Essential Oils As A Potential Neuroprotective Remedy For Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases Part 1

Thov hu rauoscar.xiao@wecistanche.comyog xav paub ntxiv

Abstract:Txawm hais tias muaj kev txhim kho nyob rau hauv lub neej expectancy, neurodegenerative tej yam kev mob tau arguably ua tus dreaded maladies tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg laus. Cov neuroprotective thiab anti-aging muaj peev xwm ntawm cov roj yam tseem ceeb (EOs) tau soj ntsuam thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm EOs raws li kev kho mob neuroprotective ntawm plaub yam muaj hnub nyoog txog cov kab mob neurodegenerative. Cov ntaub ntawv tau muab rho tawm los ntawm peb lub databases (PubMed, Web of Science, thiab Google Scholar) ntawm xyoo 2010 txog 2020 siv cov ntsiab lus kho mob (MeSH) cov ntsiab lus "cov roj tseem ceeb", hla nrog "Alzheimer's disease (AD)", "Huntington's disease. (HD), "Parkinson's disease (PD)" lossis "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)".Eighty-peb feem pua ​​(83%) ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tau tsom rau AD, thaum lwm 12 feem pua ​​​​tau tsom rau PD. Tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb cais tau raug kaw hauv HD lossis ALS. EO los ntawm Salvia officinalis tau raug sau tseg tias yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws acetylcholinesterase thiab butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog Cinnamomum sp. tau raug soj ntsuam rau nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo hauv AD thiab PD. Peb qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tau muab pov thawj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm EOs uas muaj peev xwm kho mob neuroprotective rau hnub nyoog ntsig txog cov kab mob neurodegenerative.

Thov nias ntawm no kom paub ntxiv

Ntsiab lus:cov roj tseem ceeb; neurodegenerative;Alzheimer tus kab mob; Huntington tus kab mob;Tus kab mob Parkinson; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis;hauv vitro;hauv vivo

1. Taw qhia

Aromatic nroj tsuag muaj ib tug dav thiab ntau haiv neeg array ntawm cov organic tebchaw nrog tseem ceeb ecological thiab physiological functions. Ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tsim los ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj ntxhiab yog cov roj yam tseem ceeb (EOs), nrog rau lawv cov metabolites theem nrab thiab phenolic tebchaw]l. EOs tuaj yeem muab rho tawm thiab tau los ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag, xws li paj, tawv, nplooj, hauv paus, lossis tev [2-4]. Feem ntau, monoterpenes thiab sesquiterpenes yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm EOs. Phenolic tebchaw yog tsim los ntawm biochemical synthesis thiab muaj cov tshuaj heterogeneous pawg. Phenolic acids, yooj yim phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, stilbenes, lignans, lignins, as Well as hydrolyzable thiab condensed tannins yog cov zoo-tsim phenolic compounds [5,6]. EOs tsis hloov pauv thiab lawv tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev paub txog kev txhim kho los ntawm txoj hauv kev olfactory [7]. EOs paub zoo txog ntau yam txiaj ntsig uas suav nrog lawv cov tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, txhim kho kev nco, tshuaj kho mob, kev txuag zaub mov, tshuaj pleev ib ce, tshuaj tsw qab, thiab ntau yam kev siv. Piv txwv li, EOsourced los ntawm Salvia sp., uas yog ib qho ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshuaj ntsuab tshaj plaws, tau tshaj tawm rau nws cov tshuaj tseem ceeb hauv kev hnoos, mob ntsws, mob herpes, thrush qhov txhab, nrog rau kev tsis txaus siab. EO ntawm hom no kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev lag luam zaub mov thiab kev lag luam tshuaj pleev ib ce, rau ntau yam khoom siv tshuaj tsw qab [8].

Lub paj hlwb lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb (CNS) yog tsim los ntawm ntau hom neurons lub luag haujlwm rau lub koom haum ntawm cov hlwb neuronal thiab non-neuronal, nrog rau kev tuav ntau lub cev muaj zog, kev xav, kev tswj hwm, kev coj cwj pwm, thiab kev txawj ntse. Cov hlwb neuronal muaj ntau haiv neeg hauv lawv cov morphology thiab kev ua haujlwm, qhia tias txhua hom neuronal tuaj yeem qhia nws tus kheej genomic profile txawm tias muaj cov lej sib txawv.cistanche cov txiaj ntsigHauv CNS, cov cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb tau pom tias muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tsis zoo rau kev laus thiab ntau yam muaj hnub nyoog ntsig txog cov kab mob neurodegenerative [9].

