Cov Teeb Meem Ntawm Kev Xav Thiab Kev Sib Txuas Lus Ntawm Kev Nco Txog Kev Nco: Cwj Pwm Thiab Electrophysiological Pov Thawj Ntu 2
Jan 02, 2024
2.1|Txoj kev
2.1.1|Cov neeg koom nrog
Txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov yuav tsum tau ua piv txwv, peb thawj zaug rho tawm qhov kev coj cwj pwm loj uas tau txais los ntawm Pierce & Kensinger (2011; N = 32, Cohen's f = 0.42), leej twg ua haujlwm zoo li kev sim tsim rau ib qho siv hauv kev kawm tam sim no.
Muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus qauv loj thiab kev nco. Qhov kev sib raug zoo no yuav tsis ncaj, tab sis nws tseem ceeb heev. Cias muab, qhov loj dua tus qauv loj, ntau yam peb yuav nco ntsoov. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tsum niaj hnub sau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab muaj txiaj ntsig hauv peb lub neej niaj hnub los txhim kho peb lub cim xeeb.
Kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias kev siv ntau txoj hauv kev thiab txoj hauv kev kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem txhawb nqa peb lub cim xeeb thiab txhim kho peb lub peev xwm nco. Sim ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg muaj hnub nyoog sib txawv, ua kom muaj kev lom zem sib txawv, thiab muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kab lis kev cai, ib puag ncig, thiab tib neeg, kom peb tuaj yeem ua kom peb txoj kev paub ntau dua, dav, thiab tob.
Kev rhuav tshem koj txoj kev paub thiab kev kawm kom nco tau cov ntaub ntawv sai sai kuj yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb los txhim kho koj lub cim xeeb. Koj tuaj yeem sim qhia koj lub hlwb los ntawm qee qhov kev ua si nco, sib sau koj lub cim xeeb los ntawm kev rov nco dua thiab rov xyuas dua, thiab pab koj sai sai rau kev paub tshiab. Kev txhim kho kev nco tsis tas yuav tsum tau them nqi ntau lossis sijhawm, tsuas yog tswj hwm tus cwj pwm zoo thiab ua haujlwm ntxiv.
Nyob rau hauv luv luv, los ntawm kev sib txuas ntxiv, kev cob qhia, kev kawm, thiab kev sim, txhua tus tuaj yeem txhim kho lawv txoj kev nco, paub ntau ntxiv, thiab txhawb lawv txoj kev ua neej. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tawg, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom muaj lub cim xeeb muaj zog. Peb muaj lub luag haujlwm thiab lub luag haujlwm los txhim kho peb lub cim xeeb ntawm txhua lub ces kaum thiab dhau los ua tus qauv zoo ntawm peb tus kheej. Nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho kev nco, thiab Cistanche deserticola tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco, vim Cistanche deserticola tseem tuaj yeem tswj hwm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov neurotransmitters, xws li nce qib ntawm acetylcholine thiab kev loj hlob. Cov khoom no tseem ceeb heev rau kev nco thiab kev kawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, Nqaij kuj tuaj yeem txhim kho cov ntshav khiav thiab txhawb nqa cov pa oxygen, uas tuaj yeem ua kom lub hlwb tau txais cov as-ham txaus thiab lub zog, yog li txhim kho lub hlwb tseem ceeb thiab kev ua siab ntev.
Nyem Paub txhawm rau txhim kho lub cim xeeb luv luv
Tom ntej no, peb tau rho tawm cov kev cuam tshuam nrog kev nco ERP (rau cov khoom thaum ntxov thiab lig ERP) los ntawm ntau cov kev tshawb fawb uas tau siv lub cim xeeb ua ke (Bader & Mecklinger, 2017; Kamp et al., 2016; Liet al., 2017; Li et al., 2019; Rhodes & Donaldson, 2008; Tibon, Gronau, et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2020; Zheng, Li, Xiao, Broster, Jiang, & Xi, 2015).
Cov txiaj ntsig loj rau cov koom haum nco tau qhia hauv cov kev tshawb fawb no yog txhua qhov nruab nrab-loj, xws li Cohen's f = 0.3 txog 10.7 (N li ntawm 17 thiab 46).
Nevertheless, to avoid an overinflated estimation of effect size, we set f = 0.25 as a lower, more conservative value. Based on this effect size, we estimated that power>.8 ( =.01) yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog 39 tus neeg koom (lub zog tiag tiag=.81) thiab thiaj li tau txais 47 tus neeg koom rau txoj kev kawm.
