Disorganization Of Language And Working Memory Systems nyob rau hauv Frontal Versus Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Part 1

Kev paub txog kev puas hlwb yog ib qho kev sib txawv ntawm kev qaug dab peg thiab cuam tshuam rau cov neeg uas muaj ob qho tib si frontal lobe (FLE) thiab lub cev nqaij daim tawv (TLE) mob vwm. Thaum nws cov neural substrates tau tshawb xyuas ntau hauv TLE, kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua haujlwm hauv FLE tsis tshua muaj. Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb tau txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem neural hauv qab kev paub tsis meej hauv FLE thiab ncaj qha piv FLE thiab TLE los tsim kom muaj qhov sib xws thiab qhov sib txawv. Peb tau tshawb xyuas 172 tus neeg laus cov neeg koom nrog (56 nrog FLE, 64 nrog TLE thiab 52 kev tswj hwm) siv cov kev ntsuam xyuas neuropsychological thiab plaub txoj haujlwm MRI ua haujlwm rau kev soj ntsuam cov lus qhia (hais lus tau zoo, kev ua qauv qhia) thiab ua haujlwm nco (hais lus thiab visuo-spatial).

Epilepsy yog ib yam kab mob neurological uas cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev thiab kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm. Ntau tus neeg xav tias mob qaug dab peg cuam tshuam rau kev nco, tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb. Txawm hais tias cov neeg mob qaug dab peg tuaj yeem ntsib qee qhov teeb meem nco lub sij hawm luv luv, feem ntau cov neeg mob lub cim xeeb ntev tsis cuam tshuam. Muaj txawm tias qee qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias mob vwm tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco hauv qee kis.

Cov neeg mob qaug dab peg tuaj yeem rov qab tau lawv lub cim xeeb thiab kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm tom qab kho. Kev kho mob qaug dab peg feem ntau suav nrog tshuaj thiab phais, uas tuaj yeem pab tswj cov tsos mob thiab txo qhov cuam tshuam rau tus neeg mob lub cim xeeb thiab lwm yam kev txawj ntse. Tom qab tau txais kev kho mob, ntau tus neeg mob pom tias lawv lub cim xeeb thiab lwm yam kev txawj ntse txhim kho, ua kom yooj yim rau lawv txiav txim siab zoo hauv lub neej.

Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias kev qaug dab peg tuaj yeem txhawb kev nco zoo. Kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias nyob rau qee kis, cov neeg mob qaug dab peg muaj kev paub txog kev nco txog lub cim xeeb hu ua "parnormal memory." Cov teebmeem no tuaj yeem txhim kho cov neeg mob nco, ua kom yooj yim rau lawv nco txog tej yam thiab txiav txim siab zoo dua.

Yog li ntawd, qaug dab peg tsis yog ib yam kab mob uas tsis zoo kiag li thiab nws tsis tas yuav cuam tshuam rau tus neeg mob lub cim xeeb thiab kev txawj ntse. Qhov tseeb, tom qab kev kho mob, ntau tus neeg mob tuaj yeem rov qab tau lawv lub cim xeeb thiab kev txawj ntse, thiab qee zaum txhim kho kev nco. Yog tias koj lossis ib tus neeg koj hlub muaj mob vwm, xyuas kom koj tau txais kev kho mob sai sai kom txo tau cov tsos mob thiab txhim kho koj lub neej zoo. Nws pom tau tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho peb lub cim xeeb. Cistanche deserticola tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco zoo vim Cistanche deserticola yog cov khoom siv tshuaj suav tshuaj suav nrog ntau yam tshwj xeeb, ib qho ntawm kev txhim kho kev nco. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov nqaij minced los ntawm ntau yam khoom xyaw uas nws muaj, nrog rau cov kua qaub, polysaccharides, flavonoids, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom xyaw no tuaj yeem txhawb lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv ntau txoj hauv kev.

Nyem Paub txhawm rau txhim kho lub cim xeeb luv luv

Cov pab pawg neeg mob tau muab piv rau cov kab mob ntev thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv qaug dab peg. Peb tau tsim ntau txoj hauv kev los qhia txog kev ua kom lub hlwb thiab ua kom tsis muaj zog thaum lub sijhawm kev paub thiab taug qab kev tsim kho hauv FLE thiab TLE. Voxel-raws li kev txheeb xyuas tau ua tiav nrog profileing ntawm kev ua haujlwm cuam tshuam thoob plaws cov qauv tsim ntawm lub hlwb ua haujlwm: (i) canonical so-state functional systems; thiab (ii) tus thawj tswj hwm kev sib txuas gradient, uas encodes ib qho kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua ntawm kev sib txuas hauv cheeb tsam profiles, anchoring qis-theem sensory thiab transmodal hlwb cheeb tsam ntawm qhov opposite xaus ntawm ib spectrum. Peb pom tias kev paub tsis meej hauv FLE yog cuam tshuam nrog txo qis kev ua haujlwm thoob plaws kev saib xyuas thiab kev tswj hwm, nrog rau kev txo qis ntawm qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, qhia txog kev tsis sib haum xeeb loj ntawm kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm.
Cov duab kos npe ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo hauv FLE yog qhov dav zoo ib yam li cov hauv TLE, tab sis qee cov qauv yog cov tsos mob tshwj xeeb: hloov pauv hloov pauv hom tsis ua haujlwm yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv FLE, thaum tsis muaj kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov lus tom qab thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov lus xav tau ntau dua. hauv TLE. Kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo hauv FLE thiab TLE tshwm sim tag nrho los ntawm cov kab mob load. Ntawm qhov sib npaug, peb txoj kev tshawb fawb qhia txog cov txheej txheem neural hauv qab cov lus thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo hauv FLE, txheeb xyuas cov kev hloov pauv thiab cov tsos mob tshwj xeeb hauv ob qho tib si focal epilepsies thiab ua rau lub teeb pom kev ntawm kev coj cwj pwm uas yuav ua kom haum rau cov tswv yim kho mob yav tom ntej.
1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA

