov ntaub so ntswg tiag tiag, ua rau lub teeb ci ntawm cov niches enriched rau cov noob sib txawv. Cov txheej txheem no tau siv ntau zuj zus los ua tus cwj pwm ntawm lwm yam kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij xws li mob qog noj ntshav (Ma li al., 2021), tab sis rau peb txoj kev paub, nws tsis tau siv yav dhau los ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm daim tawv nqaij inflammatory thiab hypersensitivity ntawm daim tawv nqaij uas tau teev tseg hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no. Yog li ntawd, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm scRNA-seq mus kom ze nrog lub cev daim duab qhia-tawm ntawm daim tawv nqaij ib txwm nyob hauv thiab sab nraud ntawm HIV yuav ntxiv rau qhov xwm txheej thiab kev faib tawm hauv cheeb tsam ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv hauv cov kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
Cov lus xaus thiab cov lus qhia yav tom ntej
Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tias tus kab mob HIV ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim cov tawv nqaij sib txawv. Ntau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kab mob HIV-tsav tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tau raug npaj thiab piav qhia txog kev ua haujlwm thiab nyob rau theem ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm homeostatic ntawm ob lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob (innate thiab adaptive) thiab cov kab mob uas tsis muaj zog nyob hauv daim tawv nqaij tau hloov pauv thaum kis kab mob HIV, thiab qhov kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv zos no yog tus tsav tsheb loj rau qhov pib ntawm daim tawv nqaij mob. Txoj hauv kev ncaj qha ntawm tus kab mob HIV ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov kab mob hauv kev tsim cov tawv nqaij tshwj xeeb tseem tsis tau pom, thiab muaj qee qhov kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tus kab mob los tshawb xyuas qhov no. Kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav tsum tau tsom mus rau kev siv cov txheej txheem no ntau tshaj ib leeg-hlwb thiab spatial transcriptomic mus kom ze, ntxiv rau kev nthuav dav immunohistochemistry thiab multiplex mus kom ze, kom nkag siab zoo dua cov kev hloov pauv ntawm daim tawv nqaij tiv thaiv kab mob uas ua rau muaj kab mob inflammatory thiab hypersensitivity, nrog lub peev xwm los tsim. tshiab biomarkers thiab cov tswv yim cuam tshuam.
TXOJ CAI
Txoj haujlwm Immune-mediated Adverse Drug Reactions-Africa yog ib feem ntawm European thiab Tsim Lub Tebchaws Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Sib Koom Tes Kev Sib Koom Tes 2 qhov kev txhawb nqa los ntawm European Union (tus lej nyiaj TMA2017SF-1981). Lub Immune-mediated Adverse Drug Reactions-South Africa Registry thiab Biorepository yog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm National Institute of Allergy thiab Kab Mob Sib Kis ntawm National Institutes of Health (NIH) raws li khoom plig tus lej R01AI152183. JGP tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm NIH Fogarty txoj haujlwm kev txhim kho khoom plig (K43TW011178-04). TC tau txais kev txhawb nqa nyiaj txiag los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm University of Cape Town Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab MSc kev sib raug zoo los ntawm NIH (5 D43 TW010559). CB thiab RS tau txais kev txhawb nqa nyiaj txiag los ntawm European thiab Kev Txhim Kho Lub Tebchaws Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Sib Koom Tes. PC tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm NIH Fogarty PhD kev sib raug zoo (5 D43 TW010559) thiab South African Medical Research Council los ntawm nws lub Division of Research Capacity Development nyob rau hauv Bongani Mayosi National Health Scholars Program. RL txoj haujlwm tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm South African Medical Research Council thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tsis suav nrog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm South African National Research Foundation. EJP qhia txog nyiaj pab los ntawm NIH (P50GM115305, R01HG010863, R01AI152183, U01AI154659, R13AR078623, UAI109565) thiab National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. Nws tau txais Royalties los ntawm Uptodate thiab tus nqi sab laj los ntawm Janssen, Vertex, Biocryst, thiab Regeneron. Nws yog tus thawj coj ntawm ID Pty thiab tuav daim ntawv pov thawj rau HLA-B * 57: 01 kev sim rau abacavir hypersensitivity thiab muaj patent tseem tos rau Kev Tshawb Nrhiav Tib Neeg Leukocyte Antigen-A * 32: 01 hauv kev txuas nrog Kev Tshawb Fawb Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv nrog Eosinophilia thiab Cov tsos mob ntawm lub cev yam tsis muaj nyiaj them poob haujlwm thiab tsis cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov haujlwm xa mus. Peb lees paub Karen Adamson, tus kws tsim duab kos duab ywj pheej, los ntawm Cape Town, South Africa, uas tau pab cov duab kos duab.
