Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm Diurnal Variation Thiab Kev Sib Deev Kev Sib Deev hauv Hippocampal Neurophysiology Thiab Spatial Memory Part 1
Dec 06, 2023
Abstract
Circadian rhythms yog cov txheej txheem lom neeg uas ncig thoob plaws 24 teev thiab tswj hwm ntau yam ntawm neurophysiology, suav nrog kev kawm thiab kev nco. Circadian variation nyob rau hauv spatial nco ua hauj lwm ua tau zoo sau tseg; Txawm li cas los xij, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib deev hla lub sijhawm circadian (CT) tseem tsis meej.
Neurophysiology yog kev kawm txog cov qauv, kev ua haujlwm, thiab pathology ntawm lub paj hlwb. Memory hais txog ib tus neeg lub peev xwm los khaws, tsim tawm, thiab siv cov ntaub ntawv nco. Muaj ib qho kev sib raug zoo ntawm neurophysiology thiab kev nco.
Hauv neurophysiology, muaj cov qauv hu ua synapse, uas yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub paj hlwb. Synapses yog qhov chaw uas cov ntaub ntawv kis tau los ntawm cov neurons, thiab kev nco yog raws li synapses. Thaum ib tug neuron tau txais cov ntaub ntawv, nws sib txuas lus nrog lwm cov neurons los ntawm synapses thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv. Kev ua kom muaj zog lossis ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm cov kev sib cuag no tsim lub hauv paus rau kev tsim thiab kev hloov pauv.
Nco tsuas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau qhov sib pauv thiab suav ntawm cov neurons sib txawv hauv tib neeg lub hlwb. Tus naj npawb ntawm neurons nyob rau hauv lub cev yog tsau, uas yog, peb lub cim xeeb cia yog tsau. Yog li ntawd, kev txhim kho kev nco txhais tau tias kev txhim kho lub zog ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov neurons, nrog rau cov naj npawb thiab qhov zoo ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm synapses, uas yuav tsum muaj kev paub ntxiv ntawm neurophysiology.
Yog li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb neurophysiological muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho tus neeg nco. Kev kawm txog neurophysiology tuaj yeem pab peb nkag siab zoo dua li cas tib neeg lub hlwb ua haujlwm, cia peb txhim kho kev nco los ntawm kev tawm dag zog thiab kev cob qhia. Qee txoj hauv kev suav nrog kev ntxiv dag zog rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov neurons los ntawm kev nyeem ntawv ntau ntxiv thiab xav ntau ntxiv, thiab txhim kho kom muaj nuj nqis thiab zoo ntawm synapses los ntawm kev ua ntau yam kev tawm dag zog lub hlwb.
Hauv luv luv, kev tshawb fawb neurophysiological tsis tuaj yeem pab peb nkag siab zoo txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm tib neeg lub hlwb thiab kev nco, tab sis kuj muab ntau txoj hauv kev thiab cov tswv yim los txhim kho tus neeg lub cim xeeb. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tsum nquag kawm paub txog kev paub txog neurophysiology los tsim ib qho chaw zoo rau peb lub cim xeeb. Nws pom tau tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho peb lub cim xeeb. Cistanche deserticola tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco zoo vim Cistanche deserticola yog cov khoom siv tshuaj suav tshuaj suav nrog ntau yam tshwj xeeb, ib qho ntawm kev txhim kho kev nco. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov nqaij minced los ntawm ntau yam khoom xyaw uas nws muaj, nrog rau cov kua qaub, polysaccharides, flavonoids, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom xyaw no tuaj yeem txhawb lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv ntau txoj hauv kev.
Nyem paub 10 txoj hauv kev los txhim kho kev nco
Tsis tas li ntawd, me ntsis paub txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub sijhawm-ntawm-hnub ntawm hippocampal neuronal physiology. Ntawm no, peb tshawb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib deev thiab lub sijhawm ntawm hnub ntawm hippocampal neurophysiology thiab nco hauv nas. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm qhov chaw nco (OLM) txoj haujlwm yog nyob ntawm ob lub sijhawm circadian thiab kev sib deev, nrog kev nco zoo thaum hmo ntuj inmales tab sis thaum nruab hnub hauv poj niam. Long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP) magnitude ntawm CA3-CA1 synapseswas ntau dua thaum hmo ntuj piv nrog rau nruab hnub hauv ob leeg poj niam.