2 Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK

3 MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire SL9 0RJ, UK

4 Multimodal Imaging thiab Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada

5 Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Lub teb chaws Yelemees

6 Epilepsy Unit, Tsev Kho Mob Clínic de Barcelona, ​​IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, ​​Spain

7 Department of Psychiatry thiab Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Kws Kho Mob Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Lub teb chaws Yelemees

8 Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

9 Center for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK

10 Neuroradiological Academic Unit, UCL Queen Square Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Neurology, University College London, London, UK

11 Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

12 Department of Physics thiab Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA

13 Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA

14 Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA 15 Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA 16 Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA

Taw qhia

Frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE), qhov thib ob feem ntau focal epilepsy syndrome tom qab temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), feem ntau yog tshuaj-resistant thiab MRI-negative.1-3 Kev paub tsis meej yog tshwm sim hauv FLE thiab TLE thiab cuam tshuam rau lub neej zoo. thiab psychosocial functioning.4 Impaired episodic nco thiab semantic kev paub muaj ntau nyob rau hauv TLE, txawm hais tias dysexecutive traits nquag coexist.5,6 Nyob rau hauv sib piv, FLE muaj ib tug tsawg tsim kev txawj ntse kos npe, nrog rau ntau yam kev txawj ntse domains raug cuam tshuam, nrog rau dexterity, mloog, ua hauj lwm nco. , kev hais lus zoo, kev ua haujlwm thiab kev nco qab.7–11 Txawm hais tias kev paub txog cov ntaub ntawv hauv FLE thiab TLE kuj tseem muaj qhov tsis sib xws, thiab ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau xaus tias cov mob no tsis tuaj yeem raug cais tawm raws li kev paub txog kev ntsuas.8,12,13 Txawm li cas los xij. qhia tias qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub cim xeeb yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua hauv TLE, thaum cov thawj coj ua haujlwm yuav cuam tshuam ntau dua hauv FLE.7,14-16
Task-based functional MRI (fMRI) probes the neural correlates of cognitive impairment in epilepsy. Hauv TLE, hloov pauv parietal thiab mesiotemporal activation thiab kev sib txuas ua haujlwm ua haujlwm tsis zoo nco, 17,18 thaum cov lus fMRI cov kev tshawb fawb qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv ntej, nrog rau kev sib txuam ntawm cov intra- thiab interhemispheric reorganization.19–25 Nyob rau hauv sib piv, ob peb cov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam FLE.26 Cov me nyuam nrog FLE tau txo qhov kev sib txuas ntawm fronto-temporo-parietal thaum ua haujlwm nco fMRI tab sis tsis muaj kev hloov pauv loj hauv kev ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam.27 Hauv cov neeg laus nrog FLE, peb yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm txhim kho frontotemporal activation thaum lub sij hawm episodic nco encoding thiab txo mesiotemporal activation nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas tsis nco qab.28

Tsis zoo li lub cev muaj zog thiab kev ua parietal tej zaum yuav ua rau muaj kev tsis taus dexterity.29 Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov ntsiab lus dav dav ntawm neural substrates ntawm kev paub tsis meej hauv FLE tsis muaj.

Ntawm no, peb tsom mus rau tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm neuroanatomy ntawm kev hais lus thiab kev nco ua haujlwm, kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub ntsej muag lobe, 30,31 hauv cov tib neeg uas muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv FLE uas tau kuaj xyuas neuropsychological thiab plaub txoj haujlwm fMRI. Peb piv cov neeg nrog FLE rau (i) tswj kev noj qab haus huv, thiab (ii) ' pab pawg tswj hwm tus neeg mob' ntawm cov tib neeg uas muaj TLE, piv rau lub sijhawm qaug dab peg thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv qaug dab peg (ASM) load, uas tso cai rau peb los tsim kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke thiab mob- yam tshwj xeeb.

Peb tau tsim ib lub tswv yim ua haujlwm ntau yam los tshawb xyuas cov toj roob hauv pes ntawm lub hlwb ua kom lub hlwb thiab ua kom tsis muaj zog thaum lub sij hawm paub txog 32-34 thiab ntes cov kab mob cuam tshuam txog kev txhim kho. Raws li kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev teeb tsa ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hlwb, peb tau ua tiav cov ntawv qhia voxel-raws li fMRI, uas qhia txog cov haujlwm ntsig txog kev kos npe hauv cheeb tsam, los ntawm kev ua haujlwm cuam tshuam thoob plaws ob lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub hlwb lub koom haum: (i) tsim kev so. -lub xeev ua haujlwm systems35; thiab (ii) tus thawj tswj fwm kev sib txuas gradient.36,37

Qhov gradient, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, piav qhia txog kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua ntawm neural muaj nuj nqi uas thauj tog rau nkoj unimodal sensory cheeb tsam thiab siab-order transmodal cheeb tsam ntawm ob qhov kawg ntawm ib spectrum, muab ib tug axis ntawm subregional cortical lub koom haum thiab recapitulating tsim qauv ntawm cortical hierarchy.38

Yog li, qhov gradient muaj kev sib cog lus, tseem raug cai, lub hauv paus rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm, uas tso cai rau peb (i) piav qhia txog kev ua haujlwm-fMRI kos npe hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb sib npaug ntawm sensorimotor thiab highorder, perceptually-decoupled ua, raws li ua piv txwv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv cov neeg laus noj qab haus huv39–41 thiab cov neeg uas muaj TLE ua cov qauv sib cais ua haujlwm42; thiab (ii) muab cov kev ntsuas thoob ntiaj teb uas txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm pab pawg hauv kev ua haujlwm ntsig txog cov txheej txheem-qib reorganization. Los ntawm kev xa cov kev xav hauv cheeb tsam, qib-theem thiab thoob ntiaj teb kev pom ntawm neural kos npe ntawm kev paub tsis meej hauv kev mob vwm, peb txoj hauv kev sib sau ua pov thawj rhiab rau ob qho tib si hauv zos thiab ntau dua kev txiav txim siab txawv txav.