Plaub caug-yim noj qab nyob zoo, sab xis-sab tes hais lus hauv Suav teb (30 tus poj niam; txhais tau tias muaj hnub nyoog 22.4 ± 2 xyoos) los ntawm CapitalNormal University tau koom nrog kev sim thiab tau them ¥ 30 / h.
Txhua tus neeg koom tau muaj qhov tsis pom kev zoo los yog kho-rau-ib txwm pom thiab raug tshuaj xyuas ua ntej rau keeb kwm ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws lossis kev puas siab puas ntsws, kev kawm tsis meej, mob taub hau, lossis siv tshuaj psychotropic. Cov ntaub ntawv pom zoo, pom zoo los ntawm Capital Normal University InstitutionalReview Board, tau sau los ntawm txhua tus neeg koom.
Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm tsib tus neeg koom raug muab pov tseg, suav nrog ib tus neeg koom nrog kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo (associativePr<0), and four participants with insufficient number of artifact-free ERP trials in one or more experimental conditions (N trial <16). Our final sample therefore included 42 participants (27 females; mean age 22.4 ±2 years).
Photoshop 8.
Ib qho qauv ywj pheej (N = 12) tau muab kev ntaus nqi ntawm cov duab ntawm qhov ntev ntawm valence, arousal, thiab paub zoo, siv qhov ntsuas ntawm 1 (tsis zoo heev / nyob ntsiag to / tsis paub) txog 9 (zoo heev / zoo siab / paub). Cov duab uas muaj kev paub zoo hauv qab 4 tau raug tshem tawm ntawm lub pas dej.
1272 daim duab, suav nrog 646 cov duab tsis zoo (nrog valence qhab nia hauv qab 4) thiab 625 neutralpictures (nrog valence qhab nia nruab nrab ntawm 4 thiab 7), raug xaiv thiab ua ke los tsim cov duab tsis zoo / tsis zoo lossis cov duab nruab nrab / nruab nrab, ua rau 166 semantically-tsis cuam tshuam tsis zoo, 150 semantically tsis cuam tshuam nruab nrab, 157 semantically-txog tsis zoo, thiab 162 semantically-txog nruab nrab duab khub.
Lwm tus qauv ywj pheej (N = 10) muab kev ntaus nqi ntawm cov khub ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv. Lawv raug nug kom txiav txim seb qhov yuav zoo li cas rau ob yam khoom tshwm sim ua ke (Tibon, Gronau, et al., 2014), los ntawm kev teb ntawm ascale xws li 1 (tsis tshua muaj heev) txog 9 (feem ntau).
Tsuas yog cov khub uas qhov kev txheeb xyuas ua ntej tau raug txheeb xyuas (piv txwv li, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov qhab nia cuam tshuam<5, and related stimuli with a relatedness score≥5) by the majority of the raters (at least 6/10 raters) were included in the study.
Raws li kev ntsuam xyuas, 600 khub raug xaiv, suav nrog 150 semantically ntsig txog cov khub tsis zoo, 150 semantically ntsig txog cov khub tsis zoo, 150 semantically tsis cuam tshuam cov khub tsis zoo, thiab 150 semantically tsis cuam tshuam cov khub nruab nrab. Semantically ntsig txog khub yog koom rau tib qeb (piv txwv li, "desk-sofa") los yog muaj feem xyuam nrog (piv txwv li, "luv-carrot").
Cov qhab nia sib txheeb ntawm cov khub sib txheeb [Mean (SD) = 6.61 (1.25)] tau ntau dua li cov khub tsis sib xws [Mean (SD) = 1.61.41); t (299) = 64.20, p<.001].
Cov duab tsis zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov tsis zoo thiab muaj kev xav ntau dua li cov duab nruab nrab [valence: Lub ntsiab lus (SD) {{0}}}05 (0.66), Meanneu(SD) = 5.06 (0.31) , t (599)=−59.22, p<.001; arousal: Meaning (SD) = 5.43 (1.23), Meanneu (SD) = 2.41 (0.63), t (599) = 45.77, p<.001], but equal to neutral pictures on familiarity (p>.05).
Tom qab ntawd peb tau tsim 200 cov khub rov qab los ntawm kev sib txuas cov duab sib txawv, tab sis ua kom lawv hom thiab qhov chaw tsis hloov pauv, xws li tias muaj 50 khub rov qab rau txhua hom. Piv txwv li, ob qho kev sib txuas nruab nrab AB (piv txwv li, luav-carrot) thiab CD (piv txwv li, tshis-cabbage) tuaj yeem sib xyaw ua ke los ua lwm qhov sib txuas nruab nrab AD (luav-cabbage).