Tom ntej no, peb ntsuas qhov tshwm sim ntawm synaptic excitation thiab inhibition mus rau CA1 pyramidal neurons. Ntau zaus thiab amplitude ntawm inhibition tau ntau dua thaum nruab hnub piv nrog rau hmo ntuj, tsis hais poj niam txiv neej. Ntau zaus thiab amplitude ntawm excitation yog loj dua nyob rau hauv cov poj niam, piv nrog rau cov txiv neej, ywj siab ntawm lub sij hawm-ntawm-hnub, txawm hais tias ob lub sij hawm-ntawm-hnub thiab poj niam txiv neej cuam tshuam presynaptic tso tawm probability.
Thaum tsaus ntuj, CA1 pyramidal neurons tau pom muaj zog ntxiv (kev ua haujlwm muaj peev xwm tua hluav taws thiab / lossis lub peev xwm) uas yog nyob ntawm synaptic excitation thiab inhibition, tsis hais poj niam txiv neej. Txoj kev tshawb no qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib deev thiab lub sij hawm ntawm hnub nyob rau hauv hippocampal physiology, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muab hais tias muaj ntau yam neurologic disorders cuam tshuam lub hippocampus yog txuam nrog circadian cuam tshuam thiab tam sim no txawv nyob rau hauv menand poj niam. Kev paub txog kev sib deev thiab circadian rhythms cuam tshuam li cas rau hippocampal physiology tuaj yeem txhim kho kev txhais lus ntawm kev kho mob thiab qhia txog lub sijhawm tsim nyog ntawm kev kho mob uas twb muaj lawm.
Ntsiab lus:
circadian; hippocampus; nco; plasticity; suab paj nruag; synaptic.
Nqe lus tseem ceeb
Circadian rhythms tswj ntau yam ntawm neurophysiology, suav nrog kev paub. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub sijhawm nruab hnub thiab kev sib deev ntawm hippocampal neurophysiology thiab hippocampus-dependent nco tseem tseem tsis tau tshawb nrhiav.
Ntawm no, peb tshaj tawm tias cov kev cai circadian ntawm qhov chaw nco (OLM) yog kev sib deev-nyob ntawm seb. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm hippocampal physiology thoob plaws lub sij hawm-ntawm-hnub nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si poj niam txiv neej qhia: txhim kho lub sij hawm ntev synapticpotentiation thaum hmo ntuj, ntev dua inhibitory synaptic kis mus rau CA1 pyramidal neurons, cuam tshuam ntawm ob leeg poj niam thiab lub sij hawm-ntawm-hnub ntawm excitatory synaptic kis mus rau CA1. pyramidal neurons, thiab txhim kho hmo ntuj excitability ntawm CA1 pyramidal neurons uas yog nyob ntawm ob qho tib si synaptic input thiab txoj hauj lwm raws anterior-posterior hippocampal axis. Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev suav nyiaj rau kev sib deev, qhov chaw hauv cheeb tsam, thiab lub sijhawm ntawm hnub hauv kev kawm txog hippocampal physiology.
Taw qhia
Lub hippocampus yog lub rooj zaum ntawm kev kawm thiab kev nco hauv lub hlwb thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog tsim los ntawm cov hlwb tseem ceeb (piv txwv li, pyramidal neurons) hauv cheeb tsam CA1. Kev ua haujlwm muaj peev xwm tua tau los ntawm CA1 pyramidal neuron, zoo li lwm yam neuron, yog ib qho ua ke ntawm excitatory thiab inhibitorysynaptic tsav, intrinsic membrane zog regulatingexcitability, thiab neuromodulators (Spruston, 2008).
