Feasibility Of Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) Ntawm Tib Neeg Lub raum

Yog xav paub ntxiv:ali.ma@wecistanche.com

Eric Bechler1 · Julia Stabinska1 · Thomas Thiel1 · Jonas Jasse1 · Romans Zukovs2 · Birte Valentin1 · Hans-Jörg Wittsack1 · Alexandra Ljimani1

Abstract

Lub hom phiaj los ntsuas qhov ua tau ntawm in-vivoquantitative susceptibility mapping(QSM) ntawm tib neegraum.

Txoj Kev Ib qho axial ib leeg-ua pa-tuav 3D ntau lub ncha ib ntus (lub sijhawm tau txais 33 s) tau ua tiav ntawm 3 T-MRI-scanner (Magnetom Prisma, Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Lub teb chaws Yelemees) hauv 19 tus neeg tuaj yeem noj qab haus huv. Graph-cut-based unwrapping ua ke nrog T2 *-IDEAL txoj hauv kev tau ua kom tshem tawm cov tshuaj hloov pauv ntawm cov rog thiab kom muaj nuj nqis QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping)ntawm lub plab mog. Txhais tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm tag nrho, lub raum cortex thiab medulla hauv ob qho tib silub raumthiab lub siab tau txiav txim siab thiab muab piv. Tsib qhov kev kawm tau raug ntsuas ob zaug los tshuaj xyuas qhov rov ua dua tshiab. Ib tug mob hnyavlub raumfibrosis tau suav nrog hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntsuas qhov muaj peev xwm soj ntsuam qhov cuam tshuam ntawm QSM.

Cov txiaj ntsig QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping) tau ua tiav hauv 17 tus neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb thiab cov neeg mob lub raum fibrosis. Cov qauv anatomical hauv lub plab tau pom meej meej los ntawm QSM thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub siab tau muab piv rau cov uas pom hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom zoo rov ua dua tshiab. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub ntsiab luslub raumQSM qhov tseem ceeb tau txais hauv cov neeg tuaj yeem noj qab haus huv ({{0}}}04±0.07 ppm rau sab xis thiab − 0.06±0.19 ppm rau sab laugraum) tau ntau dua li qhov ntsuas hauv kev tshawb xyuas fibroticraum(− {0}}.43±− 0.02 ppm).

Xaus QSM ntawm tib neegraumtuaj yeem yog txoj hauv kev pheej hmoo rau kev ntsuam xyuas cov ntaub ntawv hais txog microscopic lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg. Yog li, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub raum MR duab.

Keywords Quantitative susceptibility mapping · Lub raumMRI · Functional raum imaging

Taw qhia

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, muaj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv rau kev ua haujlwmlub raumMRI. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias muaj peev xwm zoo ntawm MRI biomarkers rau kev qhia txog kev sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem pathological cuam tshuam nrog kev nce qibmob raum mob(CKD) [1–3]. Ib qho cim histological ntawm CKD thiab ib qho ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm lub raum tsis ua haujlwm hauv lub raum interstitial fibrosis. Yog li ntawd, interstitial fibrosis degree nyob rau hauv lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg yog ib qho tseem ceeb qhia nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim ntawm reversibility ntawmraum puas. Txog rau tam sim no, tib lub cuab yeej kho mob txhim khu kev qha los ntsuas qib ntawm tubulointerstitial fibrosis yog lub raum biopsy. Txij li cov txheej txheem kev kuaj mob no yog invasive, impaired los ntawm sampling bias, thiab tsis arbitrarily repeatable [4, 5], ib tug non-invasive imaging modality muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas qhov degree ntawm lub raum interstitial fibrosis yog qhov xav tau.

Quantitative susceptibility mapping(QSM) yog cov txheej txheem MRI tshiab, uas siv cov duab theem los tsim cov qauv zoo sib xws thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib nqus ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg [6–9]. Hauv kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, QSM yog qhov nkag siab rau cov kev hloov pauv hauv cov ntaub so ntswg microstructure lossis tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg [10–12] thiab yog, yog li ntawd, ib qho kev cog lus, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev soj ntsuam ntawmlub rauminterstitial fibrosis [13]

Txog tam sim no, QSM feem ntau tau siv los ntsuas cov kab mob hauv cov kab mob basal ganglia hauv ntau yam kab mob paj hlwb, lossis ua cov duab biomarker ntawm hepatic iron overload [14–17]. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no hauv cov qauv tsiaj tau tshawb nrhiav lub peev xwm ntawm QSM los ntsuaslub raummicrostructure [13, 18, 19]. Tshwj xeeb, Xie et al. [13] tau pom qhov rhiab heev ntawm QSM hauv kev kuaj pom cov kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm lub raum mob thiab fibrosis hauv nas. Txawm li cas los xij, rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev paub, tsis tau muaj kev kawm txaus ua hauv vivo los qhia txog kev raug mob hauv h.cev um.

