Cov teebmeem ntawm Cistanche Tubulosa Aqueous Extract Ntawm Lub plab Microbiota Ntawm cov nas nrog plab hnyuv

1. Taw qhia

Cov kab mob hauv plab feem ntau colonize lub plab hnyuv lumen thiab mucosal txheej thiab mutualize nrog tus tswv tsev los ntawm cov khoom siv thiab lub zog pauv, hloov pauv, thiab lwm yam txheej txheem [1]. Lawv yog cov cim hubs uas sib txuas lus ib puag ncig, xws li kev noj zaub mov, nrog cov cim caj ces thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob, yog li cuam tshuam rau tus tswv tsev metabolism, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, lub paj hlwb, thiab teb rau cov kab mob [2]. Feem ntau, muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm cov hnyuv thiab cov tswv; Txawm li cas los xij, plab dysbiosis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev noj qab haus huv / kab mob sib npaug, tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab ntau yam kab mob [3]. Kev hloov pauv hauv lub plab microbiota yog txais tau rau tus tswv tsev; Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tseem tuaj yeem muab sijhawm los nthuav tawm cov kev hloov pauv hauv lwm yam ua rau hnyav dua, xws li bacteriophages, bacteriocins, thiab oxidative stress [4].

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Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau qhia tiasethanol extract ntawm Cistanche tubulosa(CT), cov tshuaj suav tshuaj suav tshuaj, tuaj yeem tswj cov plab hnyuv microbial muaj pes tsawg leeg hauv cov nas [5], thiab tag nrho glycosides ntawm CT kho cov plab hnyuv microbiota [6]. Cistanche hom, uas feem ntau parasitize ntawm cov hauv paus hniav ntawm Tamarix hom, tseem hu ua "ginseng ntawm suab puam," thiab ib tug tonic muaj xws li cov stems ntawm Cistanche deserticola (CD) thiab Cistanche tubulosa (CT) yog siv los ua tshuaj ntsuab [7 ].The cov tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb ntawm CT phenylethanol glycosides (PHGs), uas yog cov tshuaj antioxidant [8, 9], tau pom los txhim kho kev ua me nyuam tsis ua hauj lwm [10], suppress hepatic stellate cell activation, thaiv qhov kev coj ntawm kev taw qhia txoj hauv kev hauv TGF{{3} }/ SMAD [11], thiab tiv thaiv bovine serum albumin-induced hepatic fibrosis hauv nas [12]. Ntawm ntau tshaj 100 yam khoom hauv CT, polysaccharide kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb uas muaj cov ntsiab lus ntau [13, 14]. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias C. deserticola polysaccharides induce melanogenesis hauv melanocytes, txo oxidative kev nyuaj siab [15], alleviate kev txawj ntse tsis ua hauj lwm los ntawm regulating antioxidant thiab anti-inflammatory txheej txheem nyob rau hauv nas [16], tiv thaiv PC12 hlwb tiv thaiv OGD / RP-induced raug mob [17 ],txhim kho echinacoside absorption hauv vivo, thiab cuam tshuam rau lub plab microbiota [18].

Probiotics yog cov kab mob uas tsis muaj kab mob nyob uas muaj cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv thiab muab cov microbial tshuav nyiaj li cas hauv cov plab hnyuv siab raum thaum noj cov nyiaj txaus [19].They tuaj yeem txhim kho lub cev tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua kom cov macrophages, natural killer (NK) hlwb, thiab antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes thiab tso tawm ntau yam cytokines nyob rau hauv ib hom kab mob tshwj xeeb thiab koob tshuaj raws li [20]. Probiotic hom txhim kho cov khoom ntawm txoj hnyuv epithelium ntawm TJ kev hloov kho, thiab cov kab mob probiotic tshwj xeeb tau pom los tswj cov mucin qhia, yog li cuam tshuam cov khoom ntawm cov mucus txheej thiab indirectly tswj lub plab tiv thaiv kab mob [21]. Cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob lactic acid (LAB) thiab Bifidobacterium yog cov probiotics loj uas tau siv rau ntau qhov chaw [22–26].Their cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv muaj ntau, nrog rau lawv lub peev xwm antioxidant yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv lawv txoj haujlwm kev noj qab haus huv [27]. Probiotics tuaj yeem chelate hlau ions los tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm catalyzing oxidation [28, 29]; Lawv kuj tuaj yeem ua rau kom muaj kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov enzymes antioxidant [30, 31], tsim ntau yam metabolites nrog kev ua haujlwm antioxidant [32, 33], kho cov kab mob antioxidant kev taw qhia [34–36], thiab tswj cov enzymes uas tsim cov pa oxygen hom (ROS) thiab Cov lus teb ntawm plab hnyuv microorganisms rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab [37]

Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau pom tias cov polysaccharides ntawm CD tuaj yeem ua tautxhawb kev loj hlob ntawm qee cov kab mob lactic acid, uas yuav pab tau tib neeg noj qab haus huv [38]. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus ntawm polysaccharides hauv CD yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov hauv CT [7, 39], thiab qhov sib txawv no yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv. Tsis tas li ntawd, txawm hais tias CD polysaccharides tuaj yeem txo cov kev ntxhov siab oxidative los ntawm kev ua kom NRF2 / HO-1 txoj kev [15], cov teebmeem ntawm ib leeg polysaccharide tuaj yeem txawv ntawm tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ntau qhov sib xyaw hauv CT.Thpeb, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua kom meej meej cov teebmeem ntawm CT aqueous extracts ntawm plab hnyuv microorganisms. Tsis tas li ntawd, PHGs tseem tuaj yeem tiv taus oxidative kev nyuaj siab [40] thiab txo qis lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory teb los ntawm kev ua kom lub Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 txoj kev [41].Therefore, txiav txim siab cov nyhuv ntawm CT aqueous extract yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qee cov ntsiab lus ntawm aqueous CD extract ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab thiab plab hnyuv flora qhia tau hais tias kev tiv thaiv rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab tej zaum yuav correlated nrog plab hnyuv flora hloov.

Txhawm rau sau qhov khoob hauv qhov kev paub ntawm cov ncauj lus uas tau hais los saum no, peb tau tshawb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm CT aqueous extract ntawm lub plab microbiota ntawm cov nas nrog cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv.These cov txiaj ntsig yuav muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb txog cov txheej txheem ua tau los ntawm CT hloov lub plab hnyuv thiab ua rau lub plab tsis zoo rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab.

2. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem

2.1. Kev sim tsiaj.

Tag nrho ntawm 18 SPF-chav kawm txiv neej C57BL / 6J nas, hnyav 18–22 g, tau yuav los ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Tsiaj Chaw ntawm Xinjiang Medical University nrog daim ntawv tso cai naj npawb SCXK (tshiab) 2018-0003.They tau nyob rau hauv tawb nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem txheem: 12 h lub teeb / tsaus photoperiod, kub ntawm 23 ± 2 degree, thiab av noo ntawm 55 ± 5%.The tsiaj tau noj khoom noj khoom haus (51% nitrogen-free extract, 25% crude protein, 4.6% roj crude, 6.5% crude tshauv, 4.0% crude fiber, thiab 8.9% noo noo) thiab kais dej.The tsiaj raug kho raws li cov lus pom zoo tau piav qhia hauv Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Saib Xyuas thiab Kev Siv Cov Tsiaj Looj Mem ntawm National Institutes of Health.

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2.2. Extraction ntawm Aqueous Extract.

Dried slices ntawm C. tubulosa, muab los ntawm Hotan Dichen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Co., Ltd., tau muab av rau hauv hmoov, thiab granules nrog particle loj ntawm 20 thiab 40 meshes raug xaiv.The extraction tej yam kev mob yog raws li nram no: solidliquid ratio ntawm 1:19, kub ntawm 80 degree, microwave lub sij hawm ntawm 6 min, ultrasonic lub sij hawm ntawm 16 min, microwave zog ntawm 400 W, thiab ultrasonic zog ntawm 400 W.The cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov aqueous extract tau ntsuas los ntawm HPLC (Agilent 1260 Infinity II, California, USA). Hauv luv luv, cov qauv tshuaj ntawm echinacoside (0.2 mg / mL) thiab acteoside (0.2 mg / mL) tau yaj hauv 50% methanol los ua cov tshuaj siv tshuaj.Then, 1 g ntawm CT aqueous extract yog yaj nyob rau hauv 100 mL 50% methanol thiab sab laug rau teem rau 30 min.The extract tov tau kho nrog ultrasound ntawm 250 W thiab 35 kHz rau 10 min thiab tom qab ntawd centrifuged ntawm 12, 000 rpm/min.The supernatant tau pom los ntawm 0.45 μm microporous lim membrane.The cov tshuaj siv tshuaj thiab cov filtrate tau kuaj pom los ntawm HPLC nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hauv qab no: octadecyl silane bonded silica gel li muab tub lim, methanol li mobile theem A, thiab 0.1% formic acid li mobile theem B.The qhov kub thiab txias ntawm kem tau teeb tsa li 30 degree, qhov kev tshawb pom wavelength tau teeb tsa li 330 nm, thiab qhov ntim ntim yog 10 μL.