Ib qho kev tshawb nrhiav tsis tau pom nyob rau hauv hippocampus yog li cas CA1pyramidal neuron physiology tau hloov kho los ntawm lub sijhawm nruab hnub. Ntawm qib cellular, lub sij hawm-ntawm-hnub hloov pauv hauv kev ua haujlwm lom neeg yog tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv-kev txhais lus tawm tswv yim (Partch li al., 2014). Cov ntaub so ntswg thoob plaws hauv lub cev yog hierarchically tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug system uas tsav lub sij hawm ntawm 24-teev rhythms nyob rau hauv physiology thiab tus cwj pwm, ua kom cov kab mob hloov mus rau thiab cia siab tias yuav tshwm sim tsis tu ncua tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lawv ib puag ncig (Pilorz li al., 2020; Buijs et ib., 2021).
Circadian kev tswj hwm ntawm cov txheej txheem physiological yog qhov zoo, thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm circadian rhythms tuaj yeem txhawb nqa thiab ua rau muaj kab mob hnyav dua thiab cov tsos mob (Logan thiab McClung, 2019; Colwell, 2021). Yog li ntawd, kev nkag siab txog circadianinfluence ntawm physiology yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim kev cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob uas muaj circadian tsis ua haujlwm, xws li cov kab mob neurodegenerative (Lee li al., 2021).
Ntxiv mus, feem ntau ntawm cov kev paub hauv paus ntsiab lus hais txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm hippocampal physiology yog raws li kev tshawb fawb ua nyob rau hauv nocturnal, feem ntau yog txiv neej, nas thaum lub sij hawm lawv inactive theem (hnub). Thaum lub zej zog scientific tau pib hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib deev yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb biomedical, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub sij hawm-ntawm-hnub tseem tsis tau hais txog. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog los pib nthuav tawm tias kev sib deev thiab lub sijhawm ntawm hnub cuam tshuam li cas los cuam tshuam txhua hnub kev hloov pauv hauv hippocampal lub cev thiab kev ua haujlwm.
Lub suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) ntawm lub hypothalamus yog tus thawj coj orchestrator ntawm endogenous circadian network, thiab cov khoom hluav taws xob ntawm SCN neurons sib txawv nyob rau tib lub sijhawm.
Circadian kev tswj hwm ntawm neuronal excitability yog dav nyob rau hauv mammalianbrain (Paul li al., 2020) thiab tau pom nyob rau hauv ntau hom, nrog rau cov nas (Snider li al., 2018), Drosophila (Cao thiab Nitabach, 2008; Sheeba, 20). andzebrafish (Elbaz li al., 2013). Txawm hais tias SCN yog lub moos tseem ceeb, lub moos circadian muaj nyob hauv lwm thaj chaw hauv hlwb, suav nrog hippocampus (Paul li al., 2020; Hartsock thiab Spencer, 2020). Nyob rau theem molecular, subregions ntawm lub hippocampus rhythmically qhia core moos proteins, nrog lub cell lub cev txheej ntawm cheeb tsam CA1 muaj qhov muaj zog tshaj qhia ntawm PER2 (Jilg li al., 2010). Ntxiv mus, ntau tshaj 600 cov noob, suav nrog cov encoding ion channels thiab cov proteinsynaptic pom circadian qhia hauv hippocampus (Zhang li al., 2014; Renaud li al., 2015).
Nyob rau ntawm cellularlevel, lub sij hawm ntev potentiation (LTP), ib daim ntawv ntawm plasticity nyob rau hauv uas tshwj xeeb cov qauv ntawm synaptic stimulation tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug mus tas li nce nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm synaptic kis tau tus mob, yog qhia nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau dua qhov chaw nyob rau yav tsaus ntuj piv nrog hnub nocturnal nas (Chaudhury. thiab al., 2005; Besing et al., 2017; Davis et al., 2020). Kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm kuj tseem tswj hwm los ntawm lub circadian system (Wright li al., 2012) thiab circadianregulation ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm hippocampus-dependent nco kev soj ntsuam tau pom nyob thoob plaws ntau hom (Snider li al., 2018).