REFERENCES
Afonso JP, Tomimori J, Michalany NS, Noogaki S, Porro AM. Pruritic papular eruption thiab eosinophilic folliculitis txuam nrog human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) kab mob: ib tug histopathological thiab immunohistochemical kev sib piv kawm. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 67:269– 75. [PubMed: 22521200]
Alpalhão M, Borges-Costa J, Filipe P. Psoriasis hauv kab mob HIV: ib qho hloov tshiab. Int J STD AIDS 2019; 30: 596–604. [Pub Med: 30813860]
Amerio P, Verdolini R, Proietto G, Feliciani C, Toto P, Shivji G, et al. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Th2 cytokines, RANTES thiab eotaxin nyob rau hauv AIDS-associated eosinophilic folliculitis. Acta Derm Venereol 2001; 81:92–5. [Pub Med: 11501668]
Bilu D, Mamelak AJ, Nguyen RH, Queiroz PC, Kowalski J, Morison WL, et al. Clinical thiab epidemiological characterization ntawm photosensitivity nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas muaj tus kab mob HIV. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2004; 20: 175–83. [Pub Med: 15238095]
Boasso A, Shearer GM, Chougnet C. Immune dysregulation in human immunodeficiency virus infection: Paub nws, kho nws, tiv thaiv nws? J Intern Med 2009; 265:78–96. [Pub Med: 19093962]
Borrás-Blasco J, Navarro-Ruiz A, Borrás C, Casterá E. Cov tsos mob tshwm sim tsis zoo cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tshiab tshaj plaws hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj tus kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob tib neeg. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:879–88. [Pub Med: 18653488]
Brenchley JM, Paiardini M, Knox KS, Asher AI, Cervasi B, Asher TE, et al. Differential Th17 CD4 T-cell depletion nyob rau hauv pathogenic thiab nonpathogenic lentiviral kab mob. Ntshav 2008; 112:2826–35. [Pub Med: 18664624]
Brenner S, Hma R, Ophir J. Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis: ib tug sterile folliculitis ntawm tsis paub ua li cas? J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 31:210–2. [PubMed: 8040403] Britto GR, Augustine M. Mucocutaneous manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) kab mob hauv me nyuam txog qib ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Int J Dermatol 2019; 58: 1165– 71. [PubMed: 30927252]
Campbell GR, Rau RK, Spector SA. TREM-1 tiv thaiv HIV-1-mob macrophages los ntawm apoptosis los ntawm kev saib xyuas ntawm mitochondrial function. Xyoo 2019; 10. ib 02638–19. [Pub Med: 31719184]
Cardone M, Garcia K, Tilahun ME, Boyd LF, Gebreyohannes S, Yano M, et al. Tus qauv transgenic nas rau HLA-B*57:01- txuas rau abacavir tshuaj kam rau ua thiab ua haujlwm. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2819–32. [Pub Med: 29782330]
Cedeno-Laurent F, Gómez-Flores M, Mendez N, Ancer-Rodríguez J, Bryant JL, Gaspari AA, et al. Kev nkag siab tshiab rau HIV-1- kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij. J Int AIDS Soc 2011; 14:5. [Pub Med: 21261982]
Chen H, Hayashi G, Lai OY, Dilthey A, Kuebler PJ, Wong TV, et al. Psoriasis cov neeg mob tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov noob caj noob ces uas tiv thaiv kab mob HIV-1. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002514. [Pub Med: 22577363]
