HIV-1 Kab mob hauv lub raum: tshuab thiab cuam tshuam
Apr 21, 2023
Abstract
Cov tib neeg muaj kab mob HIV muaj kev pheej hmoo siab dua rau mob raum mob thiab mob ntev dua piv rau cov neeg tsis muaj kab mob. Kab mob raum nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem no yog multifactorial thiab muaj xws li kab mob HIV ntawm lub raum hlwb, mob o, genetic susceptibility, laus, comorbidities, thiab co-kis kab mob. Hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no, peb sau cov kev nce qib tsis ntev los no hauv kev nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem thiab cuam tshuam ntawm kev kis kab mob HIV thiab kab mob raum, nrog rau kev tsom mus rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus kab mob HIV ncaj qha ntawm lub raum hlwb.
Ntsiab lus
HIV; Kab mob raum;Cov txiaj ntsig Cistanche.
Nyem qhov no mus yuavCistanche ntxiv cov khoom
Taw qhia
Kev raug mob raum yog ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm tus kab mob HIV. Ntau lub tswv yim tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kab mob raum rau cov neeg nyob nrog HIV (PLWH), suav nrog kev raug mob ncaj qha cuam tshuam nrog kev kis kab mob HIV thiab cov noob qhia, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, kev kho mob toxicity, comorbidities, thiab comorbidities. Ua ntej muaj kev kho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (ART), HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) yog kab mob raum ntau tshaj plaws hauv PLWH. Cov qauv tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg kev tshawb fawb biopsy tau tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm HIV thiab kev kis tus kab mob HIV ncaj qha ntawm lub raum epithelial hlwb (Daim duab 1), qhia txog cov kab mob hauv lub raum, thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tus tswv tsev koom nrog hauv kev sib txawv ntawm tes thiab lub voj voog ntawm tes. Yog tsis muaj ART, HIV sai sai mus rau theem kawg ntawm lub raum kab mob; Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tau muab rau thaum ntxov ntawm cov kab mob HIV stabilizes lub raum kev ua haujlwm thiab txhim kho kev mob tshwm sim, zoo ib yam nrog lub luag haujlwm ncaj qha ntawm lub raum kab mob HIV hauv lub raum pathology. Txawm hais tias tus kab mob HIV tau poob qis nrog kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob dav dav, nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob raum hauv kev teeb tsa kev kuaj mob HIV qeeb lossis tsis ua raws li kev kho mob antiretroviral.
Nrog rau kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov neeg laus HIV. Cov kab mob hauv lub raum kawg (ESRD) tshwm sim thaum muaj hnub nyoog qis dua hauv cov neeg mob PLWH dua li cov neeg mob HIV tsis zoo, thiab qhov kev cia siab rau kev lim ntshav yuav zoo dua rau cov neeg mob PLWH. Nyob rau xyoo thaum ntxov ntawm kev sib kis, kev hloov pauv raum tsis yog ib qho kev xaiv rau PLWH vim muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis tus kab mob kis tau zoo thiab qhov tsis paub meej ntawm kev faib cov peev txheej tsis txaus rau cov pej xeem uas tsis paub txog qhov tshwm sim thiab cov txiaj ntsig muaj sia nyob. Cov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam tau pom tias kev hloov pauv PLWH tuaj yeem muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab muaj kev pom zoo, txawm hais tias qhov kev tsis lees paub allograft muaj ntau dua thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev muaj sia nyob mus ntev. Cov ntaub ntawv tsis ntev los no los ntawm South Africa txhawb nqa kev siv HIV ntxiv rau cov khoom siv pub dawb, txawm hais tias xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv los ntsuas qhov kev nyab xeeb ntawm txoj hauv kev no hauv cov neeg uas muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no hauv HIV ntxiv rau cov neeg tau txais kev hloov hauv lub raum kuj tseem qhia txog lub peev xwm ntawm lub raum ua cov kab mob viral reservoir, txawm hais tias muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam rau kev muaj sia nyob mus ntev thiab ntawm kev tsim cov tswv yim kho mob HIV tsis meej.
Hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no, peb piav qhia txog kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no hauv kev hloov pauv caj ces ntawm PLWH rau kab mob raum, hauv vivo pov thawj txhawb nqa lub raum raws li lub peev xwm ntawm tus kab mob, thiab hauv vitro kev tshawb fawb elucidating cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kis kab mob ntawm lub raum epithelial hlwb.