Cov kab mob neurodegenerative feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm cov pov thawj muaj zog ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab hauv lawv cov kab mob, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov pa oxygen reactive (ROS) [10]. Kev tsis sib xws pom nyob rau hauv pro-oxidant thiab antioxidant cellular mechanisms cuam tshuam nrog mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, cov txheej txheem neuroinflammatory, thiab endogenous dopamine metabolism yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau deregulation [10,11]. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb nrhiav cov molecules uas qhib txoj hauv kev thaiv lossis txo qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ROS [12,]13]. Hauv kev sib zog los kov yeej cov kev txwv ntawm cov kev kho mob tam sim no muaj rau cov kab mob neurodegenerative, kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tau ua los tshawb nrhiav thiab txheeb xyuas qhov muaj lwm yam tshuaj ntuj uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo sib npaug thiab tsis muaj kev phiv. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom ntuj tsim los ntawm ntau yam polyphenolic phytochemicals tau txais kev pom zoo rau lub hom phiaj no [14]

Cistanche tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev laus

Cov kab mob neurodegenerative yog tam sim no kho tsis tau, thiab cov kev kho mob tsuas yog tswj cov tsos mob lossis ncua tus kab mob loj hlob. EOs tau raug npaj los ua ib qho kev tiv thaiv thiab kev kho mob rau kev tiv thaiv kev laus thiab cov kab mob neurodegenerative [15]. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm ntau yam EOs thiab lawv cov khoom siv los nthuav tawm cov teebmeem neuroprotective[16,17].Cinnamomum sp.[18,19],Salvia sp. [20,21]Polygonum sp. [22], Lavandula sp. [23,24], Citrus sp.[25], Artemisia sp.[26,27], and Zin-giber sp. [28] yog ib hom kev tshawb nrhiav ntau tshaj plaws rau kev ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm EOs thiab lawv cov khoom sib txuas hauv cov hnub nyoog ntsig txog cov kab mob neurodegenerative. Plaub feem ntau kawm txog cov kab mob neurodegenerative hnub nyoog yog Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington'sdisease (HD), thiab amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

AD yog feem ntau ua rau dementia nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus thiab yog cais raws li ib tug qeeb tab sis muaj zog neurodegenerative teeb meem. Qhov kev nthuav dav tshaj plaws tau tshaj tawm hauv North America thiab Western Europe ua raws li Latin America, Tuam Tshoj, thiab Western Pacific. Feem ntau, nws tau hais tias muaj ntau tus neeg mob AD tau pom ntawm cov neeg laus hnub nyoog tshaj 75 xyoo, txawm li cas los xij, qhov pib ntawm AD tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntxov li 30 txog 60 xyoo [29,30]. Tus nqi ncaj qha los ntawm kev kuaj mob AD suav nrog kev kho mob lossis kev pabcuam kev sib raug zoo uas xav tau tus neeg saib xyuas, thaum tus neeg mob lossis cov neeg hauv tsev neeg cov nyiaj tau los poob raug xa mus rau tus nqi tsis ncaj [31].

Muaj ntau ntau AD profiles, uas suav nrog qhov tsis txaus ntawm lub cim xeeb, lus, kev paub semantic, lub peev xwm visuospatial, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev npaj thiab koom haum nrog rau apraxia [32]. Sib nrug los ntawm kev poob neuronal, amyloid plaques thiab neurofibrillary tangles cuam tshuam nrog kev muaj cov astrocytes reactive thiab activated microglial hlwb[33-35]. A yog qhov kev kawm dav dav tshaj plaws ntawm AD pathogenesis, qhov uas nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau neuronal toxicity thiab ua kom microglia ua rau kev puas tsuaj tsis ncaj ntawm neurons [36]. Proteolytic cleavage los ntawm hom I cell-surface protein amyloid precursor protein (APP) tau paub tias tau txais ntau hom A [37,38]. Cov kab mob pathogenic hypotheses rau synaptic thiab neuronal toxicity nyob rau hauv Alzheimer's tus kab mob yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 1.