Abdominal QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping) yog suav tias yog technically nyuaj. Ua ntej, kev ua pa ntawm lub plab sab sauv ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab qhov tsis txaus ntseeg qhov tseem ceeb [17]. Qhov thib ob, qhov muaj cov rog hauv plab tsis zoo cuam tshuam qhov kev kwv yees ntawm B0 daim duab qhia chaw, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv QSM algorithm [17, 20]. Thib peb, qhov kev hloov pauv loj nyob ib puag ncig huab cua-cov ntaub so ntswg cuam tshuam ua rau cov khoom siv dag zog hnyav, thiab yog li ua yuam kev QSM maps [21]. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li tau pom nyob rau hauv qhov kev sim ua ntej ua ntej los ntawm peb pawg neeg kawm [22], qhov tseeb ntawm daim ntawv qhia kev mob plab plab tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov theem ua haujlwm, suav nrog kev tshem tawm thiab kev tshem tawm keeb kwm yav dhau los.

Txoj haujlwm tam sim no tsom los ntsuas qhov ua tau ntawm kev ua tau zoo hauv vivo QSM ntawm lubtib neeg lub raumntawm qhov chaw kho mob MRI. Rau lub hom phiaj no, ib qho optimized MRI tau txais raws tu qauv thiab QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping) Cov kav dej ua haujlwm tau ua haujlwm kom tau txais daim ntawv qhia lub raum QSM.

Nyem rauCistanche para que sirve los kho mob raum

Cov txheej txheem

Kawm cov pej xeem

Txoj kev tshawb no tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees hauv zos, thiab sau ntawv tso cai tau txais los ntawm txhua yam kev kawm.

Kaum cuaj tus neeg ua haujlwm noj qab haus huv (txhais tau tias muaj hnub nyoog 28.1 ± 12.9 xyoo) yam tsis muaj keeb kwm ntawmraumkab mob los yog ib yam kab mob uas paub tias muaj feem cuam tshuam rau lub raum koom nrog hauv txoj kev tshawb no. Tsib qhov kev ntsuas tau ntsuas ob zaug nrog lub sijhawm ncua ntawm 10 feeb ntawm kev ntsuas thiab rov tso dua hauv MRI los ntsuas qhov kev tsim tawm.

Tsis tas li ntawd, ib tug muaj hnub nyoog 78- xyoo, txiv neej mob hnyavraumfibrosis vim ntev anamnesis ntawmlub rauminsufficiency (CKD V (eGFR<15 ml/min/1.73="" m2="" )="" for="" 25="" years,="" state="" after="" kidney="" transplantation="" 20="" years="" ago,="" chronic="" graft="" failure="" and="" dialysis="" for="" the="" last="" 5="" years)="" was="" exemplarily="" included="" in="" the="" study="" to="" evaluate="" the="" potential="" clinical="" relevance="" of=""> (quantitative susceptibility mapping).

Tsis muaj kev npaj tshwj xeeb ua ntej qhov kev xeem [1].

Kev txais cov ntaub ntawv

Kev nrhiav tau cov ntaub ntawv tau ua tiav ntawm 3 T scanner (Magnetom Prisma, Siemens AG, Healthineers, Erlangen, Lub teb chaws Yelemees) siv 32 channel qaum coil ua ke nrog 30 channel lub cev coil. Ib nrab-Fourier ib zaug txhaj tshuaj turbo spin-echo (HASTE) ib ntus hauv tag nrho peb daim duab axes (axial, coronal, thiab sagittal) tau siv kom tau txais cov duab anatomical. Cov duab anatomical no tau siv rau FOV qhov chaw rau QSM hauv qab no (quantitative susceptibility mapping) ib ntus. FOV tau muab tso rau hauv nruab nrab hauv lublub raum(Daim duab 1).

QSM cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los ntawm kev siv ib qho axial ib leeg ua pa-tuav 3D multi-echo gradient echo ib ntu nrog cov tsis muaj hauv qab no: tus naj npawb ntawm ncha=4; TE1/ΔTE/TR=3.1/3.7/17 ms; tig lub kaum sab xis=15 degree ; tau matrix=256 × 192 × 26; voxel loj =1.64 × 1.64 × 3 mm3; bandwidth =1775 Hz/pixel; hlais thiab theem Fourier encoding=6/8; parallel imaging acceleration factor=2; khoom lub sij hawm 33 s. Cov kev xaiv raulub raumQSM tau txais tau txiav txim siab hauv kev sim ua ntej kom ua tiav cov duab pom zoo hauv lub sijhawm luv tshaj plaws tau txais.