2.3. Kev sim.

Tom qab ib lub lim tiam ntawm kev hloov kho, 18 nas tau muab faib ua rau pawg: A (ib txwm nrog nruab nrab koob tshuaj CT aqueous extract ntxiv), B (ib txwm tsis muaj CT aqueous extract), C ( qauv tsis muaj aqueous extract), D ( qauv nrog high-dose CT aqueous extract ntxiv), E (qauv nrog nruab nrab-dose CT aqueous extract ntxiv), thiab F (qauv nrog qis-dose CT aqueous extract ntxiv).The pawg tau kho raws li hauv qab no: cov pab pawg ib txwm tau drenched los ntawm cov tshuaj ntsev ib txwm, cov qauv pab pawg tau drenched los ntawm cefixime (30 mg / kg, Shiyao Group Ouyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Suav teb) thiab ib txwm saline tov, siab. -dose pab pawg tau drenched los ntawm cefixime thiab 221.14 mg / kg ntawm CT aqueous extract, nruab nrab koob tshuaj yog drenched los ntawm cefixime thiab 165.54 mg / kg ntawm aqueous extract, thiab cov pab pawg tsawg yog drenched los ntawm cefixime thiab 110.57 mg / kg. ntawm aqueous extract.The Ib pawg tau drenched nrog 165.54 mg / kg ntawm aqueous extract, thiab tsis muaj cefixime ntxiv. Cefixime tau muab tshuaj txhua hnub thaum tav su, thiab lwm yam tshuaj tau muab tshuaj txhua hnub ntawm 15:00 h. Thaum qhov kev sim, pawg C, D, E, thiab F tau khaws cia rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob plab hnyuv.The cov quav tau sau txhua txhua xya hnub rau ntawm lub rooj ua haujlwm tsis muaj menyuam thiab khaws cia ntawm -20 degree.

2.4. Histopathological Observation ntawm nas Colon.

Thaum kawg ntawm qhov kev sim, cov nas raug tua los ntawm lub ncauj tsev menyuam dislocation, thiab lawv cov hnyuv tau sau rau ntawm lub rooj ua haujlwm tsis muaj menyuam thiab khaws cia ntawm −80 degree C; Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov qog nqaij hlav qog tau kho hauv 10% nruab nrab formalin.Then, cov qauv tau dehydrated siv gradient concentration ntawm ethanol, hyalinized siv xylene, embedded nyob rau hauv paraffin, sectioned, thiab stained nrog hematoxylin-eosin. Morphological hloov nyob rau hauv lub colonic mucosa tau pom thiab muab piv nrog ib tug optical microscope. Villus ntev thiab crypt qhov tob hauv cov nyuv raug ntsuas, thiab qhov piv ntawm villus ntev rau crypt qhov tob (V / C tus nqi) raug xam (51).

2.5. DNA Extraction thiab Library Tsim.

DNA tau muab rho tawm los ntawm cov quav siv EZNA ®Soil DNA Kit (Omega Bio-Tek, Norcross, GA, USA) raws li cov chaw tsim khoom raws tu qauv. DNA zoo tau txiav txim siab siv lub fluorometer (QuantiFluor™–ST, Promega Corporation, USA). Paired primers nyob rau hauv V3-V4 cheeb tsam ntawm 16s rDNA tau tsim los ua kom lub cheeb tsam thiab tsim 466 bp DNA fragments.The rau pem hauv ntej primer yog 341F (-5- CCTACGGNGGGCWGCAG-3-), thiab rov qab primer yog 806R (-5-GGACTACHVGGGTATCTAAT-3-). Txhua PCR ntim yog 25 μL, muaj 2.5 μL ntawm 10 × PCR tsis, 2 μL ntawm dNTPs, 1 μL ntawm txhua primer, thiab 20-30 ng ntawm cov qauv DNA.Then, cov indexed adapters tau txuas mus rau qhov kawg ntawm amplicons los tsim cov tsev qiv ntawv sib txuas.The cov tsev qiv ntawv tau lees paub siv lub Quantifluor ™ fluorometer thiab ntsuas rau 10 nmol.