Txawm li cas los xij, peb txoj kev nkag siab ntawm kev sib deev cuam tshuam rau circadian kev cai ntawm kev paub yog txwv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov pov thawj ntawm qib cellular tsis muaj, nrog rau kev nkag siab ntxaws txog yuav ua li cas lub sij hawm ntawm-hnub thiab poj niam txiv neej tswj synaptic tsav mus rau thiab cov khoom membrane ntawm CA1 pyramidal hlwb. Ntawm no, peb nrhiav kev los txiav txim siab txog kev sib deev thiab lub sijhawm ntawm hnub hloov kho hippocampal Circuit Court: los ntawm qib kev coj tus cwj pwm mus rau tus kheej neuronal physiology.
Peb pom tias circadian kev tswj hwm ntawm hippocampus-dependent nco yog nyob ntawm kev sib deev, thaum nruab hnub-hmo txawv hauv hippocampal LTP tsis yog. Peb kuj pom tau hais tias kev sib kis ntawm synaptic thiab neuronal excitability sib txawv asa muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm ib hnub thiab uncovered tias ib co ntawm cov kev hloov no nyob ntawm seb poj niam txiv neej.
Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem
Tsiaj txhu
Txhua tus txheej txheem tsiaj ua raws li Phau Ntawv Qhia rau Kev Saib Xyuas thiab Kev Siv Tsiaj Tsiaj, Tebchaws Asmeskas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv, thiab tau pom zoo los ntawm University of Alabama ntawm Birmingham Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Txhua qhov kev sim siv 6- rau 12-lub lim tiam-laus C57BL/6J nas ntawm ob leeg tau txais los ntawm Jackson Laboratories (http://jaxmice.jax.org/strain/013636.html) lossis C57BL/6J colony ntawm University of Alabama ntawm Birmingham.
Cov nas tau khaws cia rau 12/12 teev lub teeb / tsaus ntuj nrog ad libitum nkag mus rau zaub mov (LabDiet Rodent 5001 los ntawm Purina) thiab dej. Cov nas tau muab tso rau hauv tib-poj niam txiv neej tawb ntawm plaub nas rau kev sim coj cwj pwm. Rau tag nrho lwm yam kev sim, nas yog pab pawg nyob hauv lub tsev sib deev ntawm ob mus rau xya nas rau ib lub tawb.
Object qhov chaw nco (OLM)
Cov khoom qhov chaw nco (OLM) txoj haujlwm (Snider li al.,2016) tau ua nyob rau hauv, 10 lux dim lub teeb liab. Plaub pawg ntawm nas tau siv, nrog rau txhua pawg muaj yim tus txiv neej thiab yim tus poj niam. Nyob rau hauv txhua pawg, cov nas raug xa mus rau kev nyob ib puag ncig, kev cob qhia, thiab kev sim thaum nruab hnub lossis hmo ntuj. Hauv pawg 1 thiab 3, cov txiv neej raug sim thaum nruab hnub, thiab cov poj niam raug kuaj thaum hmo ntuj. Hauv pawg 2 thiab 4, cov poj niam raug kuaj thaum nruab hnub thiab cov txiv neej raug kuaj thaum hmo ntuj.
Cov nas tau nkag mus rau 12/12 h lub teeb / tsaus nti (LD) lub voj voog, thiab tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv qhov chaw rau 2 d ntawm lub sijhawm Zeitgeber (ZT) plaub lossis ZT 16 (qhov twg ZT 12 hais txog lub teeb tawm), rau nruab hnub thiab hmo ntuj, raws li (hnub 1–2; Fig.1A, B). Tom qab hnub 2, cov nas raug tso rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj tas li (DD) thiab rov nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm qhov projectedcircadian lub sij hawm (CT) 4 lossis 16 (hnub 3-4, qhov twg CT 12 yog hais txog lub sijhawm teem ntawm lub teeb tawm ntawm lub voj voog LD ua ntej; Fig. 1A, B). Cov nas raug tso cai kom nkag mus rau hauv chav coj cwj pwm li 20 feeb txhua hnub tam sim ua ntej kev cob qhia / kev xeem.