B thiab C kuj tseem yuav ua ke nrog lwm yam khoom (tseem yog cov khub tsis sib xws) los tsim cov khub rov qab. Tib qho piv txwv (N = 10) ntawm cov neeg koom hauv qhov kev txheeb xyuas ua ntej tau raug xaiv dua thiab muab kev ntsuam xyuas rau qhov cuam tshuam.
Cov txiaj ntsig tau lees paub peb txoj haujlwm thawj zaug ntawm cov khub thiab pom tias cov qhab nia cuam tshuam ntawm cov khub muaj feem cuam tshuam [Mean(SD) = 6.67 (1.23)] tau ntau dua li cov khub tsis sib xws [Mean (SD) = 1 .65 (.57); t (99) = 64.90, p<.001]. Importantly, there was no difference in relatedness between the rearranged pairs and the original pairs [Unrelated pairs: t (99) = 1.07, p =.29; Related pairs: t (99) = 0.76, p =.35].
Tag nrho ntawm 400 daim duab khub tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov kev kawm theem (100 ntsig txog qhov tsis zoo, 100 tus khub tsis sib xws, 100 tus khub tsis zoo sib xws, thiab 100 tus khub tsis sib xws), nrog rau 200 khub ntxiv ua khub tshiab thaum lub sijhawm xeem. Ntawm qhov kev xeem, 200 khub tsis zoo (tib khub qhia hauv txoj kev tshawb no), 200 cov khub rov ua dua tshiab (cov duab sib txawv ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb sib txawv uas tau muab sib xyaw ua ke), thiab 200 khub tshiab tau nthuav tawm, nrog rau txhua qhov xwm txheej muaj 50 yam tsis zoo, 50 cuam tshuam tsis zoo, 50 tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo, thiab 50 qhov tsis sib xws nruab nrab khub. Cov khub kuaj tau sib npaug sib npaug ntawm cov ntsiab lus, nrog txhua daim duab nthuav qhia sib npaug feem ntau ua ib feem ntawm qhov tsis zoo, rov kho dua, lossis ua khub tshiab.
2.1.3|Txheej txheem
Cov neeg koom nrog tau zaum ntawm qhov deb ntawm 70 cm los ntawm aDell saib hauv chav hluav taws xob tiv thaiv. Picturepairs, nrog rau thaj tsam ntawm qhov pom ntawm 10 degree × 5 degree, tau tshwm sim (sivPresentation los ntawm Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc.) kab rov tav nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub monitor tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau dub. Ib qho qauv kev kawm-kev xeem qauv tau txais yuav, nrog rau theem kawm ua raws li theem kev xeem tom qab 10-feeb ncua sijhawm. Plaub qhov kev so ntawm tus kheej tau muab thaum lub sijhawm kawm thiab theem xeem. Stimuli tau nthuav tawm pseudo-randomly los xyuas kom meej tias tsis muaj ntau tshaj peb qhov kev sim sib law liag los ntawm tib yam mob.
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, txhua qhov kev sim pib nrog ib tug grey fixation ntoo khaub lig rau 1000-1500ms, ua raws li los ntawm kev nthuav qhia ntawm ib tug picturepair rau 2000ms, lub sij hawm uas cov neeg koom raug nug kom nco cov khub thiab ua ib tug valence judgmenttask, uas yog, txiav txim seb ib tug ntawm ob. Cov khoom tsis zoo (Daim duab 1b). Lawv raug hais kom nias tus yuam sij 'sab laug' ntawm lub keyboard yog tias lawv xav tias cov khoom sab laug tsis zoo, nias lub 'txoj cai xub' yog tias lawv xav tias txoj cai yog qhov tsis zoo, thiab nias lub 'txoj cai' xub 'tus yuam sij yog tias lawv xav tias ob yam khoom muaj qhov sib xws.
Thaum txoj kev kawm tiav lawm, muaj sijhawm so 10- feeb. Lub sijhawm no, cov neeg koom ua haujlwm cuam tshuam txog 3-3- lej rov qab suav rau 5 feeb thiab tom qab ntawd so rau tsib feeb ntxiv.