Qhov zoo ntawm qhov ua tsis taus pa-tuav thaum lub sijhawm QSM tau txais los ntawm kev tswj xyuas qhov muag los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov neeg mob soj ntsuam lub koob yees duab. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau txais tau raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm ob tus kws paub txog hluav taws xob hauv kev kuaj mob plab (AL 10 xyoo, BV 4 xyoo) ua ntej ua haujlwm tom qab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov lus tsa suab tseem ceeb hauv cov ntaub ntawv, QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping) Kev yuav khoom tau rov ua dua tam sim lossis tsis suav nrog kev tshuaj xyuas ntxiv yog tias qhov rov ua tsis tiav.

Fig. 1 Piv txwv ntawm FOV qhov chaw raulub raumQSM khoom. FOV tau muab tso rau hauv nruab nrablub raumlos xyuas kom meej cov duab zoo ib yam

Tom qab ua tiav

Daim ntawv qhia ntws hauv daim duab 2 qhia txog cov kauj ruam rov tsim kho uas tau ua los kwv yees qhovraumQSM maps. Txhua qhov kev suav tau ua tiav siv MATLAB (R2018a; The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA).

Nyob rau hauv thawj kauj ruam, cov ntaub ntawv yog xoom-filled ua rau ib tug voxel loj ntawm 0.8 × 0.8 × 2.25 mm³. Tom qab ua tiav rau QSM yog Ameslikas optimized rau lub hlwb imaging, qhov twg qhov kev koom tes ntawm rog rau MRI teeb liab yog tsawg [20]. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntawv thov sab nraud ntawm lub hlwb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub plab yuav tsum tau tshem tawm cov rog kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg hauv daim ntawv qhia kev raug mob. Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, cov tshuaj tsis xav tau hloov pauv ntawm cov dej thiab cov rog tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm txoj kev hu ua Simultaneous phase unwrapping thiab tshem tawm cov tshuaj hloov pauv (SPURS) [20]. SPURS siv cov duab txiav-raws li unwrapping los tshem tawm cov theem qhwv hauv cov ntaub ntawv xoom-filled theem. Tsis tas li ntawd, T2 *-IDEAL txoj hauv kev [23] tau siv los xam cov txiaj ntsig ntawm daim ntawv qhia ua rog kho, uas tau siv los ua cov tswv yim rau kev tshem tawm keeb kwm yav dhau los.

Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg ntawm tag nrho lub plab tau raug tso tawm ntawm cov duab axial (Brain Surface Extractor (BSE) los ntawm BrainSuite, Version 18a, University of California) los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xoom-filled kom tshem tawm cov huab cua sab nraud ntawm lub plab. Tom qab kev pom kev zoo ntawm cov segmentation, cov qhov ncauj qhov ntswg tsim tau siv los tshem tawm cov keeb kwm yav dhau los nrog kev pab los ntawm Laplacian ciam teb tus nqi (LBV) algorithm [24], uas yog ib feem ntawm MEDI-toolbox [25].

Hauv cov kauj ruam kawg, qhov teeb meem cuam tshuam tsis zoo tau raug daws los ntawm kev txo cov khoom cuav rau QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping) (STAR-QSM) txoj kev [26] los ntawm STI-Suite [9] ua rau cov ntawv qhia kev raug mob. Ob leeg LBV thiab STAR-QSM tau khiav nrog qhov chaw pib.

Lub software ITK-SNAP (version 3.8.0, University of Pennsylvania) tau siv los kos cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev txaus siab (ROIs) hauv cov nqaij leeg paravertebral (336 pixels), siab (900 pixels), tag nrhoraum(5533 ± 1792 pixels thiab 4756 ± 1142 pixels rau sab laug thiab sab xislub raum, raws li),lub raumcortex (1260 ± 279 pixels thiab 1245 ± 265 pixels rau ob lub raum sab laug thiab sab xis, feem) thiab lub raum medulla (993 ± 293 pixels thiab 962 ± 392 pixels rau ob lub raum sab laug thiab sab xis, feem) (Daim duab 3). Tag nrho ROIs tau kos los ntawm peb ntu sib law liag thiab qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov cuam tshuam thiab kev sib txawv ntawm tus qauv (SD) raug xam rau txhua lub cev thiab cov ntsiab lus. Cov ntaub so ntswg paravertebral tau siv los ua ib qho kev siv rau QSM kom muaj nuj nqis hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov tseem ceeb (Supplement Material, Table S1) [27].

