DNA Methylome Thiab Transcriptome Qhia Cov Ntsiab Lus Tseem Ceeb Thiab Txoj Kev Koom Tes Hauv Kev Tsim Nyog Eggshell hauv Cov Neeg Laus Laying Hens

Abstract

Keeb kwm

Qhov zoo ntawm cov nqaij qaib qe qe zoo sib xws nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov qe ntau lawm. Eggshell speckles qhia txog qhov zoo ntawm qhov tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau lub qe thiab cov neeg nyiam. Txawm li cas los xij, lub mechanism ntawm kev tsim speckle tseem tsis to taub. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb systematically piv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab antioxidant indices ntawm hens nteg speckled thiab ib txwm qe. Transcriptome thiab methylome tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tau siv los qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov qe qe.

cistanche cov txiaj ntsig rau txiv neej-ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob

Nyem qhov no mus saib Cistanche Enhance Immunity khoom

【Nug ntxiv】 Email: cindy.xue@wecistanche.com / Whats App: 0086 18599088692 / Wechat: 18599088692

Cov txiaj ntsig

Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias xya qhov sib txawv ntawm cov noob (DEGs) tau txheeb xyuas ntawm cov pab pawg ib txwm muaj thiab speckle. Gene teeb enrichment tsom xam (GSEA) tau qhia tias cov noob qhia tau tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv calcium signaling pathway, focal adhesion, thiab MAPK signaling pathway. Tsis tas li ntawd, 282 diferentially methylated genes (DMGs) tau kuaj pom, ntawm 15 cov noob tau cuam tshuam nrog kev laus, suav nrog ARNTL, CAV1, thiab GCLC. Txoj kev tsom xam pom tias DMGs tau txuam nrog T cell-mediated tiv thaiv, teb rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab, thiab cellular teb rau DNA puas stimulus. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov ntaub ntawv transcriptome thiab DNA methylation cov ntaub ntawv tau txheeb xyuas BFSP2 tsuas yog cov noob sib tshooj, uas tau qhia nyob rau theem qis thiab hypomethylated hauv pawg speckle.

Cov lus xaus

Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau hais tias kev laus- thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntsig txog cov noob thiab txoj hauv kev ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov qe qe, muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho qe zoo.

cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob

Ntsiab lus

Tso hens, Speckled qe, Transcriptome, DNA methylation, Immunity

Keeb kwm

Nqaij qaib qe yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov protein, thiab lawv cov nqi qis ua rau lawv nyiam cov neeg siv khoom. Hauv plaub lub xyoos dhau los, cov qe qe tau txhim kho tau zoo vim yog kev tsim cov qe tshwj xeeb thiab kev xaiv caj ces, nrog rau lub hom phiaj ntawm "Pib nteg qe rau 100 lub lis piam kom tsim tau 500 qe" [ 1, 2] ib. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua tiav lub hom phiaj no tau raug txwv los ntawm kev txo qis hauv cov qe qe zoo thiab lub cev muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev laus ntawm qaib, ua rau muaj qhov hnyav ntawm cov qe qe, sib dua cov qe qe, thiab cov qe qe me me [3]. Cov xim liab-xim av, ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov qe zoo zoo, feem ntau tshwm rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov qe xim av, muaj txiaj ntsig cuam tshuam rau lub qe thiab cov neeg nyiam. Lub degree ntawm egghell speckling yog soj ntsuam siv txoj kev qhab nia. Speckles tuaj yeem raug qhab nia raws li xim siv, kev faib tawm, thiab speckle loj [4]. Ntxiv mus, cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm speckled egghells ranges ntawm 0.15-0.2, qhia txog kev txiav txim ntawm caj ces [5]. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib txoj kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau qhia tias hens hnub nyoog muaj tus nqi siab dua ntawm cov qe qes dua li cov menyuam yaus, nce mus txog 20% ​​tom qab hnub nyoog 60 lub lis piam [6]. Cov qe qe yog cov qe tsim cov kabmob uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov qe qe thiab tsim xim. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim qe, lub qe mus los ntawm infundibulum, magnum, thiab isthmus thiab mus txog lub qe qe, uas secretes ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm calcium, pigment, cuticle, thiab lwm yam khoom, tsim ib tug tag nrho egghell qauv thiab ib tug txheej cuticle [7-9. ]. Ib qho kev hloov kho lossis kev puas tsuaj rau lub caj pas qe muaj feem cuam tshuam rau lub plhaub qe tsim thiab pigmentation [10–12]. DNA methylation yog ib qho ntawm txoj kev hloov kho tshiab tshaj plaws thiab koom nrog kev hloov ntawm methyl pawg mus rau qhov thib tsib carbon site ntawm cytosine los ua 5-methylcytosine [13]. DNA methylation ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem kev laus ntawm cov tsiaj, tswj cov hnub nyoog ntsig txog cov noob qhia thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kab mob neurological, immunological, thiab cov kab mob metabolic [14-17]. Tsis tas li ntawd, DNA methylation ua ke nrog ib puag ncig yam tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam phenotypes thaum laus [18]. Ntau cov tsiaj txhu nyuaj phenotypes tau txuas nrog DNA methylation [19, 20]. Tsis ntev los no, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev nthuav tawm cov noob thiab cov txheej txheem hauv qab ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv [21–24], xws li embryonic leeg kev loj hlob, kev noj zaub mov zoo, thiab cov khib nyiab loj. Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias, txawm hais tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov qe qe tsis cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm nteg qe (cov ntaub ntawv tsis tau tshaj tawm), speckles tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov tsos ntawm cov qe thiab txo lawv cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam. Ntxiv mus, lub molecular mechanisms ntawm speckled qe tsim yog tsis to taub. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau tsom mus rau kev nthuav dav cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov qe qe uas siv cov txheej txheem transcriptomic thiab DNA methylation. Txij li thaum speckled egghells yog cov cuab yeej cuab tam thiab muaj hnub nyoog, peb tau siv kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm transcriptomic thiab DNA methylation soj ntsuam los tshawb txog cov noob tseem ceeb thiab txoj hauv kev koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov qe qe. Nws tau cia siab tias qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yuav txhim kho kev nkag siab ntawm molecular mechanism ntawm kev tsim cov qe qe, uas yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev yug tsiaj.

Fig. 1 Cov qe qe uas muaj hnub nyoog ntawm cov qe qe. Ib qe qe, B Speckled qe

Table 1 Serum biochemical parameters ntawm ib txwm thiab speckle pawg

Cov txiaj ntsig

Serum biochemical tsis muaj

A typical egg and speckled egg are shown in Fig. 1. Serum antioxidant and immune indices were measured to determine the physiological status of the laying hens. Serum biochemical parameters are listed in Table 1. Serum levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) are common indicators of humoral immune function. Birds in the normal group had a higher (p = 0.028) IgA content than those in the speckle group. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) are important antioxidant enzymes in the body. MDA is one of the products formed by the reaction of lipids with oxygen radicals, and its content represents the degree of lipid peroxidation. These indices are important in evaluating the oxidative stress process. However, there were no differences (p >0.05) nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant nruab nrab ntawm cov pab pawg ib txwm muaj thiab speckle.