Cheuk S, Wikén M, Blomqvist L, Nylén S, Talme T, Ståhle M, et al. Epidermal Th22 thiab Tc17 hlwb tsim cov kab mob hauv zos nco hauv kev kho mob psoriasis. J Immunol 2014; 192:3111–20. [PubMed: 24610014] Chevalier MF, Weiss L. Tus neeg sib cais ntawm kev tswj T hlwb hauv kab mob HIV. Ntshav 2013; 121:29–37. [Pub Med: 23043072]
Chompunud Na Ayudhya C, Roy S, Thapaliya M, Ali H. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm mast cell-specific receptor MRGPRX2 nyob rau hauv Lub Tsev Tiv Thaiv thiab Kab Mob. J Dent Res 2020; 99:882–90. [Pub Med: 32392433]
Chung WH, Hung SI, Yang JY, Su SC, Huang SP, Wei CY, et al. Granulysin yog tus kws kho mob tseem ceeb rau kev tshaj tawm keratinocyte tuag hauv Stevens-Johnson syndrome thiab tshuaj lom epidermal necrolysis. Nat Med 2008; 14:1343–50. [Pub Med: 19029983]
Clark RA. Cov neeg nyob hauv nco T hlwb hauv tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab kab mob. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:269rv1. Clausen B, Stoitzner P. Kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm daim tawv nqaij dendritic cell subsets hauv kev tswj T cell teb. Pem Hauv Ntej Immunol 2015; 6: 534. [Pub Med: 26557117]
Clerici M, Shearer GM. A TH1–>TH2 hloov yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv etiology ntawm tus kab mob HIV. Immunol Today 1993; 14:107–11. [PubMed: 8096699] Clerici M, Shearer GM. The Th1-Th2 lub tswv yim ntawm tus kab mob HIV: kev nkag siab tshiab. Immunol Today 1994; 15:575–81. [Pub Med: 7848519]
Coates M, Lee MJ, Norton D, MacLeod AS. Cov tawv nqaij thiab plab hnyuv microbiota thiab lawv cov kab mob tshwj xeeb hauv lub cev. Pem Hauv Ntej Immunol 2019; 10: 2950. [Pub Med: 31921196]
Dlova NC, Mosam A. Inflammatory noninfectious dermatoses of HIV. Dermatol Clin 2006; 24:439e48. vi. [Pub Med: 17010774]
Dube N, Adewusi E, Summers R. Risk of nevirapine-associated StevensJohnson syndrome ntawm cov poj niam cev xeeb tub uas muaj HIV: Medunsa National Pharmacovigilance Center, 2007e2012. S Afr Med J 2013; 103:322–5. [Pub Med: 23971123]
Egbuniwe IU, Karagiannis SN, Nestle FO, Lacy KE. Revisiting lub luag haujlwm ntawm B hlwb hauv daim tawv nqaij tiv thaiv kab mob. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:102–11. [Pub Med: 25616715]
Ekpe O Pruritic papular eruption ntawm HIV: ib tsab xov xwm tshuaj xyuas. Peb Dermatol Online 2019; 10:191–6. Fauci AS, Mavilio D, Kottilil S. NK hlwb nyob rau hauv tus kab mob HIV: ib tug paradigm rau kev tiv thaiv los yog lub hom phiaj rau ambush [tso tawm kho tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5: 960] Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5: 835–43. [Pub Med: 16239902]
Fercek I, Lugovic-Mihic L, Tambic-Andrasevic A, Cesic D, Grginic AG, Beslic I, et al. Nta ntawm daim tawv nqaij microbiota cov kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Lub Neej (Basel) 2021; 11:962. [Pub Med: 34575111]
Fife DJ, Waller JM, Jeffes EW, Koo JY. Unraveling lub paradoxes ntawm HIV-koom nrog psoriasis: kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm T-cell subsets thiab cytokine profiles. Dermatol Online J 2007; 13:4. Fontana RJ, Li YJ, Phillips E, Saeed N, Barnhart H, Kleiner D, et al. Allopurinol hepatotoxicity yog txuam nrog tib neeg leukocyte antigen class I alleles. Liver Int 2021; 41:1884–93. [Pub Med: 33899326]
Fröschl M, Land HG, Landthaler M. Seborrheic dermatitis thiab atopic eczema nyob rau hauv human immunodeficiency virus kab mob. Semin Dermatol 1990; 9:230–2. [Pub Med: 2145024]