Habituation muaj 5 feeb ntawm kev tuav raws li 5 feeb ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav arena nrog qhov muag pom. Cov duab pom tau muaj kab txaij ntsug ntawm ib phab ntsa thiab X loj liab ntawm lwm phab ntsa. Cov arenas yog 35.5 25.4 cm nrog 20.3 cm-siab phab ntsa. OLM kev cob qhia thiab kev sim tau tshwm sim hauv DD, 24 teev tom qab hnub kawg ntawm kev nyob ntawm qhov kev npaj CT plaub lossis CT 16. Cov khoom tau tsim nrog PRETEX Tsev Blocks (khoom No. 8030-100) thiab muaj peb txoj haujlwm ua tau nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, txhua yam tsawg kawg 8.9 cm deb ntawm phab ntsa.
Thaum lub sij hawm kev cob qhia, txhua tus nas raug tso cai los tshawb nrhiav anarena nrog ob yam khoom rau 5 feeb. Tom qab ntawd, tus nas raug xa rov qab mus rau nws lub tsev tawb rau 30 min, lub sijhawm twg ntawm cov khoom los ntawm qhov kev tshawb nrhiav thawj zaug tau tsiv mus rau qhov chaw tshiab (qhov chaw tshiab) thaum ib tus nyob hauv nws txoj haujlwm qub (qhov chaw paub; daim duab 1C). Ib 30-min lub sijhawm rov qab tau raug xaiv raws li cov txheej txheem luam tawm yav dhau los (Snider et al., 2016) thiab zam kev cuam tshuam kev nco vim tias kev pw tsaug zog tsis zoo lossis kev nco ua kom zoo dua los ntawm lub sijhawm pw tsaug zog hmo ntuj.
Nyob rau theem kev xeem, txhua tus nas tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw ua yeeb yam nrog cov khoom tshiab thiab paub txog qhov chaw thiab tso cai rau tshawb xyuas rau 5 feeb. Txhua qhov kev nyob, kev cob qhia, thiab kev sim tau raug kaw ntawm 30 FPS (ELP Lub Koob Yees Duab Qauv: ELP-USBFHD05MT-KL36IR). Kev tshawb nrhiav tau taug qab siv lub computer qauv ua los ntawm DeepLabCut. Cov khoom sib cuam tshuam tau raug tshuaj xyuas siv kev cai MATLAB (MathWorks) scripts tsim los ntawm Mary Phillips (https://github.com/PhillipsML/DLC-NovelObject#dlc-novel object).Rau cov ntaub ntawv tsom xam, ntau yam kev cais tawm tau siv: nas uas nthuav tawm ib qho kev nyiam sab nraud, nas uas siv sijhawm feem ntau ntawm lawv lub sijhawm tshawb nrhiav cov khoom sim kom khiav tawm ntawm qhov chaw ua si, thiab cov nas uas muaj kev nyiam rau ib yam khoom dua lwm tus thaum lub sijhawm kev cob qhia raug cais tawm. Qhov ntsuas kev ntxub ntxaug raug suav tias yog: (lub sij hawm siv tshawb nrhiav cov khoom tshiab qhov chaw lub sij hawm siv tshawb nrhiav cov khoom paub qhov chaw)/( sij hawm siv tshawb nrhiav cov khoom tshiab qhov chaw 1 zaug siv tshawb nrhiav cov khoom paub qhov chaw).
Electrophysiology
Txiav kev npaj
Cov nas raug tua nrog lub ncauj tsev menyuam thiab kev txiav tawm sai ntawm ZT {{0}}–1 lossis ZT 11–12 rau kev sim nruab hnub thiab hmo ntuj, raws li. Ob leeg pw ua ke thiab lub sij hawm ntawm hnub tau interleaved. Rau cov kev sim extracellular teb, hlwb raug tshem tawm thiab 350- hli coronal slices tau npaj siv ib tug VT1200 S vibratome (Leica Biosystems) nyob rau hauv ib tug ice-txias kua uas muaj cov nram qab no (hauv mM): 85 NaCl, 2.5KCl, 4 MgSO4 * 7H2O , 0.5 CaCl2 * 2H2O, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 75Sucrose, 25 NaHCO3, 25 Glucose saturated hauv 95% O2 thiab 5% CO2. Slices tau tso cai rau so tsawg kawg yog 1 h hauv kev daws teeb meem ntawm tus qauv CSF (ACSF) uas muaj cov hauv qab no (hauv mM): 119 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.3 MgSO4 * 7H2O, 2.5 CaCl2 * 2H2O, 1 NaH2PO4, 26 NaHCO3, thiab 11 qabzib, npuas nrog 95% O2 / 5% CO2.