Fig. 2 Flow chart displaying the reconstruction stages the laciple of the susceptibility maps. Qhov pib ntawm qhov kev tsim kho dua tshiab yog xoom-filled magnitude thiab cov ntaub ntawv theem. Tib theem unwrapping thiab tshem tawm cov tshuaj hloov pauv (SPURS) tau siv rau xoom-them cov ntaub ntawv kom tshem tawm cov tshuaj hloov pauv ntawm dej thiab rog. Tsis tas li ntawd, T2 *-IDEAL txoj hauv kev tau siv los suav cov txiaj ntsig tau txais cov ntawv qhia kev kho mob rog (theem unwrapped). Qhov ncauj qhov ntswg ntawm tag nrho lub plab tau txiav tawm los ntawm xoom-filled magnitude cov ntaub ntawv rau kev tshem tawm keeb kwm yav dhau los nrog kev pab los ntawm Laplacian ciam teb tus nqi (LBV) algorithm. Hauv cov kauj ruam kawg, qhov teeb meem cuam tshuam tsis zoo tau raug daws los ntawm kev txo cov khoom cuav rau QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping) (STAR-QSM) txoj kev los ntawm STI-Suite uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau daim ntawv qhia.

Txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas seb puas muaj kev cuam tshuam tom qab kev ua haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb tsis zoo rau kev suav QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping) cov txiaj ntsig, piv txwv li, tsis yog hauv zos yuam kev los ntawm kev kwv yees tsis txaus ntseeg thoob plaws ROIs, QSM qhov tseem ceeb hauv daim siab tau txiav txim siab thiab muab piv rau cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig.

Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tseeb ntawm kev tshem tawm huab cua sab nraud yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb rau QSM kom muaj nuj nqis. Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm daim npog qhov ncauj qhov zoo ntawm QSM qhov tseem ceeb, lub npog ntsej muag txhais tau ntau yam hauv ib qho kev noj qab haus huv. Yog li, plaub lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg sib txawv (tsis muaj huab cua sab nraud ntawm lub plab, uas muaj me me thiab loj ntawm huab cua sab nraud thiab muaj tag nrho cov duab hauv cheeb tsam) tau siv rau cov ntaub ntawv, raws li, thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj cairaumraug piv.

Fig. 3 Piv txwv ntawm ROI tso. Cov duab loj ntawm lub plab nrog rau qhov piv txwv ntawm thaj chaw txaus siab (ROIs) kos rau hauv cov nqaij leeg paravertebral (336 pixels), siab (900 pixels), tag nrho lub raum (5533 ± 1792 pixels thiab 4756 ± 1142 pixels rau sab laug thiab sab xis ob lub raum, feem. ),lub raumcortex (1260 ± 279 pixels thiab 1245 ± 265 pixels rau sab laug thiab sab xislub raum, feem) thiab lub raum medulla (993 ± 293 pixels thiab 962 ± 392 pixels rau sab laug thiab sab xis ob lub raum, ntsig txog)

Kev txheeb cais

Lub susceptibility qhov tseem ceeb ntawm sab laug thiab sab xisraum, nrog rau lub cortex thiab medulla hauv ob lub raum, ntawm pawg tswj kev noj qab haus huv, tau nruab nrab ntawm txhua yam kev kawm thiab muab piv rau qhov nruab nrab thiab SD hauv txoj cai fibrotic raum txhawm rau ntsuas qhov piv txwv ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm kho mob ntawm QSM.

Tsis tas li ntawd, Wilcoxon xeem tau siv los sib piv QSM cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ob lub raum sab laug thiab sab xis thiablub raumcortex thiab medulla. Tsis tas li ntawd, Pearson correlation ntawm tusraumthiab daim siab susceptibilities raug xam rau pawg tswj noj qab haus huv.

Cov txiaj ntsig

Ob yam kev noj qab haus huv raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas ntxiv vim muaj cov khoom cuav hnyav ntawm thaj tsam ntawm lub ntsws thiab cov ntaub so ntswg ib puag ncig (Fig. 4e).

QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping) tau ua tiav qhov ntsuas hauv 17 tseem nyob hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm noj qab haus huv thiab cov neeg mob nroglub raumfibrosis (Cov khoom siv ntxiv, Fig. S1–S3). Lub parenchymatous lub plab plab hnyuv siab raum, zoo li daim siab thiab lub raum, tau paub meej qhov txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no (Daim duab 4). Nyob rau hauv ib rooj plaub, theem unwrapping ua tsis tau tejyam nyob rau hauv ib tug me me cheeb tsam ze rau lubraum, ua rau qhov tsis raug cuam tshuam qhov tseem ceeb hauv cheeb tsam ntawd (Fig. 4d). Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm lub raum tau cuam tshuam thiab raug txiav txim siab thaum lub sijhawm ROI tso. Tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo tau soj ntsuam ntawm QSM qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub raum thiab lub siab (R2=0.035) (Fig. 5), qhia tias tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tom qab kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm cov txiaj ntsig raug suav.