2.6. 16s rRNA Gene Sequencing thiab Microbial Community Analysis.

The Illumina platform (Illumina MiSeq) tau siv los muab 2 × 250 bp ua khub-kawg cov ntaub ntawv. Kev ua haujlwm taxonomic units (OTUs) tau txais kev siv Uparse software los ntawm cov txheej txheem pawg nrog 97% zoo sib xws.The naive Bayesian assignment algorithm ntawm RDP classifier tau siv los ua kom cov OTUs nrog Greengene database Release 13.5 thiab ua hom annotation.The alpha ntau haiv neeg ntawm plab microbiota tau suav nrog Shannon thiab Simpson indices, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm pawg tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe).The beta ntau haiv neeg tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas tus thawj tswj hwm (PCoA) ntawm Bray-Curtis dissimilarities. PICRUST2 tau siv los kwv yees qhov microbial metabolic muaj peev xwm ntawm lub plab microbiome [42].

2.7. Kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv.

SPSS 20 tau siv rau ib-txoj kev ANOVA, thiab cov ntaub ntawv sim tau qhia tias X ± S; X qhia tus nqi nruab nrab, thiab S qhia tus qauv sib txawv.

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3. Cov txiaj ntsig

3.1. 8e Cov nyhuv ntawm CT Aqueous Extract ntawm Colon Morphology.

The sawv cev compounds (echinacoside thiab acteoside) thiab lawv cov concentrations ntawm CT extract tau validated los ntawm HPLC (Daim duab S1). Txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm aqueous extract ntawm lub plab, peb tshawb xyuas qhov ntev ntawm txoj hnyuv villi thiab qhov tob ntawm qhov chaw so tom qab kev kho mob nrog CT aqueous extract.The colon villi nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg ib txwm thiab cov koob tshuaj siab (A, B, thiab D) ntev dua thiab zoo li ntiv tes, whereas cov nyuv villi hauv cov qauv thiab cov pab pawg tsawg (C thiab F) luv, thiab cov lus qhia ntawm txoj hnyuv. villi tau tawg (Daim duab 1). Raws li, cov koob tshuaj CT aqueous extract tau nce qhov ntev ntawm cov nyuv villi thiab txo qis qhov tob hauv cov nas uas muaj cov kab mob hnyuv piv nrog cov nas hauv pawg qauv (P < 0.01). Hauv qhov sib piv, qhov tob tob tsis sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg siab thiab cov pab pawg ib txwm (P> 0.05) (Table S1).These cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias qhov koob tshuaj siab ntawm CT aqueous extract tuaj yeem txhim kho cov kab mob hauv cov hnyuv ntawm cov nas nrog cov hnyuv.

3.2. 8e Cov nyhuv ntawm CT Aqueous Extract ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm Gut Microbiota.

Peb tau ua 16s rRNA gene sequencing los tshawb xyuas qhov muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm morphological hauv cov nyuv thiab tshawb xyuas cov kev hloov hauv plab microbiota tom qab kev kho mob nrog CT aqueous extract. Qhov nruab nrab ntawm 100,553 cov ntawv ua tau zoo, xws li 77,734 txog 125,144, tau txais los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyoos (Table S2).These tags tau muab faib ua 4932 OTUs (Table S3). Tom qab ntawd peb txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm lub plab microbiota raws li OTUs no.The Shannon thiab Simpson indexes tsis pom qhov txawv ntawm pawg A (ib txwm nrog CT aqueous extract) thiab pawg B (ib txwm tsis muaj CT aqueous extract) (Daim duab 2(a)).Thtau qhia tias, hauv cov nas uas tsis muaj kev kho mob cefixime, CT aqueous extract tej zaum yuav tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntxiv lossis muaj kev phom sij rau kev sib txawv ntawm lub plab microbiota. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib txawv ntawm pawg qauv (C) tau pom tias muaj kev sib txawv tsawg dua piv rau cov pab pawg li qub.The nas kho nrog siab thiab nruab nrab-dose CT aqueous extracts pom cov tsos mob ntawm -diversity rov qab, whereas xws li ib tug tshwm sim tsis tau pom nyob rau hauv cov nas kho nrog cov low-dose CT aqueous extract (Daim duab 2(a)). Lub caij no, PCoA tau tshaj tawm tias cov pab pawg ib txwm muaj (A thiab B) thiab cov kab mob plab hnyuv tau tswj hwm cov koob tshuaj siab (D) thiab nruab nrab koob (E) CT aqueous extracts tended kom muaj qhov sib txawv luv dua li cov hauv pawg qauv thiab hauv Tsawg-dose CT aqueous extract pab pawg (F) (Daim duab 2(b)).ThCov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias CT aqueous extract tuaj yeem pab tautxhim kho qhov sib txawv ntawm lub plab microbiotanyob rau hauv cov nas nrog mob plab hnyuv.