Gaide O, Emerson RO, Jiang X, Gulati N, Nizza S, Desmarais C, et al. Feem ntau clonal keeb kwm ntawm lub hauv paus thiab cov neeg nyob hauv lub cim xeeb T hlwb tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv daim tawv nqaij. Nat Med 2015; 21:647–53. [Pub Med: 25962122]
Galhardo MC, Alvarenga FF, Schueler G, Perez M, Morgado MG, Ferreira H, thiab al. Cov tawv nqaij ib txwm ntawm cov neeg muaj tus kab mob HIV muaj ntau cov dermal CD8 T hlwb thiab cov lej ntawm Langerhans hlwb. Braz J Med Biol Res 2004; 37:745–53. [Pub Med: 15107938]
Garg T, Sanke S. Inflammatory dermatoses in human immunodeficiency virus. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2017; 38:113–20. [Pub Med: 30148263]
Giorgini S, Martinelli C, Tognetti L, Carocci A, Giuntini R, Mastronardi V, et al. Kev siv thaj chaw kuaj mob rau kev kuaj mob ntawm abacavir-hais txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab rau cov neeg mob HIV. Dermatol Ther 2011; 24:591–4. [Pub Med: 22515676]
Gonçalo M, Coutinho I, Teixeira V, Gameiro AR, Brites MM, Nunes R, et al. HLA-B * 58: 01 yog qhov muaj feem pheej hmoo rau allopurinol-induced DRESS thiab Stevens-Johnson syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem Portuguese. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169:660–5. [Pub Med: 23600531]
Goodman CW, Brett AS. Haiv neeg thiab pharmacogenomics-tus kheej cov tshuaj los yog kev coj tsis ncaj? JAMA 2021; 325:625–6. [Pub Med: 33492362]
Grey CM, O'Hagan KL, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Olivier AJ, Amu S, Chigorimbo-Murefu N, et al. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm chemokine CC ligand 27, foreskin anatomy thiab kev sib deev kis kab mob ntawm HIV-1 lub hom phiaj muaj cell muaj nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas South African txiv neej. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:118–27. [Pub Med: 31619762]
Grimes J, Desai S, Charter NW, Lodge J, Moita Santos RM, Isidro-Llobet A, et al. MrgX2 yog ib qho promiscuous receptor rau peptides yooj yim ua rau mast cell pseudo-allergic thiab anaphylactoid tshwm sim. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00547. [Pub Med: 31832205]
Hamada T, Aoyama Y, Shirafuji Y, Iwatsuki K. Phenotypic tsom xam ntawm circulating T-cell subset thiab nws cov koom haum nrog lub nra ntawm cov kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj hnub nyoog actinic dermatitis: ib tug hematologic thiab clinicopathologic kawm ntawm 20 yam. Int J Dermatol 2017; 56:540–6. [Pub Med: 28176301]
Haniffa M, Gunawan M, Jardine L. Tib neeg daim tawv nqaij dendritic hlwb hauv kev noj qab haus huv thiab kab mob. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 77:85–92. [Pub Med: 25301671]
Haniffa M, Shin A, Bigley V, McGovern N, Teo P, See P, et al.. Tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg muaj CD141hi cross-presenting dendritic cells nrog kev ua haujlwm homology rau nas CD103+ nonlymphoid dendritic cells. Kev tiv thaiv 2012; 37:60–73. [Pub Med: 22795876]
Hasan M, Yunihastuti E, Teguh HK, Abdullah M. Kev tshwm sim thiab kev kwv yees ntawm nevirapine thiab efavirenz-kev sib koom ua pob liab liab ntawm Indonesian cov neeg mob HIV. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2022; 40:141–6. [Pub Med: 32061245]