Herba Cistanche
Kev tshwm sim thiab kev nthuav qhia kho mob raum kab mob hauv PLWH
Mob raum raug mob (AKI), txhais tau hais tias nce qib creatinine hauv cov ntshav qhia tau tias lub raum ua haujlwm poob sai, muaj ntau dua hauv HIV ntxiv rau cov tib neeg ntau dua li cov pej xeem thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev pheej hmoo ntawm lwm yam teeb meem, suav nrog lub plawv tsis ua haujlwm, kab mob plawv. , ESRD, thiab kev tuag. Hauv tsev kho mob PLWH, qhov xwm txheej ntawm AKI cuam tshuam nrog kev tuag ntau ntxiv.
HIVAN yog tus kab mob raum classic uas cuam tshuam nrog kev kis kab mob HIV thiab yog qhov chaw kho mob uas ua rau lub raum tsis ua haujlwm sai, feem ntau nrog cov proteinuria tseem ceeb hauv cov neeg mob HIV (Table 1). Histologically, nws nthuav tawm nrog atrophic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), microcystic tubular dilatation, thiab interstitial infiltration; Nws kuj tseem muaj qhov txawv txav ntawm tes, suav nrog hypertrophy, polyploidy, thiab apoptosis. Kev kuaj kab mob sib kis tau ua thaum kis tus kab mob HIV thiab thaum rov zoo los ntawm kev pib kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob pom tau tias muaj kev txhim kho tseem ceeb hauv cov kab mob, suav nrog kev txo qis hauv cov kab mob, txo cov kab mob tubulointerstitial, kev ploj ntawm microcystins, thiab txo qis cellular abnormality. Txawm hais tias qhov kev txhim kho no, FSGS tuaj yeem ua tau. Txawm hais tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm HIV tau txo qis vim qhov ua tiav ntawm ART, kab mob raum ntev (CKD) tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob PLWH. Tus kab mob HIV yog suav tias yog ib qho kev pheej hmoo rau kev loj hlob ntawm CKD, thiab ntxiv rau cov kev pheej hmoo ib txwm muaj xws li genetic susceptibility, ntshav qab zib, kub siab, thiab ib puag ncig yam, nephrotoxicity ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (ART) nce PLWH kab mob hauv PLWH. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm CKD kuj tseem nce ntxiv vim muaj hnub nyoog ntawm PLWH cov pej xeem, uas nws lub neej expectancy tam sim no nce mus txog ntawm cov pej xeem vim muaj kev siv ART.
Genetic predisposition nyob rau hauv kab mob HIV ntsig txog raum
Piv nrog rau lwm haiv neeg, cov neeg ntawm cov neeg African qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob ntau dua ntawm kev tsim kab mob raum, thiab qhov kev pheej hmoo no tau nthuav dav hauv PLWH. Qhov kev sib txawv ntawm haiv neeg no yog txuam nrog kev sib txawv ntawm apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene (Table 2), ib tug tswv cuab ntawm APOL gene tsev neeg uas tau xav tias ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tiv thaiv hauv lub cev. Ob qhov sib txawv (G1 thiab G2) tau cuam tshuam nrog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kab mob raum piv rau hom tsiaj qus (G0). Cov kev hloov no yog tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg ntawm cov neeg African qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob thiab tej zaum yuav tsis ntev los no tau raug xaiv nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa raws li kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kab mob trypanosome. Ob qho kev hloov pauv no muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob zoo tiv thaiv trypanosomiasis tab sis ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kab mob HIV cuam tshuam rau lub raum. Cov variants no tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo thiab tiv thaiv trypanosomes hauv lub xeev heterozygous, tab sis ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob hauv lub raum hauv cov ntshiab (G1, G1 lossis G2, G2) lossis compound heterozygous xeev (G1, G2). Qhov tseem ceeb, cov APOL1 cov kev hloov pauv no feem ntau tsis tuaj hauv Ethiopia thiab East Africa, thiab HIVAN tsis tau pom hauv cov neeg no.
Cov tib neeg uas muaj kev pheej hmoo siab rau APOL1 genotype muaj 7 - 10-fold nce kev pheej hmoo ntawm FSGS uas tsis yog-HIV-txuas nrog FSGS thiab kub siab-txuas nrog ESRD. Hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus kab mob HIV, cov kab mob sib txawv no ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm HIV los ntawm 29-fold hauv African Asmeskas thiab 89-fold hauv South Africans.