Transscriptome profile ntawm lub qog qe qe

Rau lub tsev qiv ntawv cDNA tau tsim los ntawm cov speckle thiab ib pab pawg. Tom qab kev tswj hwm zoo, tag nrho ntawm 615,170,158 cov ntawv nyeem thiab 604,275,600 nyeem ntawv huv tau txais (98.22% ntawm cov ntawv nyeem). Tom qab kev sib raug zoo siv HISAT2 software, daim ntawv qhia tus nqi yog 90.75–93.18%, thiab qhov tshwj xeeb daim ntawv qhia tus nqi nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov qauv yog ntau dua 73.47% (Sab Ntxiv Table S3). Gene qhia qib tau piav qhia los ntawm kev siv daim ntawv qhia kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev tsom xam cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb (PCA). Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov noob qhia cov qauv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov speckle thiab ib pawg, vim cov qauv tsis tsim cov pawg sib txawv (Fig. 2A, B). Tag nrho ntawm xya qhov sib txawv ntawm cov noob (DEGs) tau txheeb xyuas ntawm cov pab pawg ib txwm muaj thiab speckle (p<0.05, |log2 Fold Change|>1), suav nrog ob lub upregulated thiab tsib downregulated noob (Table 2). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) tau qhia tias plaub txoj hauv kev tau ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm cov noob tau hais tseg (Cov Lus Ntxiv S4). Cov qhab nia zoo li qub (NES) tau qhia qis qis rau qee txoj hauv kev hauv pawg ib txwm piv nrog cov pab pawg speckle, nrog rau calcium signaling pathway, neuroactive ligand-receptor kev sib cuam tshuam, focal adhesion, thiab MAPK signaling pathway yog txoj hauv kev nrog qis tshaj qhia (Fig. 2C). Tsob Ntoo DEGs (BFSP2, IQSEC, TMOD4) txheeb xyuas los ntawm RNA-seq tau txheeb xyuas siv ntau npaum li cas PCR (qRT-PCR). Ib qho kev qhia zoo sib xws ntawm peb cov noob tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv RNA-Seq thiab qRT-PCR, thiab cov coefficient ntawm kev txiav txim siab (R2) mus txog 0.93 (Daim duab 2D), qhia tias cov ntaub ntawv RNA-seq tau ntseeg tau.

Table 2 Qhov txawv ntawm cov noob caj noob ces (DEGs) ntawm cov hens uas nteg speckle thiab qe ib txwm

Fig. 2 Cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg ntawm lub caj pas qe. A Heatmap ntawm gene qhia theem, B Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Cheeb Tsam ntawm tag nrho cov genes siv DEseq2 normalized qhia qhov tseem ceeb, C Peb tus neeg sawv cev gene teev los ntawm cov noob teev cov txiaj ntsig kev txheeb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig, D QPCR kev txheeb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov noob sib txawv

DNA methylation profile ntawm cov qog qe qe

A total of 564,415,302 and 581,414,308 clean reads were obtained from the speckle and normal groups, respectively, after quality control (Supplementary Table S5), of which 73–78% were uniquely mapped to the converted chicken reference genome (GRCg6a). The cytosine (C) methylation rate of the six eggshell gland samples was approximately 3.4%, and the cytosine site methylation of CpG ranged from 55.5–to 63.9% in the two groups. The cytosine site methylation of CHH and CHG (H represents A, C, or T) was detected at a low proportion (0.3–0.4%) (Supplementary Table S5). Pearson correlation analysis of the CpG bases suggested that all samples were highly correlated (r>{0}}.89) (Fig. 3A). PCA tau pom tias cov qauv ntawm ob pawg tsis sib txawv, vim tias lawv tsis tsim cov pawg sib cais (Fig. 3B). Tere tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv qib methylation ntawm CG, CHG, thiab CHH ntawm ob pawg (Fig. 3C). Txawm li cas los xij, pawg speckle tau pom tias muaj qib CG methylation ntau dua li cov pab pawg ib txwm muaj. Te rov thiab exon cheeb tsam tau nthuav tawm cov qib siab tshaj plaws CG methylation, whereas 5′ UTR cheeb tsam muaj qis tshaj CG methylation qib (Fig. 3D). Tag nrho ntawm 2788 qhov sib txawv methylated cheeb tsam (DMRs) tau txheeb xyuas ntawm cov pab pawg ib txwm muaj thiab speckle. Cov DMRs feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv introns (47.45%), ua raws li thaj tsam intergenic (36.05%), exon (8.29%), txhawb (5.95%), 3′-UTR (1.18%), thiab 5′-UTR ( 0.97%) cheeb tsam (Fig. 4). Tsis tas li ntawd, 282 qhov sib txawv ntawm cov methylated noob (DMGs) tau txheeb xyuas, suav nrog 172 hypermethylated thiab 74 hypomethylated noob hauv cheeb tsam txhawb nqa. Ntxiv mus, 36 DMGs tau pom nyob rau hauv cov noob caj noob ces, suav nrog 30 hypermethylated genes thiab rau hypomethylated genes. Peb hloov DMGs rau hauv lawv cov tib neeg orthologs thiab tau txais 158 cov cim noob caj noob ces uas tau muab tso rau hauv Metascape rau cov lus piav qhia ua haujlwm, noob caj noob ces (GO), thiab kev txheeb xyuas txoj hauv kev. Cov noob tau ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig hauv 176 GO cov txheej txheem lom neeg, suav nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm cellular cov lus teb rau kev loj hlob zoo stimulus thiab T cell-mediated tiv thaiv, teb rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab, thiab cellular teb rau DNA puas stimulus.