Peb cia siab tias cov lus qhia thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis nco qab hauv FLE. Peb xav tias qhov kev tsis zoo no yuav raug txhawb los ntawm (i) txo qis kev ua haujlwm ntawm thaj chaw ua haujlwm thaum ua haujlwm, piv txwv li 'task-positive' cheeb tsam; (ii) txo deactivation ntawm default-mode cheeb tsam (DMN), piv txwv li 'task-negative' cheeb tsam; thiab (iii) kev tsis sib haum xeeb thoob ntiaj teb ntawm kev paub txog kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm, raws li kev ntsuas los ntawm gradient analyses. Peb kuj tau xav tias, raws li qhov sib thooj rau qhov ua kom pom tseeb, (i) frontal thiab systems-level ua hauj lwm nco abnormality tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv FLE tshaj TLE; (ii) Kev ua kom muaj lus hais txog ntawm thaj chaw pem hauv ntej yuav qis dua hauv FLE; thiab (iii) kev koom tes ntawm thaj chaw hais lus ntawm lub cev yuav qis dua hauv TLE.

Peb kuj tseem tsom rau kev txheeb xyuas cov kev coj tus cwj pwm zoo ntawm peb cov haujlwm fMRI los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam cov qauv duab nrog neuropsychological thiab kev ntsuas kev ua haujlwm. Thaum kawg, peb tshawb nrhiav kev koom tes ntawm kev paub txog kev hloov pauv hauv lub network thiab cov yam ntxwv kho mob, soj ntsuam cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kab mob hauv lub ntsej muag, thiab rov ua dua peb cov kev tshawb pom FLE tseem ceeb hauv pawg neeg mob ntau hom neeg mob nrog frontal cortical dysplasia.

Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem

Txoj kev tshawb no tau tshawb xyuas 172 tus neeg koom nrog nrhiav los ntawm 2007 txog 2013: 120 cov neeg mob-resistant tshuaj nyob rau hauv kev phais kev txiav txim siab, 56 nrog FLE (29 poj niam, 30/26 sab laug-/ sab xis-sided FLE), 64 nrog TLE (44 poj niam, 34/30 sab laug -/ sab xis TLE) thiab 52 tswj kev noj qab haus huv (30 tus poj niam) tsis muaj kev kuaj mob hlwb lossis puas hlwb thiab tsis muaj tsev neeg keeb kwm ntawm mob vwm. Cov pej xeem thiab cov ntaub ntawv kho mob muaj nyob rau hauv Table 1.

Kev kuaj mob ntawm FLE tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kws kho mob epilepologists raws li keeb kwm, qaug dab peg semiology, video-EEG telemetry thiab 3 T structural MRI; PET, ictal ib leeg-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) thiab cov ntaub ntawv magneto-encephalography muaj rau cov neeg mob subset. Hauv 29 tus neeg mob, MRI tsis yog qhov tsis zoo (sab laug / sab xis: 17/12). Kev tshawb pom nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob uas tseem tshuav suav nrog thaj chaw uas xav tias focal cortical dysplasia (FCD, n=13; sab laug / sab xis: 6/7; pathologically paub tseeb hauv 8 ntawm 8 tus neeg mob uas tom qab tau phais); dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial qog (DNET, n=6; sab laug / sab xis: 3/3); qis-qib glial qog (n=3, tag nrho txoj cai); ua tau periventricular nodular heterotopia (n=1, sab laug); los yog unequivocal teeb liab txawv txav, concordant nrog soj ntsuam thiab EEG nrhiav tau [n=4, sab laug/txoj cai: 3/1; ib qho tom qab raug mob, ib qho ntawm intrauterine (vascular) aetiology thiab ob qhov chaw ntawm cortical raug mob ntawm qhov tsis meej aetiology]. Daim duab lesion zaus 43 muaj nyob rau hauv daim duab 1.

Hauv cov neeg uas muaj TLE, interictal thiab ictal tawv taub hau video-EEG tau lees paub thiab lateralized qaug dab peg pib mus rau lub cev nqaij daim tawv. Txhua tus muaj ipsilateral hippocampal sclerosis ntawm 3 T MRI, raws li kev txiav txim siab los ntawm kev kuaj mob neuroradiological zoo thiab / lossis los ntawm kev ntsuas ntau ntawm hippocampal ntim 44 thiab T2 so lub sij hawm, 45 nrog kev pom zoo ntawm cov kab mob hauv cov neeg uas tom qab raug phais. Hippocampal sclerosis coexisted nrog ipsilateral DNET nyob rau hauv peb cov neeg mob (sab laug / sab xis: 2/1) thiab ib tug ua tau FCD nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg mob (txoj cai).

Sau ntawv tso cai tau txais los ntawm txhua tus neeg koom nrog raws li cov qauv ntawm Kev Tshaj Tawm ntawm Helsinki. Cov neeg tuaj koom tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology thiab University College London Hospitals Research Ethics Committee. Cov txheej txheem cais tawm tsis yog kev txawj sau ntawv thiab hais lus Askiv, MRI contraindications, cev xeeb tub thiab tsis muaj peev xwm muab kev tso cai pom zoo. Cov tib neeg uas tau ntsib kev focal rau ob tog tonic-clonic qaug dab peg (FBTCS)<24 h before the investigation were excluded or had their testing session rescheduled.
Cov pab pawg tau muab piv rau kev siv tes thiab (binary) poj niam txiv neej, tab sis tsis yog rau hnub nyoog, uas tau siv los ua cov sib txawv hauv txhua pawg kev tshuaj xyuas. Cov pab pawg neeg mob tsis txawv ntawm lub hnub nyoog thaum pib qaug dab peg thiab qaug dab peg ntev, tus naj npawb ntawm ASMs thiab kev siv levetiracetam los yog topiramate / zonisamide, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo lossis tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm ntau dua li lwm yam ASMs, feem.46,47 Cov neeg mob FLE muaj ntau dua. nquag qaug dab peg, lub sij hawm luv dua txij li thaum kawg qaug dab peg thiab muaj ntau zaus keeb kwm ntawm FBTCS nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ua ntej kev tshawb fawb tshaj cov neeg uas muaj TLE (Table 1). Raws li FLE yog heterogeneous nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm aetiology thiab MRI kev tshawb pom, peb cais ib pab pawg neeg nrog ib tug ntau homogeneous aetiology (FCD; n=13), ncaj qha piv FLE cov neeg mob nrog thiab tsis muaj qhov txhab thiab probed lub zog ntawm kev kho mob sib txawv ntawm cov duab. kev tshawb pom. Ntxiv mus, peb cais cov pawg sab laug thiab sab xis FLE.