Lub tshuab ntawm apol1- kho lub raum kev raug mob tsis tau nkag siab tag nrho. apol1 yog qhia nyob rau hauv ntau cov ntaub so ntswg thiab circulates nyob rau hauv plasma, feem ntau yog los ntawm lub siab. Txawm li cas los xij, plasma APOL1 qib tsis cuam tshuam nrog rau mob raum. Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev hloov pauv tau qhia tias qhov muaj kev pheej hmoo siab hloov pauv ntawm APOL1 hauv cov neeg pub khoom nruab nrog cev, tab sis tsis nyob hauv cov neeg tau txais kev hloov pauv, txiav txim siab txog kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob tom ntej. Hauv kev xaus, cov ntawv ceeb toom no qhia tau hais tias nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj kev pheej hmoo siab APOL1 ntau yam, cov kev raug mob raum yuav raug kho hauv zos hauv lub raum.
Cov teebmeem ntawm Cistanche ntawm lub raum
Hauv vivo pov thawj los txhawb lub raum ua qhov chaw ntawm HIV replication thiab persistence
Kev kis kab mob thiab kev pheej hmoo ntawm HIV-1 nyob rau hauv cov kab mob sib txawv thiab cov ntaub so ntswg tuaj yeem ua rau tsim cov kab mob sib txawv, cov kab mob sib kis, thiab cov kab mob viral reservoirs. Cov kab mob kis tau txwv tsis pub HIV-1 kev thauj mus los thiab cov noob ntws thiab pab txhawb kev ywj pheej ntawm cov kab mob cais tawm ntawm cov kab mob kis hauv cov ntshav peripheral lossis lwm qhov chaw anatomical. Cov pov thawj ntxiv txhawb rau lub raum ua ib qho kab mob sib cais, raws li qhia los ntawm kev sib piv ntawm cov kab mob kis tau los ntawm cov ntshav nrog cov amplified los ntawm lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg thiab zis. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov ua kom pom muaj cov kab mob sib txawv hauv cov zis, cov kev tshawb fawb no kuj pom tau tias muaj ntau qhov sib txawv, qhia tias qhov chaw ntawm cov kab mob urogenital no yuav yog clonally amplified cell cell nyob rau hauv cov kab mob urogenital, zoo ib yam li cov kab mob T. cov hlwb hauv cov ntshav.
Cov pov thawj ntxiv ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub raum ua qhov chaw ntawm HIV replication thiab persistence (Table 3) los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm HIV ntxiv rau cov neeg tau txais kev hloov hauv lub raum. ib txoj kev tshawb fawb 2014 ntawm cov neeg muaj tus kab mob HIV uas tau txais kev hloov lub raum los ntawm cov neeg pub dawb HIV pom tau tias 68 feem pua ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj kab mob yav dhau los tau kis tus kab mob HIV, txawm tias txhua tus neeg tau txais kev tswj hwm tau zoo ntawm ART tswj. Biopsies ntawm 3 thiab 12 lub hlis tom qab hloov pauv tau pom tias muaj HIV-RNA nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si podocytes thiab lub raum tubular epithelial (RTE) hlwb. Cov kab mob podocyte tau cuam tshuam nrog podocyte apoptosis thiab txo qis hauv lub raum ua haujlwm sai, hos tubular epithelial cell kab mob feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog tubulointerstitial o. Cov kev tshawb pom no tuaj yeem piav qhia txog qhov txo qis kev muaj sia nyob ntev ntev hauv HIV ntxiv rau cov neeg tau txais kev hloov pauv.
Tsis ntev los no, ua tsaug rau qhov kev pom zoo ntawm Txoj Cai Kev Ncaj Ncees Kev Ncaj Ncees HIV (HOPE), cov neeg mob HIV hauv Tebchaws Meskas muaj kev xaiv kom tau txais lub raum los ntawm lwm tus neeg muaj tus kabmob HIV, uas tau nce lub pas dej ntawm cov kabmob uas muaj rau kev hloov pauv, yog li. muab ib qho tseem ceeb lwm txoj hauv kev rau cov neeg nyob hauv daim ntawv teev npe tos. Hauv xyoo 2008, South Africa tau pib ua haujlwm ntawm HIV ntxiv rau HIV ntxiv rau kev hloov lub raum, uas tseem muaj sijhawm los tshawb xyuas ntxiv txog lub peev xwm ntawm lub raum raws li lub pas dej ntawm tus kabmob thiab kawm txog kev kis tus kabmob tom qab hloov pauv.