Ntawm qhov kev sim, txhua qhov kev sim pib nrog kev sib tw jitted crosspresented rau 1000-1500ms, ua raws li kev nthuav qhia ntawm ib khub duab rau 2000ms. Cov neeg koom nrog raug nug kom qhia seb nkawm niam txiv puas yog "zoo", "rov qab", lossis "tshiab" kom raug thiab sai li sai tau. Cov lus teb tau muab los ntawm cov yuam sij keyboard, counterbalanced thoob plaws cov neeg koom.
Ib nrab ntawm cov neeg koom tau teb cov lus teb ntawm "tsis zoo" thiab "rov kho dua tshiab" los ntawm nias tus yuam sij "F" thiab "G" ntawm sab laug tes, thiab "tshiab" los ntawm nias tus yuam sij "J" nrog sab tes xis. Lwm ib nrab ntawm cov neeg koom tau teb tias "tsis zoo" thiab "rov kho dua" los ntawm nias tus yuam sij "H" thiab "J" ntawm sab tes xis, thiab "tshiab" los ntawm nias tus yuam sij "F" ntawm sab laug tes.
Ib qho kev kawm xyaum thaiv ntawm 12 qhov kev sim tau muab rau thaum pib ntawm qhov kev sim, ua ntej lub sijhawm kawm. Ib qho kev sim ntsuas ntxiv ntawm 18 qhov kev sim tau muab ua ntej lub sijhawm xeem. Thaum lub sijhawm xyaum ua haujlwm no, tus kws sim paub tseeb tias cov neeg tuaj koom nkag siab txog txoj haujlwm.
2.1.4|EEG kaw thiab preprocessing
EEG tau sau tseg siv {{0}}channel Neuroscan system thiab cov chaw electrode tau ua raws li qhov txuas ntxiv thoob ntiaj teb 10–20 system. Tus nqi piv txwv yog 500Hz nrog 0.05-100Hz bandpass lim. Electrooculogram (EOG) tau sau tseg siv ob lub electrodes tso rau sab nraum lub canthi sab nraud ntawm txhua lub qhov muag thiab ib qho infraorbital rau sab laug qhov muag.
Sab laug mastoid tau siv los ua qhov chaw siv online, thiab EEG cov cim tau rov hais dua offline rau qhov nruab nrab ntawm sab laug thiab sab xis mastoid recordings.Impedance tau khaws cia qis dua 5 kΩ. EEG/EOG cov cim tau lim nrog lub bandpass ntawm 0.05–40Hz. EEG cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm theem xeem tau muab faib ua 1100 ms epochs, kho rau 100 ms ua ntej kev txhawb nqa hauv paus. Epochs nrog qhov hluav taws xob ntau tshaj ± 75 μV raug cais tawm.
Independentcomponent analysis (ICA) ua nrog cov runicaalgorithm muaj los ntawm EEGLAB toolbox forMATLAB (v.2019.0, Delorme & Makeig, 2004), tau siv los cais thiab tshem tawm EOG blink artifacts. Yam tsawg kawg ntawm 16 qhov kev sim rau txhua tus mob yuav tsum tau ua kom ntseeg tau tias qhov kev pom zoo ntawm cov teeb liab-rau-lub suab nrov, thiab plaub tus neeg koom tau raug cais tawm vim tsis ua raws li qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm kev sim.
Cov naj npawb ntawm cov kev txheeb xyuas muaj feem cuam tshuam yog 39 (tsis zoo), 26 (rov kho dua), thiab 38 (tshiab) rau cov khub tsis zoo, thiab 37 (tsis zoo), 26 (rov kho dua tshiab), thiab 43 (tshiab) rau cov khub nruab nrab. Qhov nruab nrab tus lej ntawm cov kev soj ntsuam tsis sib xws yog 25 (tsis zoo), 30 (rov kho dua), thiab 37 (tshiab) rau cov khub tsis zoo, thiab 27 (tsis zoo), 30 (rov kho dua), thiab 41 (tshiab) rau cov khub nruab nrab.
2.1.5|Statistical Analyses: General mus kom ze
Cov ntaub ntawv raug muab rho tawm rau kev sim kom raug nkaus xwb (xws li Donaldson& Rugg, 1998; Paller li al., 2003). Rov ua ntsuas ntsuas ntawm qhov sib txawv (ANOVAs) tau ua rau kev txheeb xyuas qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, nrog Greenhouse-Geisser kho rau qhov tsis yog-sphericity thaum xav tau. Kev soj ntsuam tom qab tau ua tiav siv cov kev ntsuas rov qab ANOVAs ort-tests raws li qhov tsim nyog.