Fig. 3 Tag nrho cov methylation qib nyob rau hauv cov hens nteg speckle thiab ib txwm qe. Kev txheeb xyuas kev sib txheeb ntawm qib methylation ntawm cov qauv ntawm ob pawg. B Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsom xam ntawm qib methylation ntawm tag nrho cov qauv. C Histogram ntawm cytosine site methylation qib hauv ob pawg. D Kab ntawv qhia txog qib methylation ntawm cov cheeb tsam genomic sib txawv. Cov cheeb tsam genomic ntawm txhua tus noob tau muab faib ua 20 bins; cytosine site methylation theem ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm sib luag ntawm tag nrho cov noob yog qhov nruab nrab.

Daim duab 4 Histogram ntawm annotation ntawm diferentially methylated regions (DMRs) nyob rau hauv genomic functional regions

Fig. 5 A GO cov ntsiab lus ntawm DMGs. B Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov noob qhia thiab DNA methylation qib hauv pawg speckle. C Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov noob qhia thiab DNA methylation qib hauv ib pawg. D Venn daim duab ntawm cov noob sib tshooj ntawm DEGs thiab DMGs

Txoj kev tsom xam pom tau tias cov noob tau nce ntxiv hauv 19 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes thiab Genomes (KEGG) txoj hauv kev, suav nrog RNA degradation, inflammatory mediator kev cai ntawm TRP channel, thiab TNF signaling pathway. Tsis tas li ntawd, 25 pawg noob tau kuaj pom, suav nrog kev teeb tsa los ntawm Rho GTPases, RHO GTPase lub voj voog, thiab CDC42 GTPase lub voj voog. Sab saum toj 20 enriched ontology pawg muaj nyob rau hauv daim duab 5A. Ntawm 158 homologous tib neeg cov noob, 15 muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev laus lossis kev ua neej ntev (Cov Lus Ntxiv S6). Kev txheeb xyuas kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tag nrho-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) thiab RNA-seq cov ntaub ntawv tau ua los txiav txim siab txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm DNA methylation thiab gene qhia theem (Daim duab 5B thiab C). Muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm DNA methylation thiab gene qhia theem nce ntawm qhov chaw pib hloov pauv (TSS) thiab qis qis ntawm qhov chaw hloov pauv (TTS); Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm DNA methylation thiab qib qhia cov noob hauv lub cev. Daim duab Venn tau pom tias BFSP2 tsuas yog cov noob sib tshooj ntawm DMGs thiab DEGs (Fig. 5D).

Kev sib tham

Kev tshawb fawb ntau xyoo tau pom tias kev tsim cov speckles ntawm cov qe qe yog cov cuab yeej cuab tam, thiab cov hnub nyoog nteg qe tsim cov qe qe ntau dua li cov menyuam yaus [6]. Kev laus ntawm cov hens feem ntau nrog rau kev mob ntev thiab oxidative kev nyuaj siab [25, 26]. Cov ntshav tsis tau ntawm cov tsiaj muaj kev cuam tshuam lawv lub cev thiab kev noj haus. SOD, GSH-PX, GSH, CAT, thiab T-AOC yog cov khoom tiv thaiv antioxidant. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no qhia tau hais tias tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv kev muaj peev xwm antioxidant ntawm cov laus hens ntawm cov pob txha thiab cov pab pawg ib txwm muaj, uas yog qhov tsis sib xws rau qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Moreno thiab Osorno [27]. Moreno tau tshaj tawm tias cov noog nteg qe nrog cov pob zeb me me tuaj yeem raug kev nyuaj siab ntawm lub cev vim tias muaj kev ua haujlwm oxidant ntawm lub ntsiab speckle thiab muaj kev siab ntev ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab [28]. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau ntau hom siv hauv kev tshawb fawb.

cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob

Immunoglobulins yog cov proteins koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tswj kev mob tshwm sim [29]. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias Blue Tit noog nteg qe speckled pom cov qib immunoglobulin qis [30]. Ib yam li ntawd, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tau pom tias cov noog hauv pawg speckle tau qis dua cov ntshav ntshav IgA piv nrog cov neeg nyob hauv ib pab pawg, qhia tias hens hauv pawg speckle tuaj yeem muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv qis dua, uas zoo ib yam nrog cov kab mob. Kev tshawb pom ntawm Martínez thiab Merino [30]. IgA, raws li ib qho ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb hauv kev ntsuam xyuas lub cev tsis muaj zog ntawm cov nqaij qaib, muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab tshuaj tua kab mob [31]. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias kev noj zaub mov ntxiv ntawm cov poov xab -glucan tuaj yeem ua rau cov ntshav IgA nce ntxiv. Cov ntsiab lus IgA nce ntxiv tuaj yeem ua rau tus neeg muaj peev xwm tswj hwm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv [32]. Cov kev tshawb fawb kuj tau pom tias thaum muaj hnub nyoog hens, lawv qhov kev tiv thaiv rau cov kab mob sab nraud txo qis [33]. Thaum cov kab mob nkag mus rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov laus nteg qe, lub mucosal tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg oviduct tej zaum yuav puas vim yog concomitant txo nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv [34]. Txawm li cas los xij, qib siab ntawm IgA tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev muaj peev xwm tswj hwm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob mus rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg submucosal ntawm oviduct, yog li tswj cov qe zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, RNA-seq tsom xam tau txheeb xyuas xya DEGs ntawm cov speckle thiab ib txwm pab pawg, suav nrog IQSEC3, BFSP2, TMOD4, LOC112530987, GABRA2, TRIQK, thiab pseudogene. IQSEC3, ib tug tswv cuab ntawm brefeldin A-resistant ARF guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEFs) tsev neeg [35, 36], txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm inhibitory synapses los ntawm kev khi nrog gephyrin [37]. IQSEC3 yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj xyuas kev ua haujlwm hauv network hauv vivo. IQSEC3 knockdown nyob rau hauv hippocampal dentate gyrus nyob rau hauv nas txo qhov ceev ntawm GABAergic synapses thiab ua rau kom muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qaug dab peg [38]. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm IQSEC3 hauv cov nqaij qaib.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) yog lub ntsiab inhibitory neurotransmitter nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus paj hlwb ntawm vertebrates [39] thiab tuaj yeem hloov cov qauv ntawm receptor thiab ion permeability ntawm cov receptor sib raug [40]. GABA tuaj yeem ua ncaj qha rau ntawm cov leeg nqaij pob txha los ntawm GABAA-R lossis GABAB-R, uas nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab koom nrog los ntawm kev tswj cov tubular contractility hauv luav [39], tib neeg [41], thiab nas [42]. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias GABRA1 ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim qe. Kev qhia siab ntawm GABRA1 tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm granulosa hlwb, txhim kho cell apoptosis, thiab inhibit lub synthesis thiab secretion ntawm progesterone, uas ua rau txo qe ntau lawm [43-45]. Lub qe-ntws rheev ntawm nteg qe qe yog txheej txheem neuromodulatory [46, 47]. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig no, peb xav tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov qe qe pob txha thiab cov hlab ntsha, txawm hais tias qhov sib txuas meej yuav tsum tau tshawb xyuas ntxiv.