Daim duab 6 qhia txog daim ntawv qhia kev tsis txaus ntseeg thiab qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm daim npog ntsej muag hauv ib tus neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb noj qab haus huv. Tsis muaj kev hloov pauv hauv lub raum QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping) Cov txiaj ntsig yuav raug txheeb xyuas yog tias muaj qhov tsis raug me me (Fig. 6a, b). Txawm li cas los xij, huab cua ntau dua ua rau muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg qhov tseem ceeb (Fig. 6c, d).

Qhov txhais tau tiaslub raumCov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb yog {{0}}}04±0.07 ppm (nqi − {{10}}} . Qhov nruab nrab susceptibility qhov tseem ceeb ntawm sab xis thiab sab lauglub raumtau txawv heev (p<0.05) showing="" a="" wider="" range="" of="" values="" for="" the="" left="" kidney="" (table="" 1).="" no="" significant="" difference="" between="" cortical="" and="" medullary="" qsm="" values="" of="" the="" right="" or="" the="" left="" kidney="" could="" be="" determined="" (p="">0.05).

Lub siab susceptibility ntsuas ntsuas hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm noj qab haus huv thiab cov neeg mob nroglub raumfibrosis nyob rau tib lub sijhawm {{0}}.17±0.13 ppm thiab 0.15±0.01 ppm rau cov neeg ua haujlwm noj qab haus huv thiab cov neeg mob lub raum fibrosis, raws li (Table 2).

Kev ntsuas kev rov ua dua tshiab hauv tsib qhov kev kawm tau qhia txog kev rov ua tau zoo rau ob lub siab thiab lub raum txoj cai QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping) tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov kab mob siab lossis lub raum tsis zoo ntawm ob qhov kev ntsuas (p=0.48) (Table 3). Lub susceptibility qhov tseem ceeb rau txoj cairaumyog {{0}}.02±0.06 ppm thiab − 0.03±{{15} }.11 ppm rau kev ntsuas thiab rov ntsuas dua, raws li. Lub siab ua haujlwm siab yog 0.16 ± 0.10 ppm thiab 0.12 ± 0.07 ppm, feem.

Daim duab 7 qhia tau hais tias QSM maps overlayed mus rau qhov loj ntawm cov duab rau ib tug noj qab haus huv pab dawb thiab ib tug soj ntsuam tus neeg mob nrog raum interstitial fibrosis. Lub susceptibility ntawm txoj cai fibrotic raum yog muaj zog diamagnetic (− 0.43±0.02 ppm).

Kev sib tham

QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping) yog ib qho tshiab, cog lus rau txoj hauv kev rau kev ntsuam xyuas cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov ntaub so ntswg microstructure thiab kev ua haujlwm. Hauv kev ua haujlwm no, peb tau pom qhov ua tau ntawm kev ua tau zoo hauv vivo QSM ntawm tib neeg lub raum ntawm qhov chaw kho mob MRI. Cov txheej txheem tau txais los ntawm kev nthuav qhia thiab txuas ntxiv rau kev siv QSM cov raj xa dej, tsim los ntawm QSM txoj hauv kev hauv lub xeev, tau ua tiav 90 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab ua rau cov txiaj ntsig rov ua dua. Cov qauv anatomical hauv plab tau pom meej qhov txawv ntawm QSM daim ntawv qhia thiab tsuas yog ob peb yam khoom muaj nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nruab nrab QSM qhov tseem ceeb tau txais kev noj qab haus huvlub raumthiab qhov susceptibility ntawm lub raum fibrotic qhia tau hais tias muaj peev xwm ntawm QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping) kom paub qhov txawv ntawm kev noj qab haus huv thiab pathologicallub raumntaub so ntswg. Raws li cov nyiaj no yog nyob ntawm ib rooj plaub fibrotic nkaus xwb, kev tshawb fawb ntxiv nrog cov neeg mob loj dua yuav tsum ua pov thawj tus nqi kuaj mob ntawm QSM yav tom ntej.

Fig. 4 Cov piv txwv ntawm cov duab qhwv thiab tsis qhwv cov duab raws li daim duab qhia chaw hauv cheeb tsam thiab cov kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab daim npog qhov ncauj ntawm lub plab sab sauv ntawm tsib tus neeg tuaj yeem noj qab haus huv. Cov qauv anatomical tau paub meej qhov txawv thiab tsuas yog ob peb yam khoom muaj nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv (a–c). Nyob rau hauv ib rooj plaub, theem unwrapping ua tsis tau tejyam ze rau lubraum, ua rau qhov tsis raug cuam tshuam qhov tseem ceeb (d, dawb xub). Piv txwv ntawm cov khoom siv loj heev vim muaj huab cua hauv lub ntsws (e, cov xub dub), uas muaj nyob hauv ob tus neeg ua haujlwm noj qab haus huv. Ob lub datasets raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tom qab ua tiav.