Cov ntaub ntawv neuropsychological

Cov neeg koom nrog tau txais cov qauv kev ntsuam xyuas neuropsychological, 48 muab kev ntsuas ntawm qib kev txawj ntse (IQ, National Adult Reading Test49), kev nco ua haujlwm [tus lej ncua sij hawm thiab Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III)50 cov qhab nia], tsab ntawv thiab qeb fluency51 (cov lus sau tau tsim rau tsab ntawv 'S', sum ntawm cov khoom tsim rau qeb 'Tsiaj' nyob rau hauv 1 min), naming (McKenna Graded Naming Test52), psychomotor ceev thiab kev khiav hauj lwm (kev puas siab puas ntsws yooj; Trail Making Test A thiab B-A53) thiab hais lus thiab visuospatial kev kawm thiab rov nco qab (Sau thiab Tsim Kev Kawm, A1–A5 thiab A6, Cov Neeg Laus Nco thiab Cov Ntaub Ntawv Ua Haujlwm Roj Teeb54). Kev ntsuas kev hais lus thiab kev nkag siab (Vocabulary and Similarities, WAIS III50 scaled scores) muaj rau cov neeg mob. Pairwise deletion tau siv rau cov ntaub ntawv uas ploj lawm.

Kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tau txais thiab fMRI cov haujlwm

Cov ntaub ntawv thaij duab tau txais ntawm tib GE SignaHDx 3T MRI scanner ntawm Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK. Rau txhua txoj haujlwm, peb siv 50-slice gradient echo-planar sequence nrog axial orientation, 64 × 64 matrix, hauv dav hlau voxel loj 3.75 × 3.75 hli, 2.4 hli daim thickness, 0.1 hli inter-slice gap, echo time/repetition time: 25/2500 ms.55 Ib qho visuospatial thiab ib lo lus fMRI paradigm soj ntsuam kev ua haujlwm nco. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm visuospatial (Dot Back), dots tshwm nyob rau hauv plaub qhov chaw ntawm lub vijtsam. Cov neeg koom tau raug qhia kom txav lub joystick mus rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub ntsiab lus tam sim no (0 Rov qab) los yog txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov dot tso tawm ib qho (1 Rov Qab) lossis ob qhov kev nthuav qhia ua ntej (2 Rov Qab).55 Muaj tsib 30-s blocks rau txhua tus mob nyob rau hauv pseudo-random kev txiav txim, sib xyaw nrog 15 s ntawm cross-hair fixation.

Thaum lub sij hawm hais lus ua hauj lwm nco ua hauj lwm, ib qho kev kos npe tau tshwm sim txhua 3 s hauv 30 s blocks. Cov neeg tuaj koom tau teb raws li qhov tso tawm ntawm cov lus tswj hwm (kev tswj hwm lub zog) lossis rov tshwm sim ntawm ib lo lus uas pom ob qhov kev nthuav qhia ua ntej (2 Rov qab ua haujlwm nco). Muaj tsib 30 s blocks rau ib qho mob, sib xyaw nrog 15 s ntawm kev kho plaub hau. Ob qhov kev zais (tseem ceeb) 56 txoj haujlwm tau soj ntsuam cov lus qhia, ua raws li kev ntsuas kev paub tsis meej hauv tib lub sijhawm. Thaum lub sij hawm hais lus zoo fMRI, cov neeg koom tsim cov lus pib nrog ib tsab ntawv pom zoo (A/D/E/S/W, ib tsab ntawv ib block, tsib 30 s blocks), alternating nrog 30 s blocks cross-hair fixation.57 Thaum lub sij hawm cov lus qhia tiam neeg ua haujlwm, cov ntsiab lus tsim cov lus qhia cuam tshuam nrog lub ntsej muag-tso pom ('Tsim') lossis rov ua qhov pom kev pom ('Raws'). Muaj plaub 30-s blocks rau ib yam mob thiab plaub tus ntoo khaub lig-plaub fixation blocks.58

Kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv kho mob thiab neuropsychological

Cov ntaub ntawv tau txheeb xyuas siv R 3.6.1 thiab SPSS 27. Rau cov pej xeem, peb siv Fisher qhov tseeb kev xeem, ib-txoj kev ANOVA thiab Kruskal-Wallis kev xeem rau categorical, nruam parametric thiab nonparametric variables, feem. Neuropsychological cov ntaub ntawv tau muab piv los ntawm ANCOVA, covarying rau hnub nyoog thiab poj niam txiv neej. Kev sib piv rau cov qauv luam tawm tau txais nrog ib qho qauv t-test. Kev ua haujlwm nco txog kev ntsuas kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ib txwm faib thiab tau muab piv los ntawm Kruskal-Wallis kev sim. Thoob plaws hauv kev txawj ntse, peb tau kho ntau qhov kev sib piv los ntawm tus txheej txheem nrhiav pom tsis tseeb (FDR).

Cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm MRI: ua ntej ua ntej thiab voxel-raws li kev txheeb cais

Cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm tau raug tshuaj xyuas nrog SPM12 (https://www. fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spam/). Cov duab raug kho dua tshiab, normalized rau lub scanner- thiab nrhiav tau-specific echo-planar imaging template hauv Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) qhov chaw, resampled rau 3 × 3 × 3 mm isotropic voxels thiab smoothed nrog Gaussian kernel ntawm 8 × 8 × 8 mm puv-dav ntawm ib nrab-qhov siab tshaj plaws.60 Cov teebmeem ntawm tus kheej-qib-txhim kho tshwj xeeb tau muab los ntawm cov qauv kab dav dav. Cov xwm txheej ua haujlwm tau ua qauv raws li 30-s blocks thiab convolved nrog canonical haemodynamic teb muaj nuj nqi. Rau kev hais lus zoo fMRI, peb tsim kev ua kom muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tsim cov lus. Rau cov lus qhia tiam fMRI, peb rho tawm lo lus rov qab los ntawm lo lus tiam. Rau kev hais lus ua haujlwm nco fMRI, peb tshem tawm cov lus saib xyuas los ntawm 2 Rov qab ua haujlwm nco. Rau visuospatial ua haujlwm nco fMRI, peb sib piv cov xwm txheej nrog lub cim xeeb ua haujlwm tsis tshua muaj kev xav tau tiv thaiv cov kev tswj xyuas nquag (1–{22}} Rov qab) thiab ncaj qha piv rau kev ua kom siab thiab qis ua haujlwm nco xav tau (2–1 Back). Voxel-wise contrast kwv yees (qhov hnyav) tau suav nrog rau rau qhov kev txav tsis tau raws li qhov tsis txaus ntseeg regressors. Kev soj ntsuam nrog qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov hloov pauv> 0.5 hli raug muab pov tseg los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas ntxiv.61 Cov kev kuaj xyuas zoo ntxiv yog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws hauv cov khoom siv ntxiv.

Kev soj ntsuam pab pawg tau ua nrog cov kev ntsuas tsis sib haum xeeb uas siv SnPM1362 (http://www.nisox.org/Software/SnPM13/) kom tau txais cov txheej txheem homogeneity thoob plaws kev ntsuas ntsuas. Ib qho piv txwv permutation t-kuaj ntsuam xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm txhua qhov haujlwm ntawm ib pab pawg. Tom qab tshawb nrhiav qhov kev ntsuas F-raws li kev ntsuas, qhov sib txawv ntawm pab pawg tau raug soj ntsuam los ntawm ob qho piv txwv permutation t-tests, tag nrho nrog 10, 000 permutations thiab hnub nyoog thiab poj niam txiv neej li covariates. Kev sib piv ntawm FLE thiab TLE suav nrog ib sab ntawm kev qaug dab peg ua ib qho ntxiv covariate (Fig. 1). Statistical tseem ceeb tau teeb tsa ntawm ob-tailed P<0.05, voxel-wise corrected for family-wise error rate (FWE)63 within pre-specified language, working memory and default-mode ('task-negative') regions of interest (ROIs; Fig. 1 and Supplementary material). For completeness, we report group differences for areas outside such ROIs at two-tailed PFWE<0.05, voxel-wise corrected brain-wide.

Cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm MRI: canonical systems thiab tus thawj xibfwb gradient

Peb txheeb xyuas cov haujlwm cuam tshuam thoob plaws xya lub xeev kev ua haujlwm zoo35 (Daim duab 2): kev pom, somatomotor, dorsal mloog, salience (los yog ventral mloog), (para) limbic, frontoparietal tswj thiab DMN. Rau txhua qhov sib txawv ua haujlwm, peb tau rho tawm qhov hnyav los ntawm tag nrho cov khoom ntawm Schaefer hlwb atlas64 (200 ROI nplai, MNI qhov chaw) siv FSL-6.0.2, qhov hnyav nruab nrab ntawm ROIs koom rau hauv ib qho kev muab thiab kho lawv rau hnub nyoog thiab poj niam txiv neej ntawm ntau regression. Peb ua haujlwm ua haujlwm los ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm kev sib txuas ua haujlwm gradient hauv qhov chaw nto (cov khoom siv ntxiv).

Cov gradient tau xam los ntawm so-state fMRI cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 100 Human Connectome Project (HCP) cov neeg koom los ntawm qhov tsis yog-linear dimensionality txo qis ntawm qhov chaw sau npe ua haujlwm sib txuas metrics.66,67 HCP tau txais thiab ua ntej tau piav qhia lwm qhov.68 Cov gradient tau txiav txim siab. rau hauv 20 qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov sib npaug, raws li tau tshaj tawm yav dhau los 39,65; cortical qhov chaw raug muab rau txhua lub hauv paus, nrog rau thaj tsam ntawm lub cev / lub cev muaj zog tau muab rau hauv 1st bin thiab transmodal cheeb tsam muab rau 20th bin. Rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog thiab kev ua haujlwm sib txawv, peb tau muab qhov hnyav nruab nrab ntawm ib qho ntawm qhov zawv zawg qhov rais mus kom ze69 thiab kho lawv rau hnub nyoog thiab poj niam txiv neej ntawm ntau qhov kev rov qab los.

Hauv kev tswj hwm, ib qho piv txwv permutation t-kuaj ntsuam xyuas cov haujlwm ua haujlwm rau ib qho system lossis gradient bin. Peb suav qhov sib txawv (Z) cov qhab nia los txiav txim siab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov teebmeem hauv cov neeg mob [Zpat=(Actpat−μCTR)/σCTR], qhov twg μCTR thiab σCTR sib haum rau qhov nruab nrab thiab tus qauv sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem-theem lossis bin- wise weight in controls for a given task contrast.70,71 Rau txhua qhov system los yog gradient bin, Z-score deviations los ntawm xoom nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob raug soj ntsuam nrog ob-tailed, permutation-raws li ib-sample t-tests. FLE thiab TLE tau muab piv los ntawm kev sib piv ntawm ob-tailed ob-tus qauv t-tests. Peb kuj tau soj ntsuam thoob ntiaj teb qhov sib txawv ntawm cov curves ntawm gradient-stratified ua hauj lwm cuam tshuam (chaw ntawm curves, AbC), siv cov nonparametric permutation xeem raws li kev soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv (FDA) cov tswv yim72 (cov khoom siv ntxiv). Peb tau siv 10000 permutations rau txhua qhov kev xeem thiab tshaj tawm Cohen's d effect sizes. P-tus nqi tau FDR-hloov rau ntau lub tshuab lossis gradient bins; kev sib piv mus txog qhov tsis raug P<0.05 (Punc) are reported for completeness. Sensitivity analyses probed effects across DMN and frontoparietal control system subdivisions derived from a more fine-grained 17-system parcellation.35