Txhawm rau tswj hwm tus nqi yuam kev rau Hom I, p-tus nqi raug kho rau qhov kev tshawb pom tsis tseeb (FDR) nrog cov txheej txheem Benjamini-Hochberg (Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995) ntawm p<.05. Because the current study focuses on mnemonic effects, only main effects and interactions that included the factor of response type are reported.
Kev txheeb xyuas tus cwj pwm
Kev ntsuas tus cwj pwm ntawm kev txaus siab yog associative Pr: ib qho kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm qhov qub / tshiab cuam tshuam rau associativememory, txhais los ntawm kev rho tawm cov nqi ceeb toom tsis raug rau cov khub los ntawm kev ntaus nqi rau cov khub tsis zoo (Jägeret al., 2006; Snodgrass & Corwin, 1988). Qhov kev ntsuas no tau siv los cuam tshuam cov lus teb tsis zoo (piv txwv li, rau cov kev sib raug zoo; Ahmad & Hockley, 2014; Liu & Guo, 2019; Tibon, Gronau, et al., 2014; saib Cov Ntaub Ntawv Txhawb Nqa 1 rau kev txheeb xyuas cov lus teb tsis ncaj ncees) los ntawm qhov tseeb memoryadvantage. Pr cov qhab nia raug tshuaj xyuas siv qhov ntsuas rov ua dua ANOVA nrog kev cuam tshuam (txog lossis tsis cuam tshuam) thiab valence (tsis zoo lossis nruab nrab) raws li qhov rov ua dua thiab nrog Pr qhab nia raws li kev ntsuas nyob ntawm.
Muab peb txoj kev txaus siab rau kev nco txog kev sib koom ua ke, thiab tsis cuam tshuam qhov kev nco txog qhov tseeb los ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees, peb tau txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb (% yog) rau cov khub tsis zoo thiab cov khub rov qab siv dua ANOVA nrog kev cuam tshuam (txog lossis tsis cuam tshuam) thiab valence (negativeor neutral) raws li qhov rov ua dua, thiab qhov tseeb tus nqi raws li qhov ntsuas ntsuas. Ib qho tag nrho 3- txoj kev ANOVA uas suav nrog txhua yam (kev cuam tshuam, valence, thiab hom lus teb) thiab qib (zoo li qub, rov kho dua, tshiab) hauv tib tus qauv, suav nrog hauv Kev Txhawb Cov Ntaub Ntawv 2.
ERP tsom xam
Ob qho tib si thiab cov khub rov kho dua yog suav nrog cov khoom kawm. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum cov khub tsis sib xws ntxiv muaj cov ntaub ntawv sib koom ua ke, cov khub rov qab muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshiab uas tsis tau nthuav tawm hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb. Yog li ntawd, cov teebmeem tsis zoo/rearranged, piv txwv li, qhov sib txawv ntawm ERPs cuam tshuam nrog qhov tseeb "tsis zoo" kev txiav txim vs. qhov tseeb "rearranged" kev txiav txim, yog qhov qhia txog kev lees paub. (eg, Li et al., 2017; Rhodes&Donaldson, 2008; Zheng, Li, Xiao, Broster, Jiang, & Xi, 2015).
Yog li ntawd, peb tsom mus rau qhov sib piv ntawm qhov tsis zoo thiab rov kho cov khub mus rau qhov ntsuas kev sib koom ua ke. Txhawm rau ua kom tiav, peb kuj suav nrog qhov sib piv nruab nrab ntawm kev hloov kho dua tshiab thiab cov khub tshiab ua qhov ntsuas ntawm cov khoom cim xeeb hauv Kev Txhawb Cov Ntaub Ntawv 3.
Rau cov teebmeem ntawm frontal thiab parietal nco, lub sij hawm segments thiab cheeb tsam ntawm kev txaus siab tau txhais raws li yav dhau los ERPstudies (Bader li al., 2010; Han li al., 2018; Li et al., 2017, 2019; Rugg & Curran, 2007; Speer & Curran, 2007; Wolket al., 2006; Zheng et al., 2016). Raws li, ob-lub sij hawm qhov rais, 300-550ms thiab 550-800ms, tau siv los ntes cov teebmeem ntawm lub hauv ntej thiab parietal nco, feem. Meanamplitudes rau kev txheeb xyuas kev txheeb xyuas hauv cov qhov rais no tau txais los ntawm frontal (collapsed hla F3, Fz, thiab F4), central (collapsed hla C3, Cz, thiab C4), thiab parietal (collapsedacross P3, Pz, thiab P4) tawv taub hau qhov chaw (Han li al. ., 2018; Houet al., 2013; Molinaro et al., 2011).
