Cov teebmeem ntawm Tag Nrho Glycosides Ntawm Cistanche Ntawm O Xidative Stress Injury Thiab Apoptosis Hauv nas nrog Cerebral Ischemia - Reperfusion Ⅲ

3.6 Qhov cuam tshuam rau txoj hnyuv histopathology hauv cov nas uas muaj cawv ua rau lub siab raug mob

Raws li pom nyob rau hauv HE pathology nyob rau hauv daim duab 3 thiab 4, lub plab hnyuv villi nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv me ntawm cov nas nyob rau hauv ib txwm pab pawg neeg thiab ib txwm ua hauj lwm pab pawg neeg muaj ib tug tag nrho cov qauv, yog zoo meej npaj, ua kom tiav thiab tas mus li, thiab lamina propria gland cell qauv. yog tseeb; piv nrog cov pab pawg ib txwm muaj, tus qauv Cov nas hauv pab pawg tau teeb tsa tsis zoo; raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 3, lub microvilli ntawm cov hnyuv me epithelial hlwb ntawm cov nas nyob rau hauv ib txwm pab pawg neeg thiab cov pab pawg neeg tswj ib txwm tau ntev, muaj ib tug qauv, thiab tau teem kom zoo zoo, tag nrho thiab tsis tu ncua; piv nrog rau cov pab pawg ib txwm muaj, cov microvilli hauv cov qauv pab pawg me me Cov nas tsis sib haum xeeb; cov microvilli tau luv luv thiab tsis sib xws; piv nrog rau pawg qauv, microvilli morphology ntawm cov nas nyob rau hauv CPhGs high-dose pawg tau txhim kho.

Raws li pom nyob rau hauv AB-PAS pathology nyob rau hauv daim duab 3 thiab 4, piv nrog rau cov ib txwm pab pawg neeg, tus naj npawb ntawm unmptied goblet hlwb nyob rau hauv lub jejunum ntawm cov qauv pab pawg neeg yog ho txo, thiab cov secretion ntawm acidic mucus protein yog ho nce; lub jejunum thiab cov nyuv ntawm cov pab pawg ib txwm muaj Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsis muaj kab mob goblet yog qhov siab tshaj; Kev tso tawm ntawm cov kua qaub kua qaub hauv cov jejunum thiab txoj hnyuv tau txo qis hauv qhovCPhGs siabpawg piv nrog cov qauv pawg.

Raws li pom nyob rau hauv lub immunohistochemical pathology ntawm Muc2 nyob rau hauv daim duab 3 thiab 4, piv nrog rau ib txwm pab pawg neeg, qhov kev qhia ntawm Muc2 nyob rau hauv lub jejunum thiab cov hnyuv ntawm nas nyob rau hauv cov qauv pab pawg neeg yog ho nce; piv nrog jejunum, qhov tso tawm ntawm Muc2 hauv txoj hnyuv hloov pauv ntau dua. , thaum lub jejunum mas concentrated nyob rau hauv lub sib sib zog nqus crypts; piv nrog rau pawg qauv, qhov kev qhia ntawm Muc2 nyob rau hauv jejunum thiab cov nyuv ntawm nas nyob rau hauv CPhGs high-dose pawg tau txo.

NATURAL ORGANIC CISTANCHE

3.7 Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm CPhGs ntawm ntau haiv neeg thiab hom kev faib tawm ntawm cov hnyuv hauv MMice nrog kev raug mob ntawm lub siab cawv

Tus naj npawb ntawm ASVs yog 300 nyob rau hauv ib txwm pab pawg, 1395 nyob rau hauv ib txwm dosing pab pawg neeg, 445 nyob rau hauv cov qauv pab pawg neeg, thiab 567 nyob rau hauv lub CPhGs high-dose pab pawg neeg, saib Enhanced Publication Additional Materials. Raws li qhia hauv Table 4, piv nrog cov pab pawg ib txwm, Shannon Performance index ntawm pawg qauv tau txo qis (P<0.05), and the Chao1 index

Piv nrog rau pawg qauv, Shannon Performance index ntawm CPhGs high-dose pab pawg tau nce ntxiv (P<0.01).