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv fMRI nrog kev paub thiab kev kho mob sib txawv

Thoob plaws qhov ntsuas, peb tau soj ntsuam cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ua hauj lwm cuam tshuam nrog kev paub txog kev ua tau zoo hauv txhua tus neeg koom nrog21,42 siv kev txheeb xyuas raws li kev hloov pauv uas suav nrog 10,000 permutations. Voxel-raws li regressions tau ua nrog SnPM13; hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej thiab pab pawg neeg yog nuisance covariates. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov qhab-nees kev txawj ntse thiab kev ntsuas fMRI tau tshawb nrhiav hauv cov lus, kev ua haujlwm nco thiab ua haujlwm tsis zoo ROIs (Daim duab 1). Cov teebmeem tau tshaj tawm ntawm ob-tailed, voxel-wise PFWE<0.05. For correlations between cognitive scores and task effects across systems or on the gradient, parameterized as age- and sex-adjusted β weights, we employed permutation-based two-tailed product-moment correlations. For working memory task performance measures, which were skewed, we employed permuted rank correlations. Correlations between fMRI activity and clinical variables, such as age at seizure onset, disease duration, seizure frequency, FBTCS history and time since last seizure21,73,74 were separately computed in FLE and TLE to disentangle syndrome-specific effects using SnPM13-based regressions with sex and side of seizure focus as covariates; age was an additional covariate for models including seizure frequency, FBTCS and time since last seizure. Statistical significance was established using the same ROIs as above. For correlations between clinical variables and task effects across systems or gradients, we used two-tailed, permutation-based correlations.

Cov ntaub ntawv muaj

Cov ntaub ntawv los tsim cov pab pawg tseem ceeb pom muaj nyob rau ntawm NeuroVault (https://identifiers.org/neurovault.collection:13042). Lwm cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj nyob rau pej xeem vim lawv muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev ceev ntiag tug ntawm cov neeg koom nrog tshawb fawb. Piv txwv code muaj nyob ntawm: https://github.com/lcaciagl/ Language_WM_FLE_vs_TLE.

Cov txiaj ntsig

Cov ntaub ntawv neuropsychological thiab fMRI kev ua haujlwm

Cov neeg mob uas muaj FLE txawv ntawm kev tswj hwm thiab/lossis luam tawm cov qauv rau feem ntau kev paub txog kev ntsuas (tag nrho PFDR<0.001; see Supplementary Table 1 for test scores and associated statistics). Patients with FLE had better performance on naming, verbal learning and verbal recall tests and worse performance on a mental flexibility test than those with TLE (post hoc P<0.05, Bonferroni-corrected). Working memory and verbal fluency were equally impaired in FLE and TLE. Verbal working memory task execution was less accurate in FLE than in controls, but similar between FLE and TLE (>80% qhov tseeb nruab nrab ntawm ob pawg neeg mob). Rau kev pom kev ua haujlwm nco, kev ua haujlwm hauv FLE yog qhov phem dua li kev tswj hwm, nrog ntau qhov sib txawv rau kev ua haujlwm siab dua; tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm FLE thiab TLE. Ntxiv Table 1 muab cov ntsiab lus hais txog fMRI cov qhab nia ua haujlwm ua haujlwm thiab cov txheeb cais cuam tshuam.

Cognitive fMRI: kev piav qhia

Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm hais lus, peb pom qhov txo qis ntawm kev ua haujlwm sab hauv thiab txo qis kev ua haujlwm ntawm DMN nodes hauv FLE piv rau kev tswj hwm. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm nco, FLE tau pom tias txo qis kev ua haujlwm ntawm frontoparietal, txo DMN deactivation thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb thoob ntiaj teb ntawm kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm. Rau kev pom kev ua haujlwm nco, peb tau pom qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm (i) nce frontoparietal activation thiab tsawg dua DMN deactivation dua li kev tswj hwm rau cov kev xav tau qis qis, ua raws li (ii) txo qis frontoparietal activation rau kev ua haujlwm siab dua. Cov qauv ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo hauv FLE thiab TLE dav sib tshooj; Hloov kho DMN deactivation, txawm li cas los xij, tau tshwm sim ntau dua hauv FLE, thaum txo qis kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov lus tom qab tau cim ntau dua hauv TLE.

Cov tshooj hauv qab no qhia txog cov kev tshawb pom no. Rau voxel-raws li kev txheeb xyuas, cov duab qhia cov duab qhia hauv cheeb tsam uas tsis muaj kev txwv tag nrho lub hlwb thiab cov txheej txheem kho raws li kev tshawb pom tsis raug rau kev ua tiav, los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj.75 Raws li cov lus piav qhia saum toj no, voxel-raws li kev ntsuas ntsuas tsom rau cov teebmeem hauv cheeb tsam cortical prespecified, thiab peb. tsuas yog tham txog kev tshawb pom muaj sia nyob voxel-wise FWE kho rau ntau qhov sib piv. Cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais muaj nyob rau hauv Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv 2–17.