3.3. Cov kev hloov pauv hauv Cov Txheej Txheem ntawm Gut Microbiota Kho nrog CT Aqueous Extract.

The microbiota muaj pes tsawg leeg profiles tau muab piv nrog cov pab pawg sib txawv. Nyob rau theem phylum, qhov txheeb ze ntawm Proteobacteria nyob rau hauv pawg qauv yog siab dua li ntawm lwm pab pawg (Daim duab 3(a)).The nce hauv Proteobacteria tawm tswv yim tias microbiome ntawm cov qauv nas tau hloov pauv los ntawm cefixime thiab tias CT aqueous extract yuav pab tau cov hnyuv microbiota vim qhov nce ntawm Proteobacteria yog ib qho chaw cim ntawm cov kab mob plab hnyuv loj [43-45]. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau theem genus, qhov txheeb ze ntawm Lactobacillus nyob rau hauv cov qauv pab pawg tau txo qis piv nrog rau hauv cov pab pawg ib txwm muaj thiab cov koob tshuaj ntau; Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau nce ntxiv piv nrog rau hauv pawg nruab nrab thiab qis qis (Daim duab 3(b)).These cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias cov koob tshuaj CT aqueous extract yuav txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm qee cov kab mob los ntawm genus Lactobacillus.

Kev sib txawv ntawm microbiota ntawm pawg kawm tau txiav txim siab ntxiv raws li kev tshuaj xyuas LEfSe.ThKev tshuaj xyuas pom tau tias, tom qab kev kho mob nrog cefixime, qhov txheeb ze ntawm Turicibacter, Alphaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Betaproteobacteriales, thiab Chloroflexi nce ntxiv, qhov txheeb ze ntawm Lactobacillus, Eubacterium_nodatum{1} , thiab Christensenellaceae_R-7_ pab pawg poob qis dua piv nrog cov hauv ib pab pawg (Daim duab 4(a)). Strikingly, thaum pawg qauv tau ntxiv nrog cov koob tshuaj CT aqueous extract, cov txheeb ze ntawm Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus, Kineosporiaceae, Eubacterium nodatum pawg, thiab Pedobacter tau nce ntau ntxiv piv rau cov hauv pawg qauv. Lub caij no, cov txheeb ze ntawm Rhodobacter, Ruminococcaceae UCG_013, Roseburia, Ruminiclostridium_9, thiab Candidatus Stoquefichus poob qis dua piv rau cov hauv pawg qauv (Daim duab 4(b)).

3.4. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plab Microbiota ntsig txog kev kho mob nrog CT Aqueous Extract.

Peb siv PICRUST2 software los kwv yees cov txheej txheem metabolic ntawm lub plab microbiota, thiab cov pab pawg ib txwm tau siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv los txheeb xyuas cov kev hloov pauv hauv lwm pab pawg. Raws li kev kho mob cefixime, cov txheeb ze ntau ntawm ethylbenzene degradation, biosynthesis ntawm siderophore pawg nonribosomal peptides, thiab metabolism ntawm xenobiotics los ntawm cytochrome P450 txoj kev nce; Tom qab kev kho mob nrog high- thiab nruab nrab-dose CT aqueous extracts, lawv cov txheeb ze abundance rov qab mus rau qib qub. Meanwhile, tus txheeb ze abundance ntawm cyanoamino acid metabolism txoj kev txo nyob rau hauv kev kho mob cefixime; Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau nce ntxiv tom qab kev kho mob nrog cov koob tshuaj CT aqueous extract. Tsis tas li ntawd, feem ntau, cov kev hloov pauv hauv cov txheej txheem metabolite sib txawv tom qab kev kho mob nrog cefixime yog qhov tseem ceeb piv nrog cov neeg hauv ib pab pawg; Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib ntxiv ntawm CT aqueous extract tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv ntau dhau (Daim duab 5).