Rov ua dua kev ntsuas ANOVA tau ua nyias nyias rau txhua lub sijhawm qhov rais thiab suav nrog plaub yam hauv cov ntsiab lus: kev cuam tshuam (txog lossis tsis cuam tshuam), valence (tsis zoo lossis nruab nrab), hom lus teb (tsis zoo lossis rov kho dua), thiab qhov chaw (frontal, central, lossis parietal).
2.2|Cov txiaj ntsig
2.2.1|Kev coj cwj pwm tshwm sim
Txhais tau hais tias thiab SDs rau ntau yam kev coj cwj pwm kev ntsuas ntawm kev sim 1 muaj nyob rau hauv Table 1. ANOVA rau associative Pr (kev txheeb ze × valence) qhia ib tug tseem ceeb lub ntsiab ntawm valence, F (1, 41) = 24.28, p<.001, 휂2 p =0.37 (greater Pr scores for neutral vs. negative pairs), and of relatedness, F (1, 41) = 120.01, p <.001, 휂2 p =0.75 (greater Pr scores for related vs. unrelated pairs).
Kev soj ntsuam ntxiv tau nthuav tawm qhov tseem ceeb 2-txoj kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev cuam tshuam thiab valence, F (1, 41) = 6.61, p =.014,휂2p =0.14, nrog qis associative Pr rau cov khub tsis zoo (vs.neutral) hauv qhov tsis sib xws, t (41) = 5.38, p<.001, d = 0.83, but not in the related condition, t (41) = 1.65, p =.107, d = 0.25.
Kev tsom xam ntawm tus nqi raug rau cov khub tsis zoo ("hits") nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev cuam tshuam, F (1, 41) = 361.91,p<.001, 휂2 p =0.90, and a 2-way interaction between the two factors, F (1, 41) = 17.35, p <.001, 휂2 p =0.30, resulting from lower accuracy rates for negative pairs (vs. neutral) in the unrelated condition, t (41) = 2.78, p =.008, d = 0.43, but greater accuracy rates for negative pairs (vs. neutral) in the related condition, t (41) = 2.31, p =.026, d = 0.36. The analysis of accuracy rates for rearranged pairs ("correct rejections") only revealed a main effect of relatedness, F (1, 41) = 22.70, p <.001, 휂2 p =0.36, with greater accuracy rates for unrelated vs. related pairs.
Muab ua ke, cov txiaj ntsig kev coj cwj pwm piav qhia txog kev kwv yees kev cuam tshuam kev xav ntawm kev xav, qhia los ntawm kev txo qis Pr cov qhab nia thiab qhov raug tus nqi rau qhov tsis zoo vs. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev cuam tshuam no tau txo qis los ntawm kev cuam tshuam los ntawm semantic, nrog kev cuam tshuam ntau dua rau kev xav tsis sib xws rau cov khub uas muaj feem cuam tshuam.
2.2.2|Cov txiaj ntsig ERP
Waveforms thiab topographical tis ntawm associative nco nyhuv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev sim tej yam kev mob yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 2. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov lub sij hawm qhov rais (300–550 ms), ANOVA rau associative nco nyhuv qhia ib tug 2- txoj kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm valenceand teb hom, F (1, 41) = 9.29, p =.004, 휂2p =0.19.
Decomposition ntawm kev sib raug zoo siv khub t-tests ateach theem ntawm valence, qhia ib tug tseem ceeb associativememory nyhuv (ntau zoo-mus waveforms rau intactvs. rearranged) rau tsis zoo khub, t (41) = 3.13, p {{5. }}.003,d = 0.48, tab sis tsis yog rau cov khub nruab nrab (p =.29). Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm thaum ntxov-lub qhov rais, lub associative nco effectemerged rau tsis zoo khub, tsis hais txog lawv cov kev sib raug zoo, thiab muaj ntau tis.
Nyob rau lub sijhawm lig lub qhov rais (550–800 ms), ANOVA tsuas yog nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm hom lus teb, F (1, 41) = 38.84, p<.001, 휂2 p =0.49, suggesting that the late associative memory effect was similarly observed in all conditions and all locations. Exploratory analysis of a later associative memory effect (800–1000 ms), which resembled the pattern observed in the 550–800 ms time window, is included in Supporting Information 4.
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