Fig. 5 Pearson correlation plot ntawmlub raumthiab cov kab mob hepatic susceptibility qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg pab dawb noj qab haus huv. Tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo tau pom ntawm lub raum thiab lub siab QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping) qhov tseem ceeb (R2=0.035), qhia tias lub ntiaj teb tom qab ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig tsis cuam tshuam rau QSM kom muaj nuj nqis.

Fig. 6 Piv txwv ntawm daim duab qhia kev tsis txaus ntseeg thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov txawv ntawm daim npog qhov ncauj rau kev tshem tawm sab nraum cua hauv ib tus neeg pab dawb noj qab haus huv. Tsis muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm QSM qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj cairaumtuaj yeem raug txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib qho me me segmentation tsis raug uas tsis muaj huab cua sab nraud tawm tom qab segmentation (a) thiab muaj me me ntawm huab cua sab nraud (b). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov loj dua ntawm cov huab cua sab nraud ua rau qhov tsis raug cuam tshuam qhov tseem ceeb (c, d)

Table 1 Susceptibility qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrhoraum, lub cortex, thiab medulla ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm noj qab haus huv tau nruab nrab ntawm tag nrho 17 yam

Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping) qhov tseem ceeb ntawm sab laug thiab txoj cailub raum(p<0.05) is="" probably="" based="" on="" higher="" motion="" artifacts="" in="" the="" left="" kidney.="" considering="" the="" standard="" deviation,="" the="" susceptibility="" of="" healthy="">lub raumtissue fluctuates around 0 in the current study. No significant difference between cortical and medullar QSM values of the right or the left kidneys could be determined (p>0.05)

Table 2 Susceptibility qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub raum sab xis thiab lub siab ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm noj qab haus huv, qhov nruab nrab ntawm tag nrho 17 yam kev kawm, thiab tus neeg mob uas mob raum mob hnyav

QSM tus nqi ntawm txoj cairaumntawm cov neeg mob lub raum fibrosis yog qhov txawv ntawm QSM qhov tseem ceeb ntsuas hauv lub raum txoj cai ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb noj qab haus huv. Txawm li cas los xij, daim siab QSM qhov tseem ceeb ntsuas hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm noj qab haus huv thiab cov neeg mob lub raum fibrosis nyob hauv tib thaj tsam, tsis suav nrog kev cuam tshuam thoob ntiaj teb kev tsis ncaj ncees rau lub raum QSM.

QSM twb tau siv rau hauv tib neeg lub plab ua ntej [17, 27, 29, 30], qhia cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo raws li cov txheej txheem MRI tshiab. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev ua rau qee qhov kev sib tw uas tau cuam tshuam nws hauv vivo daim ntawv thov rau tib neeg lub raum txog tam sim no. Los ntawm kev sib txuas thiab ua kom zoo dua uas tau tsim cov duab tom qab ua cov kauj ruam rau QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping), qee qhov ntawm cov teeb meem no tau daws tau tiav hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no. Ua ntej, cov khoom ua pa dawb-ua pa-induced motion artifacts raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev tau txais cov ntaub ntawv thaum lub sijhawm ua pa-tuav ntawm qhov kawg-kev tshoov siab. Qhov thib ob, cov tshuaj tsis xav tau hloov pauv ntawm cov dej thiab cov rog raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev siv cov kav dej tom qab ua tiav. Thib peb, kev nrhiav tau txaus thiab cov txheej txheem tom qab ua tiav tau txiav txim siab kom txo qis cov khoom qub thiab muab cov txiaj ntsig rov tsim dua.

Table 3 Reproducibility tshwm sim.

Mean ± standard deviation susceptibility values ​​rau txoj cairaumthiab daim siab tau nyob nruab nrab ntawm tag nrho tsib yam kev tsim tawm. Kev rov tsim tau zoo rau ob lub siab thiab lub raum txoj cai QSM uas tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov kab mob siab lossis lub raum tsis zoo ntawm ob qho kev ntsuas (p=0.48)

Fig. 7 Magnitude dluab overlayed nrog QSM maps ntawm lub raum sab xis rau ib tug noj qab haus huv pab dawb (sab laug duab) thiab tus neeg mob uas muaj lub raum fibrosis (tsim duab). Cov fibroticraumqhia tau hais tias tus nqi diamagnetic muaj zog (− {{0}}.43±− 0.02 ppm), uas yog qhov qis dua li QSM tus nqi ntsuas hauv kev noj qab haus huvlub raumcov ntaub so ntswg (txoj cai raum {{0}}.04 ± 0.07 ppm)

Rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev paub, qhov no yog thawj qhov kev kawm ua haujlwm hauv vivo QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping) hauv tib neegraumntawm qhov chaw kho mob MRI. Txij li thaum tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv rau lub raum QSM qhov tseem ceeb muaj, peb tsuas tuaj yeem sib piv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub siab uas tau txais hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb nrog cov uas tau tshaj tawm los ntawm lwm pab pawg. Hauv kev kawm los ntawm Lin et al. [27], kev suav lub siab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm 0.23 txog 5.94 ppm. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tsom mus rau cov neeg mob uas muaj kab mob siab tshaj plaws (hemochromatosis). Cov tib neeg uas muaj cov kab mob hepatic tsawg dua tau pom QSM qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 0.34 ppm thiab raug suav hais tias noj qab nyob zoo. Hauv kev kawm ntawm Dong et al. [20], txhais tau tias lub siab ua rau lub siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm {{10}}.23±{14}}.07 ppm tau txiav txim siab. Zuag qhia tag nrho, lub siab QSM qhov tseem ceeb ntsuas hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no (ntau 0.01–0.44 ppm) yog raws li cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, qhia tias tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam thoob ntiaj teb cuam tshuam rau peb cov txiaj ntsig.

Lub npog ntsej muag tsis zoo tuaj yeem cuam tshuam raulub raumQSM tus nqi. Yog li ntawd, qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshem tawm cua tawm sab nraud yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb rau QSM kom muaj nuj nqis. Hauv kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, peb tau hloov pauv lub npog ntsej muag ntawm ib qho kev noj qab haus huv. Hauv qhov piv txwv no, tsis muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb ntawm QSM qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj cairaumtuaj yeem raug txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib qho me me segmentation tsis raug, ib yam li cov ntaub ntawv hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev ntsuam xyuas zoo ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub ntsej muag lub ntsiab lus ntawm QSM qhov tseem ceeb tuaj yeem yog qhov khoom ntawm kev simulation ntxiv.

Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, qhov sib txawv ntawm QSM qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub raum sab laug tau siab dua li ntawm lub raum sab xis (p<0.05). this="" difference="" might="" be="" due="" to="" higher="" cardiac="" artifacts="" of="" the="" left="">raum, raws li qhia hauv ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb lub raum MRI yav dhau los [28]. Cov nyhuv no yuav raug txo nrog kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm lub raum QSM.

Cortico-medullary sib txawv tsis tau los ntawm QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping) in the current study (p>0.05), xav tias yog vim kev daws teeb meem nruab nrab ntawm txoj kev. Kev txhim kho qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm QSM kom pab txhawb kev sib txawv ntawm cortico-medullar yuav tsum yog ib qho khoom ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntxiv.

Txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas qhov muaj peev xwm kuaj tau tus nqi ntawm QSM, tus neeg mob nroglub raumfibrosis raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov kawg-theem lub raum pathology tau suav nrog hauv txoj kev tshawb no. Yav dhau los, nws tau raug tshaj tawm tias lub raum fibrosis nce diamagnetic cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg [13], tej zaum yog vim muaj ntau dhau ntawm collagen, uas muaj zog diamagnetic [31]. Xav txog qhov sib txawv ntawm tus qauv, qhov ua rau lub raum tsis zoo ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg fluctuates nyob ib ncig ntawm 0 hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no. Hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, fibroticraumpom qhov muaj zog diamagnetic susceptibility tus nqi, uas yog qhov qis dua li cov ntaub so ntswg rau lub raum noj qab haus huv. Kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej hauv pawg neeg mob loj dua yog xav tau los ntsuas qhov tseeb tus nqi kuaj mob ntawm lub raum QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping).

Muaj ntau qhov kev txwv ntawm peb txoj haujlwm. Ua ntej, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm noj qab haus huv tau qis thiab tsuas yog ib tus neeg mob tau suav nrog hauv txoj kev tshawb no. Txawm li cas los xij, peb lub hom phiaj yog los tsim cov txheej txheem kev yuav khoom muaj zog thiab cov kav dej tom qab ua tiav rau kev ua haujlwm hauv vivo raum QSM ntawm kev kho mob MRI. Qhov thib ob, SPURS thiab T2 * IDEAL txoj hauv kev tau siv los tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom neeg tsis xav tau hloov pauv ntawm dej thiab rog thiab suav cov ntawv qhia kev kho rog. Tsis muaj cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv rog tau siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, vim nws yuav ncua sijhawm kom tau txais. Txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem, cov kev ntsuas nrawm dua xws li ntsuas ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas pa (VIBE) [32] lossis radial acquisition schemes [33] yuav tsum tau muab coj los txiav txim siab thaum ntsuas QSM hauv plab. Thib peb, cov qhov ncauj qhov ntswg uas tsim tawm tsuas yog tshem tawm cua sab nraud ntawm lub plab. Cov huab cua nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv thiab lub ntsws tseem muaj nyob rau hauv cov kev xam susceptibility. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau tsis yog hauv zos ua yuam kev hauv cheeb tsam hauv cheeb tsam thoob plaws ROI [34]. Txawm li cas los xij, peb tau pom zoo intrasubject reproducibility nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no tam sim no, tawm tswv yim tias qhov ua yuam kev vim huab cua hauv plab yog neglectable. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm MR cov duab tau qis dua, uas tej zaum yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo [35, 36]. Txhawm rau kov yeej qhov kev txwv no, cov ntaub ntawv nyoos tau xoom ua ntej QSM tom qab ua tiav. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv QSM tau txais nyob rau hauv ib qho pa-tuav ntawm 33 s, uas tej zaum yuav nyuaj ua rau cov neeg mob thiab cov neeg laus. Ntxiv kev ua kom zoo dua ntawm ntau lub ncha 3D gradient-echo sequence yog, yog li ntawd, yuav tsum tau txo lub sij hawm scan thaum tswj cov duab zoo.