PCoA txheeb xyuas Beta diversity index. Projecting tus qauv mus rau abscissa muaj kev piav qhia ntawm 35.70% ntawm cov kab mob flora ntawm cov pab pawg, thiab projecting tus qauv mus rau lub ordinate muaj ib tug piav qhia ntawm 13.20% ntawm cov kab mob flora ntawm cov pab pawg neeg. Cov pab pawg qauv nyob deb ntawm cov pab pawg ib txwm muaj thiab pawg tswj hwm ib txwm muaj, thiab muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm pawg kab mob (P<0.01);

Piv nrog rau cov qauv pab pawg, cov kab mob flora nyob rau hauv pawg CPhGs high-dose pab pawg pom kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb (P < 0.01), saib cov khoom siv ntxiv ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm. Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 5, nyob rau hauv lub genus theem, kev faib ntawm cov kab mob flora nyob rau hauv cov qauv pab pawg neeg tau hloov loj heev; qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov kab mob flora nyob rau hauv ib txwm pab pawg neeg, ib txwm noj pab pawg neeg, thiab CPhGs high-dose pawg yog zoo sib xws.

Table 4 Cov nyhuv ntawm CPhGs ntawm Alpha diversity Performance index ntawm plab microbiota hauv ALD nas (𝑥̅± 𝑠, n=6)

Fig. 5 Cov nyhuv ntawm CPhGs ntawm hom kev faib tawm ntawm plab microbiota hauv ALD nas ntawm genus (x̅ ± s, n=6)

3.9 Kev txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hnyuv sib txawv ntawm cov nas hauv txhua pawg

Tag nrho cov kev nplua nuj ntawm Akkermansia hauv Verrucomicrobia thiab Allobaculum hauv Firmicutes yog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm txhua hom sib txawv; Kev nplua nuj ntawm Allobaculum tsis zoo cuam tshuam nrog kev nplua nuj ntawm Akkermansia (r=-0.701, P<0.01);

Allobaculum genus abundance tau txuam nrog daim siab LBP qib (P＜{{{0}}}). P＜0.01), thiab AST, ALT, LPS, LBP, thiab TNF- qib. (P<0.05) was positively correlated; the abundance of Akkermansia was related to

Ntshav qab zib LBP qib (P < {{0}}} 01), siab LBP thiab TG qib (P <0.01), thiab ntshav ALT, AST, TG, IL-1 thiab Cov qib LPS (P <0.01) muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo, saib Cov Khoom Siv Tshaj Tawm Ntxiv Ntxiv.

4. Kev sib tham

Txoj kev tshawb no pom tias CPhGs tuaj yeem txhim kho daim siab ua haujlwm thiab lub siab steatosis thiab txo cov ntshav qab zib thiab endotoxin qib hauv ALD nas. ALD muaj ntau yam kev tshwm sim. Ntawm cov neeg haus dej haus cawv ntev ntev, ntau dua 80% ntawm cov neeg haus cawv yuav tsim mob hepatic steatosis [6]. Tam sim no, tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv thiab kev kho mob rau ALD

nrog cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau pom tias cov tshuaj suav tshuaj tuaj yeem ncua kev txhim kho kab mob siab los ntawm kev tswj hwm qhov sib npaug ntawm GM [18]. CPhGs yog cov cim qhia ntawm Cistanche deserticola, feem ntau suav nrog echinaceaside thiab verbascoside [19]. Kev tshawb fawb tshuaj niaj hnub tau pom tias CPhGs muaj cov haujlwm lom neeg xws li tshuaj tua kab mob antioxidant, tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab tiv thaiv daim siab [15,20]. Piv txwv li, verbascoside tuaj yeem tiv thaiv lub siab tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm BCG ua ke nrog lipopolysaccharide [21]. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no qhia tias CPhGs tuaj yeem txhim kho daim siab ua haujlwm thiab lub siab steatosis, thiab txo qis siab TG qib siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, CPhGs tuaj yeem txhim kho txoj hnyuv hauv plab thiab plab hnyuv homeostasis [22], feem ntau yog los ntawm kev txhawb nqa kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab tswj cov qib ntawm cov mucus secretion los ntawm txoj hnyuv goblet hlwb.