4. Kev sib tham

Colon morphology tuaj yeem hloov pauv los ntawm kev loj hlob, kev zom zaub mov thiab kev nqus, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab kev kho mob plab hnyuv [46-50].The V / C piv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog kev zom zaub mov ntawm txoj hnyuv thiab yog ncaj qha proportional rau lub plab zom mov thiab nqus tau ntawm lub plab [51, 52]. Hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, villi thiab recesses biopsy thiab cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais tau pom tias cov tshuaj aqueous ntau ntau tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov tsis zoo morphology hauv txoj hnyuv.

Txhawm rau tshawb xyuas seb cov aqueous extract hloov lub plab morphology thiab cuam tshuam rau txoj hnyuv microbiota, peb tau ua haujlwm rov qab los ntawm kev hloov hauv plab hnyuv. Peb pom tias cov txheeb ze ntau ntawm Proteobacteria, ib qho chaw cim ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv, tau nce hauv kev kho mob nrog cefixime piv rau qhov tsis muaj kev kho mob cefixime.The txheeb ze ntau ntawm lwm cov cim hub, Bacteroidetes thiab Firmicutes, tsis muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb, txawm tias cov no

pab pawg yog cov tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg lub plab; Qhov piv ntawm Bacteroidetes / Firmicutes tau pom tias yuav txo qis hauv cov neeg rog rog piv nrog rau cov neeg ntshiv, thiab qhov piv txwv no tau pom tias nce nrog kev poob phaus hauv tib neeg ntawm ob hom kev noj zaub mov tsawg [38, 41, 43-45, 48, 53, 54] ib. Lub caij no, Turicibacter, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev rog [55], tau nce siab hauv pawg qauv piv rau lwm pawg. Qhov tseem ceeb, qhov sib txawv ntawm plab microbiota hauv cov qauv nas tau txhim kho los ntawm kev ntxiv ntawm CT aqueous extract. Peb tau sau qee cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv hauv cov nas nyob rau hauv kev kho mob sib txawv; Piv txwv li, Lactobacillus thiab Muribaculaceae yog ob hom kab mob tseem ceeb uas tau nce hauv cov pab pawg kho mob nrog cov tshuaj CT aqueous ntau dua piv rau cov hauv pawg qauv (Daim duab 4). Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau qhia tias cov polysaccharides ntawm CT aqueous extracts muaj qhov tseem ceeb

Kev loj hlob ntawm qee cov kab mob lactic acid, uas tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tus tswv tsev [43]. Nyob rau hauv parallel, Muribaculaceae yog cov kab mob probiotic txuas mus rau lub neej ntev [57].These tau hais tias cov txheej txheem uas CT aqueous extract txhim kho lub plab microbiota yuav yog kev txhawb nqa lossis kev tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob probiotic. Lwm cov kab mob uas tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov yog tus kab mob YE57. Txawm hais tias qhov koob tshuaj CT aqueous extract txhawb cov txheeb ze ntawm cov kab mob YE57 nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no (Daim duab 4), cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias nws cov kev nplua nuj nyob hauv lub plab ib txwm muaj ntau dua li hauv plab uas tau kho nrog cov tshuaj ntsuab tshuaj yej residue. [58] thiab tias nws qhov kev nplua nuj tau txo qis tom qab kev cuam tshuam nrog Bacillus licheniformis ua ke nrog XOS (xylooligosaccharides) [59].Thpeb, lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob no hauv plab microbiota tsim nyog kawm ntxiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov qauv me me hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no yuav ua rau muaj kev ntsuas qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo, thiab kev kawm yav tom ntej ntawm cov qauv loj yog qhia kom siv tau cov cim kab mob.