Hauv kev xaus, qhov ua tau ntawm vivo QSM (quantitative susceptibility mapping) hauv tib neegraumtau ua tiav pom nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no nrog kev rov tsim tau zoo. Qhov txawv ntawm QSM qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ob lub raum noj qab haus huv thiab lub raum fibrotic qhia tau tias muaj peev xwm kuaj tau ntawm QSM. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv nrog cov neeg mob loj dua yuav tsum tau ua los ua pov thawj qhov kev kuaj mob ntawm QSM rau kev ua haujlwm.lub raumMR duab.

Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntxiv Cov ntawv online ntawm tsab xov xwm no (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-020-00895-9) muaj cov khoom siv ntxiv, uas muaj rau cov neeg siv tau tso cai.

Tus sau kev koom tes EB: kawm txog kev xav thiab tsim qauv, tau txais cov ntaub ntawv, kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev txhais cov ntaub ntawv, kev sau cov ntawv sau, thiab kev hloov kho tseem ceeb; JS: kawm txog kev xav thiab tsim qauv, tau txais cov ntaub ntawv, thiab kev hloov kho tseem ceeb; TT: tau txais cov ntaub ntawv, kev tshuaj xyuas, thiab kev txhais cov ntaub ntawv, thiab kev kho qhov tseem ceeb; JJ: tau txais cov ntaub ntawv, kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev txhais cov ntaub ntawv, thiab kho qhov tseem ceeb; RZ: tau txais cov ntaub ntawv, kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev txhais cov ntaub ntawv, thiab kho qhov tseem ceeb; BV: tau txais cov ntaub ntawv, kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev txhais cov ntaub ntawv, thiab kho qhov tseem ceeb; HW: kawm txog kev xav thiab tsim qauv, kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev txhais cov ntaub ntawv, thiab kev kho qhov tseem ceeb; AL: kawm txog kev xav thiab tsim qauv, nrhiav tau cov ntaub ntawv, kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev txhais cov ntaub ntawv, kev sau cov ntawv sau, thiab kho qhov tseem ceeb.

Kev Pab Nyiaj Qhib Kev Siv Nyiaj tau qhib thiab tsim los ntawm Projekt DEAL.

Cov tsos mob ntawm lub raum tsis ua haujlwm

Ua raws li cov qauv kev coj ncaj ncees

Kev tsis sib haum xeeb Cov neeg sau ntawv tshaj tawm tias lawv tsis muaj teeb meem ntawm kev txaus siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua tus kws sau ntawv tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo nyiaj txiag nrog ib lub koom haum. Txoj kev tshawb no tsis tau txais kev txhawb nqa.Txoj kev coj ncaj ncees Txoj kev tshawb fawb tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees hauv cheeb tsam.Kev pom zoo Kev sau ntawv pom zoo tau txais los ntawm txhua qhov kev kawm.Open Access Cov kab lus no tau tso cai raws li Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, uas tso cai rau siv, sib koom, hloov kho, faib, thiab luam tawm hauv ib qho nruab nrab lossis hom ntawv, tsuav yog koj muab credit tsim nyog rau tus thawj kws sau ntawv thiab qhov chaw, muab qhov txuas mus rau Creative Commons daim ntawv tso cai, thiab qhia tias muaj kev hloov pauv. ua. Cov duab lossis lwm yam khoom siv thib peb hauv tsab xov xwm no suav nrog hauv tsab xov xwm Creative Commons daim ntawv tso cai tshwj tsis yog tau qhia lwm yam hauv kab qiv nyiaj rau cov khoom siv. Yog tias cov ntaub ntawv tsis suav nrog hauv tsab xov xwm Creative Commons daim ntawv tso cai thiab koj qhov kev npaj siv tsis raug tso cai los ntawm txoj cai lij choj lossis tshaj qhov kev tso cai siv, koj yuav tsum tau txais kev tso cai ncaj qha los ntawm tus tuav ntaub ntawv. Txhawm rau saib daim ntawv tso cai no, mus saib http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Cov ntaub ntawv

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