Ib feem ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm CPhGs hauv kev txhim kho ALD muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm cov hnyuv mucus homeostasis. Cov hnyuv yog thawj qhov chaw ntawm cawv puas tsuaj, thiab lub plab hnyuv cuam tshuam rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm GM hauv daim siab. Cov kab mob hauv plab muaj xws li cov kab mob lom (symbiotic flora), tshuaj lom neeg cov kab mob (cov kab mob hauv plab), cov teeb meem ntawm lub cev (sab saum toj).

epidermal nruj junctions), thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob (kab mob plab hnyuv) [23]. Thaum cov tshuaj exogenous tawg los ntawm txoj hnyuv, lawv dej nyab mus rau hauv daim siab los ntawm lub siab portal leeg, ua rau inflammatory kev tshwm sim thiab lub siab puas tsuaj [24]. Tej zaum yuav muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kab mob flora, cuam tshuam rau daim siab metabolism thiab kho cov haujlwm [25]. Kev kuaj mob plab hnyuv mucosal morphological yog cov pov thawj ncaj qha tshaj plaws ntawm kev puas tsuaj hauv plab hnyuv. Txoj kev tshawb no tau siv kev sib kis ntawm electron microscopy los soj ntsuam tias qhov ntev ntawm microvilli nyob rau hauv jejunal epithelial hlwb ntawm nas nyob rau hauv cov qauv pab pawg neeg tau luv luv thiab lawv txoj kev npaj tsis raug. Tom qab CPhG kev cuam tshuam, tus naj npawb ntawm microvilli tau nce ntau, thiab cov qauv tau ua tiav thiab ua kom zoo zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntshav LPS thiab LBP tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov ntshav hauv plab hnyuv endotoxin. Serum DAO thiab D-LA qib tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog kev ncaj ncees thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm txoj hnyuv hauv lub cev. LBP, raws li qhov ntsuas ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob thauj khoom, yog biomarker tseeb tshaj plaws. DAO yog ib qho active intracellular enzyme nyob rau hauv lub villi ntawm txoj hnyuv mucosa, thiab D-LA yog ib qho anaerobic glycolytic khoom ntawm plab hnyuv commensal kab mob. Feem ntau, cov ntshav ntshav ntawm DAO thiab D-LA tsawg. Thaum lub plab hnyuv epithelial puas lawm, DAO hauv plab hnyuv mucosa thiab D-LA hauv plab hnyuv lumen nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha los ntawm qhov chaw puas. Yog li, DAO thiab D-lactate dej hauv cov ntshav

Ping tuaj yeem siv los ua qhov ntsuas ntsuas rau kev puas tsuaj hauv plab hnyuv [26].

Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm txoj kev tshawb no qhia tias theem ntawm LPS, LBP, DAO, thiab D-LA hauv pawg qauv tau nce ntau.

Cov ntsuas saum toj no tau txo qis hauv cov qib siab, qis, nruab nrab, thiab siab koob tshuaj ntawm CPhGs. Yog li, CPhGs ameliorated plab hnyuv teeb meem kev puas tsuaj hauv ALD nas.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm CPhGs ntawm kev txhim kho plab hnyuv puas tsuaj hauv ALD nas yog qhov zoo vim yog kev tswj hwm ntawm cov hnyuv mucus secretion. Kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov hnyuv mucus txheej yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj xyuas qhov kev ncaj ncees ntawm txoj hnyuv epithelium. Cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv yog feem ntau Muc2, uas yog zais los ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv. noj qab nyob zoo plab