TMOD4, ib tug tswv cuab ntawm ib tsev neeg ntawm cov proteins uas cap lub ntsiab xaus ntawm actin filaments [48], yog qhia nyob rau hauv lub cev nqaij daim tawv thiab lub plawv [49, 50]. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias TMOD4 muaj nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus qaib lo ntsiab muag, erythrocytes, thiab ceev-twitch skeletal nqaij fibers [51]. TMOD4 tau pom tias koom nrog hauv myofibril sib dhos, cov leeg nqaij, thiab kev sib txawv [52–54]. Lub contraction ntawm cov leeg oviduct ua rau lub qe tig nyob rau hauv lub tsev menyuam, tso cai rau cov xim kom sib npaug ntawm cov qe qe. Peb xav tias qhov tsim ntawm cov qe speckled tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam rau oviduct nqaij contraction, tab sis xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv. GSEA tau siv los txheeb xyuas cov kev ua haujlwm lom neeg ntawm txhua cov noob caj noob ces kom tsis txhob poob ntawm qee cov noob caj noob ces los ntawm kev txiav tawm-dawb lub tswv yim. Te qhia cov noob tau txais txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb hauv calcium signaling pathway, focal adhesion, MAPK signaling pathway, thiab neuroactive ligand-receptor kev sib cuam tshuam. Nws tau raug tshaj tawm tias nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm egghell mineralization, cov noob muaj feem xyuam rau cov calcium signaling pathway yog koom nrog hauv kev nqus ntawm calcium thiab carbonate ions los ntawm cov ntshav thiab raug thauj mus rau cov kua dej hauv lub tsev menyuam los ntawm cov hlwb epithelial ntawm lub oviduct los koom nrog hauv cov qe. mineralization [46, 55]. Thaum cov calcium thiab carbonate ions txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv lub qe, lub qe tig tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv lub tsev menyuam, thiab cov qe pigment, protoporphyrin-IX, tuaj yeem sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov qe plhaub [56]. Peb kwv yees tias qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom ntawm carbonate thiab calcium ions ntawm ob pawg yuav ua rau muaj kev faib tsis sib luag ntawm cov xim hauv cov txheej txheem tso rau ntawm lub plhaub qe, ua rau lub plhaub qe.

cistanche tubulosa- txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob

Focal adhesions yog cov qauv macromolecular uas tsim kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom siv hauv lub cev ntawm cov actin cytoskeleton thiab extracellular matrix Cheebtsam [57]. Nws tau raug pom tias focal adhesions ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj cov morphology thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm oviduct nyob rau hauv Suav xim av Qav [58], thaum focal adhesions kuj tau koom tes nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim qe sib txawv hauv Jinghai Yellow qaib thiab Nandan-Yao. qaib sib ncaws [59, 60]. Hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, focal adhesions tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov qe qe, tab sis cov kev koom tes tshwj xeeb tseem xav tau kev tshawb nrhiav ntxiv. Txoj kev MAPK muaj peb tus tswv cuab tseem ceeb: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), thiab extracellular teb kinase (ERK), uas ua ke tswj kev loj hlob ntawm tes, sib txawv, apoptosis, o, thiab lwm yam. Cov lus teb tseem ceeb physiological [61]. Txoj kev ERK 1/2 MAPK tau pom tias ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob, kev loj hlob, thiab kev sib txawv ntawm oviduct thiab uterus [62]. Wang et al. siv Vanadium los txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm oviduct epithelial hlwb thiab pom tias MAPK tsev neeg tau ua haujlwm, ua rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab ntawm oviduct, txo kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes, thiab cell apoptosis [63]. Hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, peb pom tias MAPK teeb liab txoj hauv kev hauv pawg speckled tau ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, thiab yog li xav tias hens nteg qe speckled tej zaum yuav muaj qee qhov kev ntxhov siab, nrog rau qee qhov cuam tshuam ntawm oviduct. Neuroactive ligand-receptor kev sib cuam tshuam yog cuam tshuam nrog steroid hormone synthesis hauv gonads. Lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm lub qe tsim thiab zes qe menyuam hauv cov nqaij qaib [59, 64]. Te differentially expressed gene, GABRA2, kuj belongs rau lub neuroactive ligand-receptor kev sib cuam tshuam txoj kev. Txij li thaum cov qe qe tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsim qe, thiab cov qe tsim tawm yog cov txheej txheem sib dhos, qhov ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov kab mob ligand-receptor kev sib cuam tshuam hauv pawg speckled ua rau peb xav tias yuav muaj qhov sib txawv hauv qe kev ua tau zoo ntawm hens nteg qe speckled. thiab hens nteg qe ib txwm, tab sis qhov no yuav tsum tau tshawb nrhiav ntxiv.

Cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov noob qhia los ntawm kev hloov kho epigenetic. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov noob caj noob ces thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm epigenetic tuaj yeem pab tau los piav qhia txog kev tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm cov yam ntxwv nyuaj [19, 65]. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm genome-wide DNA methylation thiab gene qhia tau kawm rau xyoo [66, 67]. Feem ntau, DNA methylation represses gene qhia [68]. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tau ua raws li qhov kev tshawb pom yav dhau los hauv cov qib siab ntawm cov noob caj noob ces cuam tshuam nrog cov DNA methylation tsawg hauv cheeb tsam txhawb nqa [67, 68]. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj qhov pom tseeb tshwm sim hauv thaj tsam ntawm lub cev, uas tej zaum yuav yog vim cov qauv qhia cov noob kuj tau tswj hwm los ntawm lwm yam [69, 70]. Kev tsom xam ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tau qhia tias DMGs feem ntau yog txhawb nqa T cell-mediated tiv thaiv, teb rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab, thiab cellular teb rau DNA puas stimuli, thiab feem ntau ntawm txoj kev yog txuam nrog kev laus [71-73]. Lwm cov noob caj noob ces kuj tau txheeb xyuas, suav nrog GCLC [74], CAV1 [75], thiab LYN [76]. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov ntaub ntawv transcriptome thiab DNA methylation cov ntaub ntawv tau pom tias BFSP2 tsuas yog cov noob sib tshooj thiab tau nthuav tawm ntau ntawm DNA methylation thiab transcriptomic qib. BFSP2 yog hypomethylated thiab nws cov theem qhia tau qis nyob rau hauv pawg speckle, qhia txog cov noob caj noob ces yog tswj hwm los ntawm lwm yam kev hloov pauv ntxiv nrog rau kev hloov pauv methylation. Ntxiv mus, BFSP2 tau raug txheeb xyuas tias yog tus neeg sib tw gene hauv autosomal-dominant congenital cataracts [77] thiab cov kab mob cataract loj hlob [78]. Txawm hais tias nws tau pom tias BFSP2 muaj feem xyuam rau qhov muag pom hauv qaib [79], kev tshawb fawb txog lwm yam haujlwm hauv qaib yog txwv. Yog li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yog tsim nyog los piav qhia nws lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tsim cov qe qe.

cistanche cov txiaj ntsig rau txiv neej-ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob

Cov lus xaus

Hauv kev xaus, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov ntshav qhia tau hais tias cov ntsiab lus IgA hauv pawg speckled tau qis dua li cov pab pawg ib txwm muaj, thiab peb xav tias qhov txo qis hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob sib raug zoo nrog cov qe qe speckle tsim. Kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tau tshawb pom xya DEGs ntawm cov pawg speckled thiab ib txwm, ntawm cov IQSEC3, GABRA2, thiab BFSP2 tau txheeb xyuas tias yog cov noob tseem ceeb cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim qe qe. DNA methylation tsom xam DMGs txuam nrog T cell-mediated tiv thaiv, teb rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab, thiab cellular teb rau DNA puas stimulus. Ntawm 282 DMGs tau txheeb xyuas, 15 tau cuam tshuam nrog kev laus. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov ntawv sau thiab DNA methylation tau qhia tias tsuas yog cov noob sib tshooj yog BFSP2, uas nyuam qhuav tau kawm hauv qaib. Cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm ntawm no qhia tias txoj kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev laus ntawm cov hens tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsim cov qe qe, txhim kho peb txoj kev nkag siab ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm tiam ntawm cov qe qe speckles.

Cov ntaub ntawv

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