Rau tag nrho-cell patch-clampexperiments, lub hlwb raug tshem tawm thiab 300- hli tuab coronal slices tau npaj siv VT1200 S vibratome (LeicaBiosystems) nyob rau hauv cov dej khov-txias uas muaj cov hauv qab no (hauv mM) 110 choline chloride, 25 qabzib, 7 MgCl2, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 Na2PO4, 0.5 CaCl2, 1.3 Na-ascorbate, 3 Na-pyruvate, thiab 25 NaHCO3, bubbled nrog 95% O2/5% CO2.
Slices tau tso cai rau so tsawg kawg yog 1 teev ntawm chav tsev kub hauv cov kua tshuaj uas muaj cov hauv qab no (hauv mM): 125 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 Na2PO4, 2 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2, 25 NaHCO3, thiab 25 qabzib, bubbled nrog 95% O2 / 5% CO2. Rau kev sim ntsuas cov txheej xwm inhibitory synaptic, 2 mM kynurenicacid tau ntxiv rau cov tshuaj rov qab.
Cov ntaub ntawv hauv teb
Cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los ntawm ZT 1–6 lossis ZT 12–18 rau kev kaw hnub thiab hmo ntuj, raws li. Coronal hippocampal sliceswere muab tso rau hauv ib lub submersion chamber thiab tsis tu ncua nrog tus qauv ACSF ntawm 3–5 ml / min thiab 26–28 degree .Schaffer collateral axons tau stimulated siv ib tug bipolarstimulating electrode tso rau hauv lub stratum radiatum ntawm areaCA3. Field EPSPs (fEPSPs) tau txais nrog lub kaw lus electrode tso rau hauv stratum radiatum ntawm cheeb tsam CA1, nyob rau hauv 200-300mm ntawm cov stimulating electrode.
Thawj txoj kab nqes ntawm fEPSPs (fEPSP txoj kab nqes) tau ntsuas ntawm thaj tsam linear tam sim ntawd tom qab lub fiber ntau volley thiab ua ntej thefEPSP ncov. Cov ntaub ntawv tau txais thiab tshuaj xyuas sivpCLAMP10/11(Molecular Devices). Cov ntaub ntawv tau sau tseg siv Kerr Scientific S2 amplifier (Kerr Tissue RecordingSystem, Kerr Scientific Instruments). Cov teeb liab tau digitized ntawm 10 kHz (Digidata 1550B).
Input-output (I/O) nkhaus tau tsim los ntawm kev ntsuas txoj kab nqes ntawm fEPSPs los ntawm CA1 stratum radiatum insponse rau ib tug series ntawm stimulation intensities (0.2–200 mA , D 10 mA) ntawm Schaffer Collaterals.Baseline fEPSPs tau txais los ntawm kev xa ib 0.
Long-term potentiation (LTP) thwmsim tau ua los ntawm kev tau txais thiab tswj qhov ruaj khov baselinefEPSP cov lus teb rau 20 min, thiab tom qab ntawd LTP raug ntxias los ntawm kev xa cov kev txhawb siab siab (HFS; 100 Hz; 0.5 sduration; xa 2 nrog 15-s ncua). Cov txheej txheem kev txhawb zog tsis muaj zog no tau raug xaiv kom tsis txhob npog qhov sib txawv nruab hnub / hmo ntuj hauv LTP qhov loj (Besing li al., 2017; Davis li al., 2020). Tom qab HFS, fEPSP slopes raug kaw rau 40 feeb.
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