Kev hais lus zoo fMRI

Hauv kev tswj hwm, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev hais lus tau qhib rau pem hauv ntej-temporoparietal cortices, hippocampus thiab subcortical cheeb tsam (Daim duab 2); deactivation encompassed DMN thaj chaw, suav nrog medial prefrontal, medial parietal thiab angular cortices. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov tshuab tau muab cov kev pom zoo sib xws ntawm cov kev tshawb pom no, uas qhia txog kev ua kom muaj kev tswj hwm ntawm frontoparietal thiab salience systems ( =0.10/0.08, PFDR{{6 }}.004/0.020), thiab kev nyiam rau kev tsis ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho DMN (=−0.06, Punc=0.038). Gradient-based profiling txheeb cov cheeb tsam cortical raws li kev hnov ​​​​lus-rau-transmodal hierarchy, qhia: (i) cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm qhov kawg unimodal gradient, xav txog kev ua kom pom kev pom / qhov chaw pom kev zoo; (ii) muaj txiaj ntsig zoo raws li ntu nruab nrab thiab sab xis, qhia txog kev saib xyuas (perceptually-coupled) thiab kev ua haujlwm siab; thiab (iii) qhov tsis zoo deflection ntawm transmodal gradient apex, capturing default-mode deactivation (tag nrho PFDR<0.05).

Nyob rau theem voxel (Daim duab 3A), cov neeg mob uas muaj FLE tau txo qis kev ua haujlwm ntawm sab laug nruab nrab thiab sab hauv sab hauv lub cev, nruab nrab-ntev thiab nruab nrab ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv (PFWE.<0.05), and reduced deactivation of bilateral anterior and posterior DMN regions, left posterior temporal and angular gyrus (PFWE<0.05) compared to controls. In TLE, there was reduced left inferior frontal activation and reduced deactivation of bilateral precuneus (PFWE<0.05) compared to controls (Supplementary Fig. 1). Patients with FLE had similar cortical activation to the TLE group, but lesser deactivation of posterior temporal and anterior DMN areas (PFWE<0.05). Across systems (Fig. 3B), there were no corrected differences between FLE and controls; sensitivity analyses across 17 systems highlighted impaired deactivation of DMN and frontoparietal control subdivisions in FLE than controls (DMN-A/DMN-C/control-C: PFDR=0.004/ 0.0025/<0.0001, d=0.51/0.39/0.65; Supplementary Fig. 2). Curves of gradient-based task effects in FLE versus controls (Fig. 3C) showed (i) weaker task activity in intermediate gradient segments; and (ii) an increase at the transmodal apex, which implies lesser deactivation (all PFDR<0.05; d= −0.39 and −0.42 for the intermediate bins, d= 0.54 and 0.64 for the apex bins). Comparisons of TLE and controls and FLE and TLE showed no corrected differences for analyses of systems and gradients.

Verb tiam fMRI

Hauv kev tswj hwm, cov lus qhia tiam neeg ua haujlwm qhib fronto-temporoparietal cortices thiab subcortical thaj chaw (Daim duab 2D); Raws li qhov txawv ntawm kev hais lus zoo, sab laug posterior lub cev nqaij daim tawv cortex thiab angular gyrus tau koom rau hauv daim ntawv qhia ua haujlwm. Kev ua kom muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev tswj hwm frontoparietal, DMN, salience thiab dorsal mloog systems ( =0.12/ 0 06/0.08/0.06, PFDR<0.0001/0.017/0.001/0.017, respectively; Fig. 2E). Gradient profiles (Fig. 2F) indicated extensive activation across the intermediate-to-transmodal segments (all PFDR<0.05).

Nyob rau theem voxel (Fig. 3D), FLE nthuav tawm txo qis sab laug inferior frontal activation thiab txo txoj cai angular deactivation piv rau cov tswj (PFWE<0.05); in TLE, there were widespread frontotemporal-parietal and occipital activation reductions compared to controls (PFWE<0.05; Supplementary Fig. 1). FLE had higher left posterior temporoparietal and bilateral occipital activation and lower deactivation of the right angular gyrus and bilateral precuneus than TLE (all PFWE<0.05). Analysis of systems (Fig. 3E) showed no corrected differences between FLE and controls or TLE; there was lower activity in TLE than controls, mostly encompassing dorsal attention, frontoparietal control and salience systems (all PFDR<0.0001; d= −0.60/−0.70/−0.62). Gradient curves (Fig. 3F) showed one positive deviation at the transmodal apex in FLE compared to controls (Punc=0.017, d=0.32), while TLE differed from controls for global gradient-stratified profiles (FDA, permuted P=0.046) and across most gradient bins (all PFDR<0.05; d range= −0.60 to −0.30). One intermediate bin showed higher task activity in FLE than in TLE at an uncorrected threshold (Punc=0.048, d=0.39).

Kev hais lus ua haujlwm nco fMRI

Hauv kev tswj hwm, kev hais lus ua haujlwm nco txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm ob sab pem hauv ntej (Fig. 4A), daim ntawv qhia txog dorsal mloog thiab tswj cov tshuab ( =0.20/0.26, PFDR<0.0001; Fig. 4B). Deactivation involved posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus, medial prefrontal and sensorimotor cortices (β= −0.08, PFDR=0.002 for somatomotor system effects). Gradient profiling (Fig. 4C) showed positive shifts along intermediate-to-transmodal segments, implicating attentional and executive processing, and decreases at the DMN apex (all PFDR<0.05).

Nyob rau theem voxel (Fig. 5A), tau txo qis frontoparietal activation thiab txo deactivation ntawm DMN thaj chaw hauv FLE tiv thaiv kev tswj hwm (PFWE<0.05), and only reduced frontoparietal activation in TLE versus controls (PFWE<0.05; Supplementary Fig. 1). FLE showed less deactivation of posterior DMN areas than TLE (PFWE<0.05). Analysis of systems (Fig. 5B) showed lower dorsal attention and frontoparietal control system activity in both FLE (PFDR<0.0001/0.019, d= −0.62/ −0.40) and TLE (PFDR<0.0001/<0.0001, d= −0.82/−0.73) compared to controls. Gradient-stratified profiles (Fig. 5C) showed lower activity along intermediate gradient segments (PFDR<0.05; d range= −0.52 to −0.33) in FLE versus controls, and reduced activity across most gradient bins along with global differences in gradient profiles in TLE versus controls (PFDR<0.05; d range= −0.70 to −0.24; FDA, P= 0.030). There were no differences between FLE and TLE for the analysis of systems and gradients.