CT aqueous extract muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau nws cov teebmeem ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev ua haujlwm hloov pauv hauv lub plab microbiota ntawm cov nas nrog cov hnyuv. PHGs yog cov khoom nquag muaj nyob hauv CD thiab CT, thiab echinacoside tau pom tias yog PHG loj hauv CT [60]. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, echinacoside tau pom tias muaj ntau yam tshuaj ua haujlwm, xws li kev tiv thaiv kev laus thiab kev tiv thaiv neuroprotective, txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv, txo qis hyperlipidemia thiab hyperglycemia, thiab tiv thaiv kev rog rog vim ntshav qab zib thiab metabolic syndrome [53, 61-65] . Peb kuaj pom cov kev hloov pauv hauv cov txheej txheem metabolic ntawm lub plab microbiota.The kev kho mob ntawm cefixime coj mus rau enrichment ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj feem xyuam rau ethylbenzene degradation thiab biosynthesis ntawm siderophore pawg nonribosomal peptides, thaum cov kev kho mob nrog cov high- thiab nruab nrab-dose CT aqueous extract yuav alleviate cov kev hloov, qhia tias cov extract no moderated cov kab mob hauv zej zog. rau cov haujlwm no. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab mob loj zuj zus ntxiv uas cuam tshuam rau cyanoamino acid metabolism hauv txoj hauv kev kho mob nrog cov tshuaj aqueous extract thiab nws cov kev txo qis hauv cov qauv nas qhia tias CT aqueous extract tuaj yeem txhawb cov metabolism ntawm cyano amino acid.The kev hloov pauv hauv cov metabolites cuam tshuam tuaj yeem muab cov tshuaj aqueous no nrog cov haujlwm tshuaj.

Txawm hais tias cov txheej txheem los ntawm CT aqueous extract hloov qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm plab hnyuv microbiota yog txoj hauv kev, muaj qee qhov kev xav rau kev xav txog lub peev xwm mechanism. Nws tau raug tshaj tawm tias cov kab mob lactic acid thiab CT aqueous extracts tuaj yeem tiv thaiv oxidative kev nyuaj siab. Oxidative kev ntxhov siab tshwm sim thaum lub o yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas ua rau mob plab hnyuv loj los ntawm kev txo cov plab hnyuv microbial ntau haiv neeg thiab txhawb nqa cov kab mob tshwj xeeb (4). Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, cov kab mob oxygen reactive kuj txhawb kev xaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob los ntawm nitrate thiab tetrathionate ua pa [66–68]; Piv txwv li, cov kab mob los ntawm tsev neeg Enterobacteriaceae tuaj yeem loj hlob sai vim qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv hauv cov kab mob oxidative thaum o [69, 70]. Feem ntau cov kab mob muaj sia hloov pauv kev tiv thaiv enzymatic, nonenzymatic antioxidant tiv thaiv, thiab kho cov txheej txheem kom tshem tawm cov pa oxygen radicals [71]. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kab mob antioxidant no feem ntau tsis txaus los tiv thaiv oxidative puas tsuaj hauv cov kab mob nyob. Ntau cov khoom siv hluavtaws ntxiv, suav nrog butylated hydroxyanisole thiab butylated hydroxytoluene, tau siv dav los txo oxidation, tab sis lawv txoj kev nyab xeeb tau raug nug [72, 73]. Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tig mus nrhiav kev nyab xeeb thiab ntau dua natural antioxidants tau los ntawm cov khoom tshwm sim. Vim muaj peev xwm ntawm ob qho tib si polysaccharides thiab lactic acid cov kab mob kom tshem tawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab, txiav txim siab cov txheej txheem antioxidative ntawm CT aqueous extracts ntawm txoj hnyuv microbiota yuav tsum tau tshawb xyuas ntxiv yav tom ntej.

Hauv kev xaus, peb pom tias CT aqueous extract tau ua tautxhim kho plab hnyuv microbiotanyob rau hauv cov nas uas muaj kab mob hauv plab los ntawm kev txhawb nqa ntau haiv neeg,moderating cov kev hloov hauv metabolic, thiab kho cov qauv ntawm plab microbiota, thiab cov txiaj ntsig no tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv siv rau kev txhim kho cov tshuaj cuam tshuam yav tom ntej.

NATURAL CISTANCHE TUBULOSA FOR KHO StrucTURE NTAWM GUT MICROBIOTA PHGS75% ECH 30% ACT 12%