Ib qho kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam nrog lub hnub nyoog ntsig txog kev poob ntawm substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic hlwb yog qhov poob ntawm neostriatum dopaminergic innervation. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis txaus ntseeg tau pom tias kev koom tes ntawm monoamine oxidase (MAO) hauv AD thiab cov kab mob neurodegenerative yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv ntau txoj hauv kev loj pathophysiological [40,41]. MAO-B tau raug pom zoo tias yog biomarker, thiab nws daim ntawv qhib ua rau kev paub tsis meej, tua cholinergic neurons, induces cholinergic disorders, thiab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm amyloid plaques. Cov kev tshawb fawb hauv molecular biology tau pom lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm A tiam los ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm APP los ntawm MAO[42-45]. Lub tshuab ntawm A tiam dhau los ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm APP ua los ntawm kev qhib MAO yog qhia hauv daim duab 2.

PD yog qhov mob thib ob uas tshwm sim tom qab AD thiab tseem maj mam dhau sijhawm [47]. tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas thiab kuaj pom ntawm lub cev tsis muaj zog, uas suav nrog bradykinesia, rigidity, so tremor thiab postural instability [48]. Cov mob PD tuaj yeem muab faib ua qhov sib txawv (SPD) thiab tsev neeg (FPD), qhov kawg ntawm qhov nruab nrab yog kwv yees li 20-25 feem pua ​​​​ntawm tag nrho cov mob PD. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm SPD thiab FPD yog qhov muaj cov kab mob hauv lub cev, hu ua Lewy lub cev [49,50].

-Synuclein(-Syn) tau raug txheeb xyuas tias yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Lewy lub cev nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis sib haum xeeb thiab tsev neeg thiab ntseeg tau tias yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv PD etiology [51]. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev tshawb fawb ntawm PD tau tsom mus rau kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov protein, neurotoxicity, nce oxidative kev nyuaj siab, thiab mitochondrial dysfunction, nrog rau cov tsis xws luag ntawm cov protein degradation machinery [52].

Sib nrug los ntawm lub luag haujlwm los ntawm -Syn, muaj cov neurotoxins, tshwj xeeb yog 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA) thiab 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium (MPP ntxiv), yog Kev lees paub dav dav los ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam neurotoxicity hauv cov neeg mob PD. Ob leeg neurotoxins tau xav tias yuav ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau dopaminergic los ntawm intra- thiab extracellular oxidation, hydrogen peroxide tsim, thiab ncaj qha inhibition ntawm mitochondrial respiratory saw [53].

Cov kab mob neurodegenerative tom ntej no yog HD; tshwm sim los ntawm kev rov tshwm sim ntawm cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) hauv cov noob yos hav zoov (HTT) thiab koom nrog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem pathogenic nyuaj. HD yog ib qho kev nkag mus tob heev, autosomal dominant, kev loj hlob ntawm neurodegenerative txav thiab neurobehavioural teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam ntawm lub cev muaj zog, cov tsos mob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, thiab kev paub tsis meej uas nce nrog dementia. Kev paub txog HD qhov kev hloov pauv ua rau tso cai rau kev tshawb pom ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm HD phenotypes thiab phenocopies. Qhov nruab nrab hnub nyoog pib yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 40 xyoo, nrog rau qhov ntau ntawm 2 txog 79 xyoo ntxiv [54-57].

Kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev tsis zoo ntawm HD tuaj yeem pab txhawb los ntawm ntau yam kev txav mus los xws li kev txav mus los ntawm hyperkinetic (dystonia, myoclonus, tics) thiab lwm yam kev tshwm sim ntawm lub cev muaj zog (bradykinesia, kev sib koom ua ke, oculomotor muaj nuj nqi hloov pauv, gait impairment) nrog rau chorea raws li qhov txawv txav tsis txaus ntseeg. Raws li tus kab mob loj zuj zus mus rau lub sijhawm, dystonia ua ntau dua thiab hloov chorea.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, yog categorized li heterogeneous neurodegenerative mob kho mob, caj ces, thiab pathologically [58-60]. Lub degeneration ntawm cortical motor neurons thiab anterior horn hlwb ntawm tus txha caj qaum yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ALS, tseem hu ua Charcot's los yog Lou Gehrig's kab mob. Qhov no ua rau, feem ntau nyob rau hauv 3-5 xyoo ntawm kev kuaj mob, mus rau cov leeg nqaij atrophy, poob ntawm cov leeg nqaij, thiab kev tuag los ntawm kev ua pa tsis ua haujlwm. Qhov sib txawv ntawm kev kho mob sib txawv hauv kev ntseeg tau yog vim qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev muaj zog neuron (UMN) thiab qis lub cev muaj zog neuron (LMN) kev koom tes, cov tsos mob ntxiv ntawm lub cev muaj zog, lub hnub nyoog pib, kev ciaj sia, thiab kev nce qib. Heterogeneity ntawm tus kab mob tiv thaiv biomarker ntau lawm uas cuam tshuam qhov kev ntsuam xyuas raug ntawm cov neeg sib tw tshuaj hauv kev sim tshuaj [59-61]. Ntau yam kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias oxidative kev nyuaj siab plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tus kab mob pathogenesis, pom tias yog ib hom tsev neeg txawv txawv uas feem ntau nthuav tawm superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene mutations [62,63].