Peb ntawm 27 qhov kev kawm hauv South African txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tsim kho HIV-txog nephropathy, zoo ib yam nrog HIV-1 mob raum.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no los ntawm peb pab pawg, peb tau tshaj tawm tias tus kab mob pub dawb tau kuaj pom hauv cov zis thiab zis RTE hlwb ntawm cov neeg tau txais kev hloov hauv lub raum 2 lub lis piam tom qab hloov pauv, txawm tias cov neeg tau txais kev kho mob ART. Qee qhov kab mob sib kis sib txuas rau tus neeg pub dawb HIV kuj tau kuaj pom hauv tus neeg tau txais cov ntshav nkaus xwb rau hnub 3 tom qab hloov pauv (n=2). Tsis tas li ntawd, ob peb kab mob HIV kuj tau nthuav dav los ntawm tus neeg pub dawb ua ntej hloov lub raum biopsy coj mus kuaj, ntxiv qhia tias muaj tus kab mob hauv cov allograft, txawm hais tias nws tsis qhia txog lub hauv paus ntawm cov cellular. Cov kev tshawb pom no qhia tias tus neeg pub dawb HIV kab mob latent nyob rau hauv tus neeg pub lub raum tuaj yeem raug xa mus thiab kuaj pom hauv tus neeg txais. Kev tshawb nrhiav ntev ntev ntawm cov neeg tau txais kev hloov pauv no yuav tsum nkag siab txog cov kab mob kis mus ntev hauv cov neeg mob uas tuaj yeem nqa ob hom kab mob HIV sib txawv -1 thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub raum kab mob HIV rau kev muaj sia nyob ntev ntawm allografts.
Cistanche tubulosa
Yuav siv Cistanche extract li cas los txhim kho lub neej zoo ntawm cov neeg uas muaj kab mob HIV raum?
HIV raum kab mob, tseem hu ua HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), yog ib qho mob hnyav uas cuam tshuam rau cov neeg nyob nrog HIV. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau lub raum tsis ua haujlwm thiab txo qis lub neej zoo ntawm cov neeg cuam tshuam los ntawm nws. Cistanche extract, tshuaj suav tshuaj suav tshuaj, tau pom zoo tias yog ib txoj kev kho mob los txhim kho lub neej zoo rau cov neeg muaj kab mob HIV raum.
Cistanche extract muaj bioactive compounds xws li phenylethanoid glycosides, echinacoside, thiab Acteoside uas muaj zog antioxidant thiab anti-inflammatory zog uas tej zaum yuav muaj txiaj ntsig los tswj cov hauv paus hauv paus ntawm HIVAN.
Txhawm rau siv Cistanche extract los txhim kho lub neej zoo ntawm cov neeg uas muaj kab mob HIV raum, cov tib neeg yuav tsum xub sab laj nrog lawv tus kws kho mob kom txiav txim siab txog qhov tsim nyog npaum li cas thiab xyuas kom tsis muaj teeb meem nrog lwm cov tshuaj.
Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau tshawb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Cistanche extract ntawm lub raum ua haujlwm hauv cov qauv tsiaj ntawm HIVAN. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb luam tawm nyob rau hauv African Journal of Pharmacy thiab Pharmacology pom tias kev tswj hwm ntawm Cistanche extract txhim kho lub raum ua haujlwm thiab txo cov proteinuria hauv nas nrog HIVAN.
Lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb luam tawm hauv Frontiers hauv Bioscience tau pom tias Cistanche extract txo qis oxidative kev nyuaj siab thiab mob hauv HIVAN-induced nas, ua rau txhim kho lub raum histology thiab kev ua haujlwm.
Tsis tas li ntawd, Cistanche extract tuaj yeem pab tswj cov ntshav qabzib, uas tuaj yeem ua tau zoo rau cov neeg muaj HIV vim lawv muaj kev pheej hmoo ntau dua ntawm kev mob ntshav qab zib. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb luam tawm hauv Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome thiab Obesity: Lub Hom Phiaj thiab Kev Kho Mob pom tias Cistanche extracts txhim kho cov tshuaj insulin thiab txo cov ntshav qabzib hauv cov nas ntshav qab zib.
Hauv kev xaus, thaum xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv kom nkag siab txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm Cistanche extract rau cov neeg muaj kab mob HIV raum, cov kev tshawb fawb thawj zaug qhia tias nws yuav yog ib qho kev cog lus ntxiv los kho lub raum ua haujlwm, txo qhov mob, thiab tiv thaiv cov teeb meem mus ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau sab laj nrog tus kws kho mob ua ntej noj tshuaj ntsuab ntxiv vim tias nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj lossis muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau qee tus neeg.
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1. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
2. Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
3. Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