Cov kab mob goblet tsis yog tag nrho emptied kom tswj cov hnoos qeev txuas ntxiv. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias kev haus dej cawv tuaj yeem ua rau cov mucosal puas thiab ua rau cov plab hnyuv permeability ntxiv [27,28]. Cawv tuaj yeem yaj cov lipids hauv cov mucosa thiab txo qhov hydrophobicity ntawm cov mucosal nto, ua rau poob ntawm nws qhov kev cuam tshuam [29]. Hauv cov nas noj ethanol rau 8 lub lis piam, Muc2 qhia tau txo qis hauv ileum [30]. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cawv ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv tsis tau kawm. Txoj kev tshawb no pom tias cov kua qaub kua qaub nyob rau hauv jejunum thiab cov hnyuv ntawm cov qauv pab pawg neeg tau nce ntau, thiab kev qhia ntawm Muc2 kuj tseem nce ntxiv. Cov ntsiab lus microbial nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv yog ntau dua li ntawm lwm qhov ntawm lub cev. Kev tso tawm ntau dhau ntawm mucin los ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv yog tej zaum yuav txhim kho cov hnyuv mucus flushing thiab inhibit qhov kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic hauv cov hnyuv. Yog li ntawd, tus naj npawb ntawm goblet hlwb uas khaws mucin nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv yog depleted, thiab mucus nce nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv lumen. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb muajTam sim no, qhov tsis txaus Muc2 ua rau ALD nyob rau hauv nas, thiab nws txoj kev tiv thaiv yog nyob ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov kab mob tua kab mob ntau ntxiv [31,32]. Muc2 tsis muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv nas los ntawm kev noj zaub mov muaj roj ntau vim muaj kab mob siab rog [33]. Txoj kev tshawb no pom tau tias CPhGs txo cov hnyuv mucus hauv ALD nas piv nrog cov qauv pawgntim ntim. Qhov kev tswj hwm no kuj tseem tuaj yeem pab cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas zais los ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv kom siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob.

NATURAL ORGANIC CISTANCHE ntsiav tshuaj nrog 30% ECHINACOSIDE thiab 12% ACTEOSIDE rau kev tiv thaiv daim siab

Txoj kev tshawb no tsuas yog tsom rau qhovCov teebmeem ntawm CPhGs ntawm txoj hnyuv ua haujlwmthiab GM hauv ALD nas, yog li GM sequencing tsom rau CPhGs ib txwm tswj pab pawg, pawg qauv, thiab CPhGs high-dose pawg. Vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm GM thiab cov mucus txheej, muaj GM nyob rau hauv lub mucus txheej yuav inhibit cov kab mob pathogenic.

Over-proliferation ntawmcov kab mob bactericidal, qee cov kab mob kuj tuaj yeem siv cov hnoos qeev los tswj cov pej xeem. Ntawm lawv, Akkermansia muciniphilamuciniphila) tuaj yeem degrade cov hnyuv mucin, thiab nws cov mucin noj thiab mucin regeneration los ntawm goblet hlwb muaj peev xwm ua tau ib tug dynamic tshuav nyiaj li cas, yog li tswj cov stability ntawm cov mucin txheej [34]. Txoj kev tshawb no pom tau hais tias kev nplua nuj ntawm cov genus Akkermansia txo qis thiab cov hnoos qeev tso tawm ntau ntxiv hauv pawg qauv. Tom qab kev cuam tshuam ntawm CPhG, qhov ntau ntawm cov genus Akkermansia tau nce thiab cov hnoos qeev qis qis. Cov qauv tsim nyog thiab kev nplua nuj ntawm cov hnyuv microbiota yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv kev nplua nuj ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj kab mob kis tau zoo thiab ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm txoj hnyuv [13]. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias kev hloov pauv cov kab mob fecal los ntawm cov neeg mob uas muaj kab mob siab cawv loj rau hauv cov nas ua rau lub siab mob hnyav, nce plab hnyuv permeability, thiab ntau zaus hloov cov kab mob [29]. Nws tau raug pom tias co-colonization ntawm cov genus Allobaculum nrog Akkermansia muciniphila txhim kho txoj hnyuv epithelial cell activation thiab colitis induced los ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic Allobaculum genus [35]. Thiab nyob rau hauv tib neeg

Cov genus allobaculum tau sib cuam tshuam nrog Akkermansia muciniphila hauv lub cev-microbiota-koom nrog nas thiab tib neeg pawg [34]. Txoj kev tshawb no pom tau hais tias nas nyob rau hauv cov qauv pab pawg neeg tau ntsib ntau proliferation ntawm cov genus Allobaculum thiab poob ntawm abundance ntawm cov kab mob zoo Akkermansia. Ntxiv mus, Allobaculum genus tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog kev mob ntshav qab zib, qib endotoxin, thiab lwm yam, thiab Akkermansia genus abundance tau cuam tshuam tsis zoo nrog Allobaculum genus abundance. Txoj kev tshawb no tsuas yog ntsuas cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv tawm los ntawm cov kab mob pathological, uas muaj qee yam kev txwv. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj qhov tsis muaj kev sim tshuaj ntsuam xyuas rau kev kawm txog hom kev sib raug zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb yog tias CPhGs tsis yog tsuas yog txhawb nqa kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo xwb tab sis kuj txo qis ntawm cov kab mob goblet uas khaws cov mucin, txhim kho cov hnyuv mucus barrier homeostasis. Hauv cov ntsiab lus, CPhGs tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv ib feem ntawm ALD los ntawm kev ua kom cov kab mob muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, txo cov kab mob uas muaj feem cuam tshuam, thiab txo cov ntshav qab zib thiab endotoxin qib.

Daim ntawv qhia tsis sib haum xeeb: Kab lus no tsis qhia txog kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev txaus siab.

Kev siv

[1]WANG FS, FAN JG, Zhang Z, et al. Lub nra thoob ntiaj teb ntawm kab mob siab: Qhov cuam tshuam loj ntawm Tuam Tshoj [J]. Hepatology,2014,60(6):2099-2108.[2]LIANGPUNSAKUL S, HABER P, MCCAUGHAN GW. Alcoholic Liver Disease in Asia, Europe, and North America[J].Gastroenterology, 2016,150(8):1786-1797.[3]HYUN J, HAN J, LEE C, et al. Pathphysiological Aspects ntawm Cawv Metabolism nyob rau hauv lub siab [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2021,22(11):{14}}.[4]BAJAJ JS. Cawv, kab mob siab, thiab lub plab microbiota [J]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019,16(4):235-246.[5]SZABO G. Gut-liver axis in alcoholic liver disease[J]. Gastroenterology, 2015,148(1):{25}}.[6]DUNN W, SHAH VH. Pathogenesis ntawm Alcoholic Liver Disease [J]. Cov chaw kho mob hauv daim siab, 2016,20(3):445-456.[7]ADAK A, KHAN MR. Kev pom rau hauv plab microbiota thiab nws cov haujlwm [J]. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2019,76(3):473-493.[8]ALBILLS A, DE GOTTARDI A, RESCIGON M. Lub plab axis hauv kab mob siab: Pathphysiological hauv paus rau kev kho[J]. JHepatol, 2020,72(3):{41}}.[9]MARSHALL JC. Lub plab yog qhov ua rau muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev tawm dag zog ua rau cov lus teb [J]. Can J Physiol Pharmacol,1998,76(5):479-484.[10]JUNG JH, KIM SE, SUK KT, et al. Lub plab microbiota-modulating cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv cov kab mob cawv cawv: Kev sib txuas ntawm tus tswv tsev metabolism thiab plab microbiota [J]. Pem Hauv Ntej Med, 2022,9(913842):1-15.

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