EOs tam sim no feem ntau siv thiab lawv qhov zoo hauv txhua yam ntawm lub neej raug tshawb xyuas. Lub attractiveness ntawm EO muaj peev xwm thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm kev nqis tes ua yog ventured nyob rau hauv ib txwm nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Hauv kev tshuaj xyuas no, peb tsom mus rau thiab txheeb xyuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm EOs raws li kev kho mob neuroprotective ntawm plaub qhov kev xaiv hnub nyoog ntsig txog neurodegenerative mob uas tau hais los saum toj no. Peb ntseeg siab tias qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ntau tus kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshaj lij uas muaj kev txaus siab rau EOs thiab lawv cov ntawv thov dav.

2. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem tshawb nrhiav tswv yim!

Cov ntawv qub tau tshawb fawb hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv (PubMed, Web of Science, thiab Google Scholar) txij xyoo 2010 txog 2020, siv cov ncauj lus kho mob (MeSH) cov ntsiab lus "cov roj tseem ceeb", hla nrog lo lus "Alzheimer's disease", "Parkinson's kab mob", "Huntington's disease" lossis "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Cov ntawv tshaj tawm uas muaj cov ntsiab lus tau raug tshuaj xyuas thiab txwv rau cov kev tshawb fawb luam tawm ua lus Askiv thiab lus Malay. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tib neeg thiab tsiaj cov kev tshawb fawb, kev sim tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, thiab muaj feem xyuam nrog cov tshuaj cog-based neurodegenerative tau suav nrog. Txawm li cas los xij, tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv thiab cov ntawv rau tus editor tsis suav nrog. Cov ntawv dua qub raug tshem tawm.

3. Cov txiaj ntsig

Tag nrho cov ntawv muaj feem raug luam tawm rau kev soj ntsuam pov thawj ntxiv los tshawb txog kev ua tau zoo ntawm EOs raws li kev kho mob neuroprotective rau hnub nyoog ntsig txog cov kab mob neurodegenerative. Tom qab ua tiav kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, cov khoom raug xaiv thiab muab faib ua ntau hom kab mob neurodegenerative (Table 1). Tag nrho ntawm 103 kab lus tau suav nrog hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no. Yim caum-rau kab lus ntawm AD tau pom, uas muaj 53 kab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro, 20 kab lus ntawm hauv vivo kev tshawb fawb, 11 kab lus ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm hauv vitro thiab hauv vivo kev tshawb fawb, thiab 2 kab lus ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm hauv vitro thiab ex. vivo kev tshawb fawb. Kaum peb tsab xov xwm ntawm PD tau pom, uas muaj plaub kab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro, rau 6 kab lus nyob rau hauv vivo kev tshawb fawb, ib tsab xov xwm ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm hauv vitro thiab hauv vivo kev tshawb fawb, thiab ob kab lus ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm vivo thiab ex vivo kev tshawb fawb . Plaub kab lus tau muab faib ua ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm cov kab mob vim tias ntau yam kab mob neurodegenerative tau hais hauv cov ntawv ib zaug. Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb cais tau raug kaw hauv HD thiab ALS. Dhau li ntawm tus qauv biochemical ntsuam xyuas, qee qhov kev tshawb fawb kuj tau tshaj tawm txog cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm EOs xaiv.

Kab lus no yog muab rho tawm los ntawm Molecules 2021, 26, 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041107 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules