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Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Cov Txiv Hmab Txiv Ntoo Thiab Zaub-Raws Li Nutraceutical Ntawm Biomarkers Ntawm Kab Mob Thiab Oxidative Status hauv Plasma Ntawm Cov Pej Xeem Noj Qab Haus Huv: Cov placebo-Controlled, Ob-dig muag, Thiab Randomized Clinical Trial

Feb 22, 2022


Hu rau Emailtina.xiang@wecistanche.comyog xav paub ntxiv

Abstract: Muaj pov thawj scientific ntawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawmpolyphenolslos ntawm cov zaub mov cog raumob thiaboxidativexwm txheej. Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no yog los tshawb xyuas seb kev kho mob nrog lub siab-polyphenolic nutraceutical txo qis plasmatic concentration ntawm qee yam.oxidativethiabmobbiomarkers hauv cov neeg noj qab haus huv. Ib puas thiab yim qhov kev kawm tau raug xaiv thiab stratified los ntawm kev sib deev hauv pawg kev cuam tshuam (n {{0}}) thiab pawg placebo (n=55). Cuaj caum-ob qhov kev kawm tiav qhov kev kawm tom qab ob 16- lub lim tiam kev kho mob sib cais los ntawm plaub lub lis piam ntxuav tawm. Cov txiaj ntsig tau nthuav tawm qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov kev kho mob nrog polyphenolic extract piv rau cov placebo: Kev txo qis hauv homocysteine, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), TNF-, sTNFR1, thiab C-reactive protein (CRP). Qhov txo qis tshaj plaws tau pom rau OxLDL (los ntawm 78.98 ± 24.48 txog 69.52 ± 15.64; p < 0.05)="" thiab="" crp="" (los="" ntawm="" 1.50="" ±="" 0.="" 33="" txog="" 1.39="" ±="" 0.37;="" p=""><0.05), ob="" qho="" tib="" si="" qhia="" qhov="" sib="" txawv="" tseem="" ceeb="" piv="" rau="" cov="" placebo="" (p=""><0.001). ntxiv="" mus,="" catecholamines="" tau="" nce="" ntxiv="" tom="" qab="" kev="" tswj="" hwm="" ntawm="" cov="" khoom="" hauv="" kev="" tshawb="" xyuas,="" tshwj="" xeeb="" tshaj="" yog="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" cov="" ntaub="" ntawv="" ntawm="" dopamine="" (los="" ntawm="" 15.43="" ±="" 2.66="" txog="" 19.61="" ±="" 5.73;="" p="">< 0.05).="" yog="" li="" ntawd,="" kev="" noj="" zaub="" mov="" raws="" li="" cov="" txiv="" hmab="" txiv="" ntoo="" thiab="" zaub="" nrog="" cov="" ntsiab="" lus="" siab="" polyphenol="" zoo="" li="" txhim="" kho="" qhov="" tsis="" muaj="" feem="" cuam="" tshuam="" txog="" kev="" noj="" qab="" haus="" huv="">oxidativethiabmobbiomarkers), suav nrog kev hloov pauv zoo kawg nkaus hauv kev qhia ntawm catecholamines.

Ntsiab lus: polyphenol; biomarkers; oxidative kev nyuaj siab; txiv hmab txiv ntoo; zaub; nutraceutical

Flavonoids-Cistanche anti-inflammatory

1. Taw qhia

Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tau sau tseg lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev noj zaub mov hauv kev tiv thaiv cov kab mob tsis sib kis xws li rog rog, kab mob plawv, mob qog noj ntshav, thiab txhua yam ua rau tuag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm kev noj txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub rau lawv cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm bioactive compounds, feem ntau yog polyphenols [1 ,2] ib. Muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev noj zaub mov Mediterranean, tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev noj ntau ntawm cov khoom uas nplua nuj nyob rau hauv polyphenols, los ntawm kev noj cov zaub mov thiab dej haus nplua nuj nyob rau hauv polyphenols xws li txiv hmab txiv ntoo, zaub, cocoa, tshuaj yej, thiab kas fes, thiab kev pheej hmoo ntawm tag nrho cov-ua rau. kev tuag [3,4]. Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias nws tau pom tias kev noj 800 g / hnub ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob plawv thiab kev tuag los ntawm txhua qhov ua rau, thiab 600 g / hnub txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm mob qog noj ntshav, WHO thiab ntau cov lus qhia txog kev noj zaub mov tseem ceeb. pom zoo 400 g / hnub [5]. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm cov pej xeem tseem tsis tau ncav cuag qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tsim los ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv, uas yog sib npaug rau tsib feem ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub ib hnub [6,7]. Cov txiaj ntsig ntsig txog kev noj qab haus huv tau paub thoob ntiaj teb, nrog rau cov khoom tshiab tawm tshiab uas muaj peev xwm koom nrog cov lus hais saum toj no los ntawm cov tshuaj ntxiv / nutraceuticals, uas pab kom ncav cuag cov lus pom zoo ntawm kev noj haus [8].

Tsis tas li ntawd, vim muaj kev laus zuj zus ntawm cov pej xeem, ntawm lwm yam xws li kev noj haus thiab kev ua neej, muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv cov kab mob neurodegenerative, nrog AD yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, uas nws qhov kev nthuav dav nce ob zaug txhua 20 xyoo. Vim muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab kev sib raug zoo tus nqi uas nws tsim, ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua tiav ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev noj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub raws li kev koom tes ntawm antioxidants uas txo qis.oxidativekev puas tsuaj ntawm lub hlwb [9].

Polyphenols yog tsim los ua cov metabolites theem nrab ntawm cov nroj tsuag raws li kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv cov kab mob tsis zoo (cov kab mob, huab cua, lossis cov pa phem, thiab lwm yam) [10] thiab tsim ib pawg dav ntawm bioactive phytochemicals, suav nrog phenolic acids, stilbenes, lignans, phenolic alcohols, thiab flavonoids [11,12]. Lawv muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tiv thaiv thiab kev kho mob ntawm ntau yam pathologies, xws li kab mob plawv, mob qog noj ntshav, ntshav qab zib mellitus, thiab kev laus thiab cov kab mob neurodegenerative [13] los ntawm ntau yam bioactivities (kev ua haujlwm cardioprotective, tiv thaiv-mobkev ua haujlwm, kev tiv thaiv kev laus, kev ua haujlwm antioxidant, kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv kab mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, cov teebmeem neuroprotective, cov teebmeem ntawm lub ntsws, tiv thaiv lub raum, tiv thaiv pob txha, thiab tiv thaiv UV irradiation) [14]. Polyphenols attenuatemoblos ntawm suppressing pro-mobtranscription yam los ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog cov proteins koom nrog hauv kev qhia gene thiab cell signaling [15]. Cov vasodilator, vasoprotector, antithrombotic, antilipemic, anti-sclerotic, anti-inflammatory, thiab anti-apoptotic muaj peev xwm ntawm polyphenols yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lawv cov khoom noj qab haus huv [12], xav tias polyphenols yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj antioxidants (10 npaug siab dua vitamin. C thiab 100 npaug siab dua vitamin E thiab carotenoids) [16]. Qhov tseeb, quercetin, myricetin, thiab kaempferol yog flavanols, cov flavonoids nrog lub siab tshaj plaws dawb radical neutralizing muaj peev xwm, raws li lawv phenolic pawg qauv muaj peev xwm mus ntes cov unpaired electrons ntawm ROS, generating neutralized reactive hom [17]. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov concentration ntawm polyphenols hauv plasma yog nyob ntawm cov qauv tshuaj thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus, yog li kev noj haus mus sij hawm ntev yog xav kom tau txais tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig cuam tshuam [12].

Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev sim tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tam sim no yog los soj ntsuam seb qhov kev siv mus sij hawm ntev ntawm ntau yam polyphenols los ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo- thiab zaub-raws li nutraceutical muaj peev xwm txhim kho cov biomarkers ntsig txog.mobthiaboxidativecov xwm txheej hauv cov neeg noj qab haus huv uas tsis noj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub pom zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg tsis noj qab haus huv tsis yog cov neeg laus tau raug cuam tshuam los ntawm ob peb txoj kev tshawb fawb cuam tshuam txog kev noj txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub thiab qib catecholamine raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm kev paub [27,28,34].

2. Cov txiaj ntsig

2.1. Kawm Pej Xeem

Tag nrho ntawm 108 cov ntsiab lus tau suav nrog hauv txoj kev tshawb no (Table 1 qhia lawv cov ntaub ntawv pej xeem), muab faib ua ob pawg homogenous (N1 thiab N2). Thaum kawg, tom qab hla dhau thiab poob rau kev soj ntsuam, 92 qhov kev kawm (N1=48, N2=44) ​​tau ua tiav qhov kev cuam tshuam thiab tau suav nrog hauv kev txheeb xyuas zaum kawg, raws li tau piav qhia hauv daim duab 1.

data of the volunteers in the study

2.2. Plasmatic Biomarkers

Cov txhais tau tias thiab tus qauv sib txawv ntawm tag nrho cov biomarkers soj ntsuam hauv txhua qhov kev kawm, ob qho tib si ntawm lub hauv paus thiab qhov kawg ntawm kev cuam tshuam tom qab cov tshuaj polyphenolic extract tau txais (EXT) lossis cov placebo kom tsawg (PLA), tau piav qhia hauv Table 2.

data comparison the evolution btween the baseline and final

Hais txog cov lipid profile, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lipoprotein ntau ntom ntom (HDL) cov roj cholesterol nyob ntawm seb hom khoom noj tau zoo kawg li. Cov txiaj ntsig HDL txo qis heev tom qab noj PLA (∆4.52mg / dL;p<0.05),while increased="" significantly="" in="" the=""><0.05).additionally, the="" difference="" between="" both="" groups="" was="" also="" statistically="" significant="" at="" the="" end="" of="" the=""><0.05). finally,="" total="" cholesterol="" and="" triglycerides="" values="" did="" not="" show="" significant="" differences="" throughout="" the="" intervention="" after="" pla="" or="" ext="">
Regarding the vitamins analyzed, a slight increase in vitamin B12 was observed in both groups, as well as small non-significant variations in vitamin E values, as shown in Table2(p>0.05). Piv txwv li, vitamin B12 sib txawv tom qab kev kho mob hauv ob pawg PLA thiab EXT; Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb tsis tau pom (p=0.43 thiab p=0.20, raws li txoj cai). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov vitamin E, cov txiaj ntsig sib txawv hauv PLA(p=0.98) thiab EXT(p{10}}.91) pab pawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, sib piv ntawm pab pawg thaum kawg ntawm kev cuam tshuam, tsis muaj Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb tau pom rau vitaminB12(p=0.205) lossis vitamin E (p=0.974).

Hais txog cov txiaj ntsig catecholamine, qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv dopamine (∆4.18pg / mL; p.<0.001)after consumption="" of="" ext="" with="" respect="" to="" pla="" (p="0.22)," showing="" significant="" differences="" between="" groups="" at="" the="" end="" of="" the="" intervention=""><0.001). a="" significant="" increase="" in="" norepinephrine="" values="" was=""><0.05), with="" an="" increase="" of="" ∆="" 39.21="" pg/ml="" in="" the="" ext="" group,="" not="" observed="" in="" the="" pla="" group="" (p="0.72)." there="" was="" no="" signifificant="" difference="" between="" the="" groups="" at="" the="" end="" of="" the="" study.="" analyzing="" the="" cortisol="" and="" adrenaline="" values,="" no="" signifificant="" differences="" were="" observed="" in="" any="" group="" during="" the="" intervention,="" nor="" at="" the="" end="" of="" the="">


Cov thyroid ua haujlwm tau txiav txim siab los ntawm cov tshuaj hormones T3, T4, thiab TSH. Thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam, nws tau pom tias T3 cov tshuaj hormones txo qis hauv ob pawg (p < 0.05).="" t4="" cov="" tshuaj="" hormones="" muaj="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" ntau="" txoj="" kev,="" nce="" ntau="" hauv="" pla="" pawg="" (∆="" 0.57="" mcg/l;="" p="">< 0.001)="" thiab="" txo="" qis="" tsis="" tseem="" ceeb="" hauv="" extgroup="" (∆="" 0.47="" mcg.="" ).="" meanwhile,="" tus="" nqi="" tsh="" hormone="" tseem="" nyob="" tas="" li="" tom="" qab="" noj="" ob="" yam="" khoom.="" muab="" piv="" cov="" evolution="" ntawm="" peb="" cov="" tshuaj="" hormones="" ntawm="" pab="" pawg="" thaum="" kawg="" ntawm="" txoj="" kev="" tshawb="" no,="" tsis="" muaj="" qhov="" sib="" txawv="" tseem="" ceeb="" rau="" t3="" (p="0.195)," t4="" (p="0.195)," lossis="" tsh="" (p="">

Txhawm rau txiav txim siab txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom hauv kev tshawb nrhiav, transaminases (GOT, GPT, thiab GAMMA GT) tau txheeb xyuas txhawm rau txheeb xyuas lub siab ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus, tsis tau soj ntsuam qhov hloov pauv tseem ceeb (p > 0.05) hauv ib qho twg ntawm daim siab enzymes uas tau hais tseg tom qab noj cov khoom lossis cov placebo. Yog li, nws tuaj yeem xav tias kev noj cov khoom muaj kev nyab xeeb.

effect on inflammtion

3. Kev sib tham

Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, cov ntaub ntawv tau txais hauv cov ntawv sau tam sim no qhia txog qee qhov sib txawv ntawm kev kho mob. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej basal, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov pab pawg, uas txhawb kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb tau txais tom qab kev noj cov khoom.

Plasmatic homocysteine ​​​​yog suav tias yog qhov qhia txog kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov hlab plawv uas tuaj yeem hloov kho los ntawm kev tawm dag zog thiab noj zaub mov. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws cov nyhuv neuroprotective siab yog paub zoo [35,36]. Txawm li cas los xij, zoo li cov zaub mov muab cov khoom noj tas li kom tswj tau qhov zoo ntawm homocysteine ​​metabolism [37]. Hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, homocysteine ​​​​ txo qis tom qab noj cov khoom lag luam, xws li hauv kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los [22,38]. Yog li, kev noj cov tshuaj polyphenols hauv cov koob tshuaj ntau pab txo qis homocysteine, uas tuaj yeem suav tias yog lub peev xwm cardioprotective. Nyob rau hauv lem, lipid profile, tag nrho cov roj cholesterol, thiab triglycerides tsis cuam tshuam thoob plaws hauv kev cuam tshuam. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem ceeb heev uas cov plasmatic HDL cov roj cholesterol tau nce siab tom qab noj cov khoom thiab txo qis tom qab noj cov placebo. Cov kev hloov pauv hauv plasmatic lipoproteins txhawb lub tswv yim ntawm lub peev xwm cardioprotective ntawm cov khoom hauv kev tshawb nrhiav.

Qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb tam sim no yog qhov txo qis hauv OxLDL, nrog rau kev nce qib hauv HDL cov roj cholesterol tom qab noj cov tshuaj polyphenol-nplua nuj extract nrog rau cov placebo. Cov txiaj ntsig no tau sib haum nrog cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los uas txhawb nqa tias cov polyphenols qhia kev tiv thaiv atherosclerosis, yog li inhibiting vascular du nqaij proliferation [12,39,40]. OxLDL yog ib qho ntawm ob peb yam uas tau lees paub los ntawm European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub luag haujlwm thov, thiab zoo nkaus li yog ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws rau kev lees paub txog kev noj qab haus huv hais txog kev txo qis oxidative puas rau lipids [ 41, 42] ib. Tsis tas li ntawd, OxLDL txhawb nqa cov adhesion ntawm monocytes rau cov hlwb endothelial los ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm kev qhia ntawm ICAM-1 thiab VCAM-1, tsim cov hlwb foamy [43]. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tshwm sim nrog LDL [44]. Qhov kev khi no yog ua los ntawm qee cov receptors, xws li CD36. OxLDL yog ib qho ligand rau PPAR thiab txhawb nqa cov kev qhia ntawm CD36, nyiam kev txhawb nqa ntawm OxLDL rau macrophages [45] thiab yog li ua rau kev txhim kho atherosclerosis los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob [46]. Interestingly, OxLDL txhawb nqa endothelial dysfunction thiab atherosclerosis, yog li txo cov hlab plawv [47,48].

Nyob rau hauv lem, kev kho mob nrog cov khoom nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb coj mus rau plasmatic txo ntawm CRP, ib tug mob-theem protein synthesized nyob rau hauv lub siab, kho los ntawm lwm yam cytokines, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog IL-1 thiab IL-6 [49]. Cov qib siab ntawm CRP cuam tshuam nrog kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm cov hlab plawv, txawm tias cov neeg noj qab haus huv [50]. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm CRP concentrations thiab cov xwm txheej hauv plawv xws li mob myocardial infarction, mob stroke, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm peripheral arterial occlusive kab mob [51,52]. Txawm hais tias cov qib tau txais hauv CRP yog nyob rau hauv qhov ib txwm muaj rau tus neeg noj qab haus huv, qhov txo qis hauv cov qib no qhia txog kev siv tau ntawm polyphenols hauv qhov no.

Ntxiv mus, cov cim tiv thaiv kab mob TNF- tau txo qis tom qab noj cov extract. TNF- yog ib qho pro-inflammatory cytokine uas tau nthuav tawm hauv cov ntaub so ntswg adipose, nrog rau hauv cov leukocytes, endothelial hlwb, thiab cov leeg nqaij [53], koom nrog hauv endothelial dysregulation, stimulating monocyte thiab macrophage migration, thiab inducing kev qhia ntawm adhesion molecules. [54]. Qhov tseeb, kev nce hauv TNF- tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv kev noj zaub mov nrog qis qis ntawm carotene, uas tuaj yeem piav qhia txog kev txo qis hauv TNF- qib [55]. Yog li ntawd, nws ua rau kev txiav txim siab tias hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb nws txo nws cov nqi tom qab kev siv khoom vim tias muaj carotene siab hauv cov khoom.

Cov polyphenolic extract siv rau qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no tau raug sim hauv ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb cuam tshuam, nrog rau lub sijhawm noj sib txawv thiab nyob rau hauv pawg neeg sib txawv, ua rau cov txiaj ntsig tsis sib xws. Hauv ib lub lim tiam {{0}}} kev cuam tshuam rau cov txiv neej uas tau txais kev cob qhia los ntawm Austrian tub ceev xwm tshwj xeeb, kev txo qis (p <0.001) tau="" tshaj="" tawm="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" cov="" concentration="" ntawm="" carbonyl="" pawg="" hauv="" cov="" proteins="" thiab="" tnf-="" hauv="" 16="" thiab="" 28="" lub="" lis="" piam.="" .="" qhov="" sib="" txawv="" ntawm="" peb="" txoj="" kev="" tshawb="" fawb="" yog="" tias="" hauv="" lawv="" cov="" qauv="" kev="" tshawb="" fawb="" tau="" txais="" ntawm="" lub="" lis="" piam="" 4,="" 8,="" 16,="" thiab="" 28.="" qhov="" tseem="" ceeb,="" cov="" txiaj="" ntsig="" tau="" nce="" mus="" txog="" lub="" lim="" tiam="" 8="" thiab="" txo="" qis="" los="" ntawm="" lub="" lim="" tiam="" 16="" mus="" rau="" [56].="" hauv="" kev="" cuam="" tshuam="" yim-lub="" lim="" tiam="" hauv="" cov="" neeg="" rog="" rog="" thiab="" rog="" dhau="" 40="" xyoo,="" kev="" txo="" qis="" hauv="" cov="" roj="" (cholesterol)="" tag="" nrho,="" ldl="" cholesterol,="" thiab="" tnf-="" tau="" tshaj="" tawm,="" uas="" tsis="" tau="" txais="" nrog="" cov="" placebo;="" txawm="" li="" cas="" los="" xij,="" tsis="" muaj="" qhov="" sib="" txawv="" tseem="" ceeb="" hauv="" crp,="" stnfr1,="" lossis="" oxldl="" [57].="" ob="" qhov="" txiaj="" ntsig="" zoo="" li="" tau="" lees="" paub="" tias="" kev="" noj="" cov="" tshuaj="" polyphenol="" mus="" ntev,="" xws="" li="" hauv="" peb="" txoj="" kev="" tshawb="" fawb="" (16="" lub="" lis="" piam),="" cuam="" tshuam="" nrog="" kev="" ua="" haujlwm="" zoo="" dua="" rau="" kev="" mob.="" hauv="" lwm="" qhov="" kev="" cuam="" tshuam="" yim-lub="" lim="" tiam="" hauv="" cov="" poj="" niam="" rog="" rog,="" kev="" txhim="" kho="" tseem="" ceeb="" tau="" pom="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" ntau="" cov="" protein="" oxidation="" cov="" cim="" xws="" li="" carbonyl="" proteins,="" oxldl="" (p="0.015)," thiab="" tag="" nrho="" lipid="" oxidation="" ntawm="" tag="" nrho="" cov="" lipids.="" hais="">mobCov cim, txo qhov tseem ceeb hauv TNF- (p=0.011) tau pom. Nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus, TNF- qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov tsim muaj nyob rau hauv cov placebo thiab extract pawg; Thaum kawg ntawm kev cuam tshuam, lawv tseem nce siab hauv pawg placebo thiab txo qis rau cov txiaj ntsig ib txwm nyob hauv pab pawg uas tau noj cov khoom [58]. Thaum kawg, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov extract kuj tau raug sim hauv cov ntsiab lus tsis noj qab haus huv, qhia txog kev txo qis hauv OxLDL tom qab peb lub hlis noj los ntawm cov neeg haus luam yeeb hnyav [59].

Hais txog catecholamines, qhov tseem ceeb nce tau pom nyob rau hauv norepinephrine thiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, dopamine tom qab noj cov khoom nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb rau cortisol thiab adrenaline hauv ib pawg. Txawm hais tias qee qhov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm txog kev txo qis hauv cortisol hauv plasma [60] los yog qaub ncaug [61] tom qab noj cov tshuaj polyphenol, qhov no tsis yog ib txwm muaj, thiab cov txiaj ntsig tsis tshua muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb [62-64] txog kev noj cov polyphenol. Qhov tseeb hais tias ob qho tib si adrenaline thiab cortisol qhov tseem ceeb tsis tau nce ntxiv txhais tau hais tias cov lus teb adrenergic txuas nrog kev noj cov khoom tsis tsim. Noradrenaline thiab dopamine kuj tseem nce ntxiv hauv cov neeg laus cov neeg mob uas muaj kab mob neurodegenerative [65,66] thiab cuam tshuam nrog kev ntxhov siab [67] thiab kev txawj ntse [68]. Ntxiv mus, norepinephrine yog ze ze rau kev mloog, nrog rau kev ceeb toom [69,70]. Cov txiaj ntsig tau txais hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no hais txog dopamine thiab noradrenaline tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev txhim kho ntawm qib kev txawj ntse pom hauv lwm qhov kev tshaj tawm [71]. Peb tuaj yeem lees paub tias kev noj cov polyphenols, yog li ntawd, nce qib ntawm kev ceeb toom thiab kev saib xyuas, uas cuam tshuam nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qib kev ntsuas kev paub [71]

Ib qho kev txwv ntawm qhov kev sim tshuaj tam sim no, raws li tau piav qhia los ntawm Di Lorenzo li al. [10] nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshawb fawb txog polyphenol bioavailability, yog hais tias kev koom tes ntawm cov kev noj qab haus huv cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov kev sim tshuaj ua rau nws nyuaj rau ntsuam xyuas qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm biomarkers, uas yog hloov nyob rau hauv pathological tej yam kev mob. Lwm qhov kev txwv ntawm txoj kev tshawb no suav nrog qhov tseeb tias cov metabolites ntawm phenolic tebchaw hauv cov khoom tsis raug txiav txim siab dhau ntawm cov vitamin E cov ntsiab lus lossis cov lus teb ntawm tus kheej, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau polyphenol bioavailability thiab bioactivity [72].

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no yog cov kev noj qab haus huv thiab cov kab mob biomarkers uas peb tau txiav txim siab yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov ntshav plasma. Yog li ntawd, qhov sib txawv tau pom nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ib txwm muaj rau cov biomarkers, txawm hais tias qhov tseem ceeb, tsis muaj kev tawm tsam los ntawm kev saib xyuas. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias cov khoom lag luam hauv kev kawm tau ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb hauv cov neeg noj qab haus huv, cov kev hloov pauv no tuaj yeem muaj ntau dua rau cov neeg mob uas muaj qhov txawv txav [73,74], txij li cov polyphenols hauv cov khoom yuav pab tawm tsam tsawg kawg ib feem ntawm tus neeg sawv cev ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam no. plasma qib [75]

Yog li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej tuaj yeem tsom rau kev txiav txim siab txog cov xwm txheej no hauv cov neeg noj qab haus huv thiab tsis noj qab haus huv.

4. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem

4.1. Kev Tsim Kho

Txoj kev tshawb no muaj kev sib tw, hla dhau, ob qhov muag tsis pom kev, kev sib deev-stratified, thiab cov tshuaj placebo-tswj tshuaj ntsuam xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev noj txhua hnub ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus encapsulated (Juice Plus plus Premium®, Juice Plus plus Company, Collierville , TN, USA) raws li cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub sib txawv ntawm cov ntshav plasma biomarkers ntawm o thiab oxidative xwm txheej. Qhov kev cuam tshuam tau ntev ntawm 36 lub lis piam - ob lub sijhawm ntawm 16 lub lis piam sib cais los ntawm lub sijhawm ntxuav tawm ntawm 4 lub lis piam. Thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam, cov neeg kawm tuaj rau hauv chav kuaj plaub zaug (thaum pib thiab xaus ntawm txhua theem), tau txais cov ntshav kuaj hauv qab kev yoo mov. Thaum pib ntawm txhua theem, cov khoom (EXT lossis PLA) raug xa mus rau cov kev kawm, thiab thaum kawg ntawm txhua theem, cov kev kawm yuav tsum tau xa rov qab cov pob khoom rau cov kws tshawb fawb kom ntsuas cov khoom seem.

Txhua qhov kev kawm tau kos npe rau daim ntawv tso cai pom zoo thiab tau muab tus lej lej raws li kev tuaj txog; Tom qab ntawd, tus kws tshawb fawb sab nraud tau ua tiav qhov randomization siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob suav (Epidat v4.1 Epi-dat, Spain) muab cov ntsiab lus rau ib pawg. Tsis yog cov kws tshawb fawb lossis cov kws tshawb fawb tsis paub tias pab pawg twg koom nrog. Ob qho khoom lag luam thiab cov placebo tau cim nrog cov lej muab los ntawm lub tuam txhab muab faib thiab muab faib ua A thiab B, thiab tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb yog cov kws tshawb fawb tau ceeb toom txog cov cai twg sib raug rau cov khoom thiab qhov twg rau cov placebo. Cov txheej txheem tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Catholic University San Antonio ntawm Murcia (UCAM) (hnub tim: 24 Kaum Ib Hlis 2017; code: CE111072). Txoj kev tshawb no tau ua tiav raws li Cov Qauv ntawm Kev Kho Mob Zoo thiab tau ua raws li Kev Tshaj Tawm ntawm Helsinki. Qhov kev sim no tau sau npe rau ntawm www.clinicaltrials.gov ( nkag mus rau 11 Lub Rau Hli 2020) (tus cim CFE/JU/44-17.) Txoj kev tshawb no tau ua nyob rau hauv Pharmacy Department ntawm Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Health Sciences ntawm Catholic University San Antonio ntawm Murcia (UCAM). Tam sim no European txoj cai lij choj ntawm kev tiv thaiv tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv tau ua raws li (Kev Cai (EU) 2016/679).

4.2. Cov neeg koom nrog

Cov kev kawm yuav tsum ua kom tiav tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev suav nrog (kos npe rau daim ntawv tso cai pom zoo, BMI ntawm 18.5 thiab 35 kg / m2, tsis muaj kab mob, tsis txhob haus ntau tshaj peb cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub ib hnub, thiab hnub nyoog ntawm 18 xyoo. thiab 65 xyoo) thiab tsis tau raws li ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem cais tawm (ua rau noj tshuaj lossis kev kho tshuaj kho mob, noj cov tshuaj multivitamin, ua xua rau txiv hmab txiv ntoo lossis zaub, noj zaub mov, ua neeg tsis noj nqaij lossis vegan, haus luam yeeb, haus ntau tshaj 3 khob cawv ( cawv lossis npias) ib hnub, cev xeeb tub, tau phais loj hauv peb lub hlis dhau los, muaj teeb meem pw tsaug zog, thiab tau pub ntshav 0.5 L ntawm peb lub hlis dhau los). Tom qab kuaj xyuas cov txheej txheem suav nrog / cais tawm, tag nrho ntawm 108 cov ntsiab lus ntawm ob leeg poj niam txiv neej pib txoj kev tshawb no. Kev pov thawj tau ua tiav los xyuas kom meej tias cov kev kawm txuas ntxiv ua tau raws li cov txheej txheem thoob plaws txhua qhov kev mus ntsib hauv chav tsev los ntawm kev tshawb fawb Mediterranean lub neej Performance index (MEDIFE) los ntsuas kev noj zaub mov thiab kev ua lub cev [76]. Thaum lub sij hawm cuam tshuam, 16 cov ntsiab lus tau ploj mus rau kev soj ntsuam, yog li cov

tus naj npawb ntawm cov kev kawm uas ua tiav txoj kev kawm yog 92, uas nws cov ntaub ntawv pej xeem tau qhia hauv Table 1.

4.3. Test Supplement

Cov khoom nyob rau hauv kev tshawb nrhiav thiab cov placebo muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo ib yam, thiab ob qho tib si tau tsim thiab muab los ntawm Lub Tuam Txhab Juice Plus plus, Collierville, TN, USA. Qhov kev nthuav qhia yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj dawb encapsulated, muab nyob rau hauv lub raj mis sib txawv tsuas yog los ntawm ib tug code. Thaum txoj kev tshawb fawb tiav lawm, cov neeg tshawb xyuas tau muab cov cai twg yog cov khoom lag luam thiab qhov twg rau cov placebo. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom lag luam yog tias nws tau txais peb hom tshuaj ntsiav ib hnub twg - ob lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo sib xyaw, ob lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo sib xyaw, thiab ob qho zaub sib xyaw, txhua tus muab rau hauv ib lub raj mis nyias. Vim li no, thiab thiaj li yuav muaj peev xwm tsim tau cov khoom zoo sib xws thiab cov placebo, nws tau txiav txim siab los tsim cov tshuaj ntsiav uas muaj qhov sib xyaw ntawm peb cov tshuaj tau hais los saum toj no (cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab zaub), uas niaj hnub noj rau txoj kev tshawb no yog rau. capsules-peb ua ntej noj tshais thiab peb nyob rau nruab nrab tav su, nrog dej.

Cov khoom nyob rau hauv kev soj ntsuam tau muab nyob rau hauv opaque dawb tsiav tshuaj thiab muaj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, zaub, thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo kua txiv hmoov thiab pulp ntawm txiv apples, txiv kab ntxwv, pineapple, cranberry, txiv duaj, acerola cherry, beet, prune, hnub tim, txiv nkhaus taw, zaub ntug hauv paus, zaub txhwb qaib, kale, broccoli, zaub qhwv, spinach, nplej bran, txiv lws suav, artichoke nplooj, bilberries, blackberries, dub currant, blueberries, cranberries, concord grapes, elderberries, grape noob extract, ntsuab tshuaj yej extract, qhiav cag, raspberries, cocoa, pomegranate, ntuj tocopherol blend (, δ, , -tocopherols, sunflower -tocopherol), ntuj carotenoid blend (lutein, -carotene, lycopene, astaxanthin), citrus pectin, citrus bioflavonoids, txiv qaub tev, calcium carbonate, qej hmoov, spirulina, ntuj enzyme blend, silicon dioxide. , zaub-derived magnesium stearate, tangeretin thiab Lactobacillus acidophilus. Ib koob tshuaj txhua hnub ntawm 6 capsules muab 2.91 mg -carotene, 18.7 mg vitamin E, 159 mg vitamin C, 318 µg folate, 6.1 mglutein, 1 mg lycopene thiab 0.15 mg astaxanthin. Cov placebo muaj microcrystalline cellulose, nplej hmoov txhuv nplej siab, cov neeg tsis noj nqaij capsule (cellulose), magnesium stearate, thiab cov xim dag (FD&C daj #6 thiab FD&C xiav #1).

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm polyphenolic ntawm cov khoom tau ua nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los los ntawm Bresciani li al. los ntawm UHPLC-QqQ-MS, qhia tag nrho ntawm 119 polyphenolic tebchaw ntawm cov tsev neeg phenolic sib txawv, suav nrog flavonols xws li kaempferol thiab quercetin, anthocyanins, thiab flavones [77]. Hais txog bioavailability, kev paub txog bioavailable kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm polyphenols yog qhov nthuav ntau dua li tag nrho cov khoom, txij li, nyob rau hauv ntau lub sijhawm, cov polyphenols uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws tsis yog cov nquag nquag rau lub cev [78]. Vim li no, Bresciani et al. soj ntsuam bioavailability ntawm cov khoom, pom tias ntawm 92 molecules soj ntsuam, tsuas yog 20 circulating metabolites raug txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv plasma, tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog seem ntawm sulfate, glucuronide, los yog glycine, tshwm nyob rau hauv txawv sij hawm nyob rau hauv plasma nyob ntawm seb qhov chaw nqus nyob rau hauv cov ntshav. plab zom mov [79].

4.4. Kawm Variables

Tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv tau raug tshuaj xyuas plaub zaug thaum lub sijhawm kawm: Thaum pib thiab thaum kawg ntawm txhua 16- lub lim tiam ntawm kev noj cov khoom lag luam. Thaum txoj kev tshawb no, cov ntsiab lus tsis raug tso cai los pib lossis hloov kho cov tshuaj hormonal, thiab tsis muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm kev noj zaub mov lossis kev ua lub cev tseem ceeb uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau txoj kev kawm.

Kev ntsuas ntshav

Cov neeg mob yuav tsum tuaj txog tom qab 12 teev yoo mov, tsuas yog tso cai rau dej hauv 3 teev dhau los. Kev tawm dag zog nruab nrab-siab siv tsis tau tso cai 24 teev ua ntej rho tawm. Cov ntshav kuaj tau raug sau los ntawm cov hlab ntsha antecubital hauv k3E / K3EDTAblood collection tube (3 mL) thiab Serum Gel thiab Clot Activator blood collection tubes (5 mL) *3. Ua ntej xa mus rau chav kuaj (Laboratorios MUNUERA SL Murcia, Spain), tsuas yog Serum Gel thiab Clot Activator cov hlab ntshav sau cov hlab ntsha tau centrifugated (4500 rpm, 5 min, 4 ◦C). Cov biomarkers soj ntsuam rau txhua qhov sib txawv yog: (a) Pro-inflammatorybiomarkers: OxLDL (ng/mL) los ntawm ELISA kev ntsuam xyuas hauv cov qauv ntshav, TNF- (pg / mL) thiab sNTFR1 (ng / mL) los ntawm kev sib tw ELISA (DRG diagnostic brand), CRP (mg / L) los ntawm turbidi metric immunoassay (PETIA), thiab homocysteine ​​(pg/mL) ntawm BN ProSpec® analyzer (raws li cov txheej txheem muab hauv Siemens N Latex HCYOPAX 03 cov khoom siv); (b) cov vitamins: Vitamin E (mcg/mL) los ntawm HPLC nrog JASCO chromatograph (PU-980 IntelligentPLC-Plus) thiab Betasil-C18 kem (particle loj 5 µm, 250 × 4.6 mm) txuas nrog JASCO fluorescence detector (FP-920 Intelligent Fluorescense Detector), thiab vitaminB12 (pg/mL) los ntawm chemiluminescence nrog kev lag luam immunoassays siv Centaur XPSiemens Diagnostics automated equipment (Siemens Healthcare SA); (c) catecholamines: Cortisol (mcg / L) siv cov txheej txheem chemuminescence nrog Immulite 2000 immunoassay (DPC, Gwynedd, RU), thiab noradrenaline (pg / mL), adrenaline (pg / mL), thiab dopamine (pg / mL) los ntawm HPLC nrog lub flflow ntawm 0.5mL/min, Tº ntawm 35 ◦C, rhiab heev ntawm 20, lub peev xwm ntawm 0.7, ib tug mobile theem ntawm acetonitrile-dej, thiab rov qab theem ntawm C18 siv n electrochemicaldetector; (d) thyroid hormones: T3 (mcg/L), T4 (mcg/L), thiab TSH (mU/l) siv CentaurXP Siemens Diagnostics automated equipment (Siemens Healthcare SA); (e) immunestatus: IgA (mg/L) siv cov txheej txheem turbidimetry nrog Monolab test. Raws li cov tshuaj reagents, Tris tsis (20 mmol / L), PEG 8000, thiab pH 8.3 tau siv los ua cov tshuaj diluent thiab tshis, tshuaj tiv thaiv tib neeg IgA, thiab pH 7.5 ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

4.5. Kev txheeb cais

Cov kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua tau nthuav tawm raws li qhov txhais tau tias ± tus qauv sib txawv (SD) ntawm lub hauv paus thiab hauv lawv cov kev hloov pauv, siv qhov kev xeem Kolmogorov-Smirnov los txheeb xyuas qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis tu ncua. Kev tshuaj xyuas tau ua tiav rau txhua yam kev kawm uas tau koom nrog hauv txoj kev tshawb no, nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev siv cov khoom thiab cov placebo. Rau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntau, tus tub ntxhais kawm qhov kev sib piv t-test tau ua nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob ceg ntawm txoj kev kawm. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg (EXT thiab PLA) hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, ib qho kev ntsuas rov qab ntsuas ntawm qhov sib txawv tau ua nrog lub sij hawm raws li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm intrasubject. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, qhov sib txawv tau tsim los rau txhua qhov sib txawv ntawm kev txheeb xyuas, xav txog cov xwm txheej no. Ib qho kev sim Bonferroni tau ua tiav rau kev soj ntsuam tom qab hoc. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb tau muab piv (nrog rau kev xaiv ntawm kev xav tias qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov sib txawv los yog tsis). Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem kev ntsuam xyuas, qhov tseem ceeb theem tau xaiv yog 0.05. Kev txheeb xyuas txheeb cais tau ua nrog SPSS 24 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

fuction of treatment

5. Cov lus xaus

Peb cov kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias kev noj cov tshuaj polyphenolic ntev ntev raws li cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab zaub hauv cov neeg noj qab haus huv uas tsis noj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub hauv ib hnub txhim kho oxidative thiab mob los ntawm kev txhim kho hauv ntau cov ntshav biomarkers, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog. OxLDL, CRP, thiab HDL-cholesterol, kuj txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm catecholamines-tshwj xeeb yog dopamine.

Sau Kev Pabcuam: Kev nrhiav nyiaj txiag, MPZ thiab JM; kev tshawb nrhiav, RA, thiab JM; methodology, RA, J.A.C., RX-M., BC, DV, MPZ thiab JM; project tswj, JM; saib xyuas, JM; validation, JM; kev sau ntawv- tshuaj xyuas thiab kho, RA, J.Á.C., thiab JM Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau nyeem thiab pom zoo rau cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm cov ntawv sau.
Kev Kawm Txuj Ci: Txoj kev kawm no tau txais nyiaj los ntawm Juice Plus Company. Tsis muaj sij hawm twg lub tuam txhab tau koom tes hauv kev tsim lossis tswj cov ntaub ntawv tau txais.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Txoj kev tshawb no tau ua raws li cov lus qhia ntawm Kev Tshaj Tawm ntawm Helsinki, pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Catholic University San Antonio ntawm Murcia (UCAM) (hnub tim: 24 Kaum Ib Hlis 2017; code: CE111702).
Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Pom Zoo: Cov ntaub ntawv pom zoo tau txais los ntawm txhua yam kev kawm uas koom nrog hauv txoj kev kawm.

Cov Lus Qhia Muaj Cov Ntaub Ntawv: Tsis tsim nyog.
Kev lees paub: Cov kws sau ntawv ua tsaug rau cov kev koom tes hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb, nrog rau JuicePlus Company rau kev txhawb nqa thiab txhawb nqa kev tshawb fawb.
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev txaus siab: Cov neeg sau ntawv tshaj tawm tias lawv tsis muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog cov ntawv sau tam sim no.
Qauv Muaj: Tsis siv tau.

Cov ntaub ntawv

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2. Slavin, JL; Lloyd, B. Cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub. Adv. Nutr. 2012, 3, 506–516. [CrossRef]
3. Tresserra-Rimbau, A.; Rim, EB; Medina-Remón, A.; Martínez-González, MA; López-Sabater, MC; Covas, MI; Corella, D.; Salas-Salvado, J.; Gómez-Gracia, E.; Lapetra, J.; ua al. Kev noj tshuaj polyphenol thiab kev pheej hmoo tuag: Kev rov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ntawm PREDIMED mus sib hais. BMC Med. 2014, 12, 77. [CrossRef]
4. Tresserra-Rimbau, A.; Rim, EB; Medina-Remón, A.; Martínez-González, MA; de la Torre, R.; Corella, D.; Salas-Salvado, J.; Gómez-Gracia, E.; Lapetra, J.; Arós, F.; ua al. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm coj los ntawm polyphenol thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv plawv hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb PREDIMED. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2014, 24, 639–647. [CrossRef]
5. Blomhoff, R.; Andersen, LF; Iversen, PO; Johansson, L.; ib. Smeland, S. Kostråd rau å fremme folkehelsen og forebygge kroniske syk dommer. Metodol. Vitensk. kunnskapsgrunnlag 2011. Muaj nyob online: https://www.helsedirektoratet.no/rapporter/kostrad for-a-fremme-folkehelsen-og-forebygge-kroniske-sykdommer-metodologi-og-vitenskapelig-kunnskapsgrunnlag/Kostr feem pua ​​C3 feem pua ​​A52 feem pua ​​2{{{ }}rau feem pua ​​​​20 feem pua ​​​​C3 feem pua ​​​​A5 feem pua ​​​​20fremme feem pua ​​​​20folkehelsen feem pua ​​20og feem pua ​​20forebygge feem pua ​​20kroniske feem pua ​​20kroniske feem pua ​​20sykdommer feem pua ​​20 feem pua ​​E2 feem pua ​​80 feem pua ​​93 feem pua ​​2 0metodologi feem pua ​​20ogpellags3 feem pua ​​20vitenska% /attachment/inline/2a6293e0-169e-41bd-a872-f3952dbb22c2:0d09926111d614e6059e804b7f9b21c17bd0c1cd/Kostr feem pua ​​​​20 feem pua ​​​​C2 feem pua ​​​​A forebygge feem pua ​​​​20kroniske feem pua ​​20sykdommer feem pua ​​​​20 feem pua ​​​​E2 feem pua ​​80 feem pua ​​​​93 feem pua ​​20metodologi feem pua ​​20og feem pua ​​20vitenskapelig feem pua ​​​​20kunnskapsgrunnlag.pdf ( nkag mus rau 11 Lub Ib Hlis 2021).
6. Benton, D.; Hluas, HA Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo hauv kev ua tiav ntawm 5-ib hnub pom zoo rau kev noj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub. Nutr. Rev. 2019, 77, 829–843. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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