Visual ua hauj lwm nco fMRI

Hauv kev tswj hwm, 1–0 Kev sib piv rov qab (Daim duab 4D) elicited ob sab frontoparietal activation thiab deactivation ntawm midline DMN cheeb tsam. Kev sib piv siab piv rau qhov xav tau kev ua haujlwm qis (2–1 Rov Qab) pom tias muaj kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm hauv frontoparietal (Fig. 4G). Kev tshuaj xyuas cov tshuab (Daim duab 4E thiab H) tau txheeb xyuas qhov kev saib xyuas dorsal thiab frontoparietal tswj kev ua kom muaj zog ( =0.11/0.09, PFDR<0.0001/0.0002, 1–0 Back; β= 0.08/0.11, PFDR=0.005/<0.0001, 2–1 Back), DMN deactivation for the 1–0 Back contrast (β= −0.05, PFDR=0.023), and somatomotor deactivation for both contrasts (β= −0.08 and −0.06, PFDR<0.0001 and 0.005, 1–0 Back and 2–1 Back). Gradient analyses (Fig. 4F and I) indicated positive activity shifts along its intermediate to transmodal segments and significant decreases at the default-mode apex (all PFDR<0.05).

Rau voxel-wise 1–0 Back contrast comparisons (Fig. 5D), muaj nce parietal thiab dorsolateral frontal activation nrog rau txo deactivation ntawm anterior DMN thaj chaw hauv FLE piv rau cov tswj (PFWE<0.05), and reduced deactivation of anterior DMN areas in TLE than controls (PFWE < 0.05; Supplementary Fig. 1). Analysis of systems (Fig. 5E) showed higher frontoparietal control and DMN effects in FLE than controls (PFDR = 0.015/0.026, d = 0.47/0.41) and no significant differences between TLE and controls. Gradient profiles (Fig. 5F) globally differed between FLE and controls (FDA, P = 0.022); bin-wise analyses showed higher task-related effects in FLE across most gradient sections (PFDR< 0.05, d range = 0.31–0.51). In TLE, there was less deactivation than controls at the transmodal apex (PFDR< 0.05, d = 0.48 and 0.55). There were no significant differences between FLE and TLE for voxel-based, system or gradient analyses.

Rau voxel-wise 2–1 Back contrast analyses (Fig. 5G), ob leeg FLE thiab TLE (Ntxiv Fig. 1) pom tsawg dua frontoparietal ua kom ntau dua li cov tswj (PFWE<0.05). Analysis of systems (Fig. 5H) showed pronounced negative systems-level deviations in FLE versus controls, particularly for dorsal attention and frontoparietal control systems (PFDR<0.0001/0.007, d= −0.68/−0.56); similar changes were observed for TLE versus controls (PFDR=0.028/0.055, d= −0.39/−0.33 for dorsal attention and frontoparietal control activity). Gradient-based profiles (Fig. 5I) showed global disorganization of task-related recruitment in FLE compared to controls (FDA, P=0.034), with widespread involvement of intermediate and transmodal gradient segments (all PFDR<0.05; d range = −0.60 to −0.32). There were no suprathreshold differences between TLE and controls for gradient analyses, nor between FLE and TLE for voxel-based, system or gradient analyses.

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm fMRI ntsuas nrog kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm

Rau cov haujlwm fMRI lus, kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm lub hauv ntej tau cuam tshuam nrog ntau dua ntawm kev siv tshuab scanner hais lus thiab cov qhab nia npe; naming kuj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog kev ua kom lub cev sab nraud, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sijhawm ua lus qhia fMRI (Fig. 6A). Conversely, tsawg dua deactivation ntawm ob sab precuneus thaum hais lus fluency fMRI thiab sab xis posterior lub cev nqaij daim tawv thaum lub sij hawm ua lus qhia tiam fMRI muaj feem xyuam rau tsawg dua tawm-ntawm-scanner fluency thiab naming kev ua tau zoo, ntsig txog (PFWE<0.05). Correlations across systems were limited (rperm =0.16, Punc=0.046, correlation of limbic system activity during verb generation fMRI and naming scores; Fig. 6B). For verbal fluency fMRI, gradient-based effects at the transmodal apex negatively correlated with out-of-scanner letter fluency scores (rperm = −0.17/−0.19, Punc=0.036/0.026).

Rau kev hais lus ua haujlwm nco fMRI, tawm-ntawm-scanner tus lej ncua cov qhab nia zoo sib xws nrog (i) kev ua kom ob sab pem hauv ntej thaum hais lus ua haujlwm nco (PFWE<0.05; Fig. 6D); (ii) activity across dorsal attention and frontoparietal control systems (sperm =0.31 and 0.33, respectively; both PFDR=0.0007; Fig. 6E); and (iii) task signal across intermediate and transmodal gradient sections (all PFDR< 0.01, sperm range: 0.24–0.31; Fig. 6F). Similar patterns were evidenced for correlations between verbal 2 Back task performance scores (in the scanner) and verbal working memory fMRI activity across (i) dorsal attention/frontoparietal control systems (ρperm =0.23/0.21, PFDR=0.020/0.027); and (ii) intermediate-to-transmodal gradient segments (PFDR<0.05, ρperm range: 0.20–0.23).

Rau 2-1 Rov qab pom kev ua haujlwm nco fMRI, pom 2 Rov qab ua haujlwm cov qhab nia ua haujlwm (hauv lub tshuab luam ntawv) zoo sib xws nrog (i) kev ua kom ob sab pem hauv ntej ntawm qib voxel (PFWE<0.05); (ii) activity across dorsal attention and frontoparietal control systems (ρperm =0.37 and 0.39; both PFDR<0.0001); and (iii) task signal across intermediate and transmodal gradient sections (all PFDR< 0.05, ρperm range: 0.20–0.36).

Daim duab 6 Kev sib txheeb ntawm kev ntsuas kev ua haujlwm nrog kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm. Lub hlwb renders thiab seem ntawm sab laug tso saib cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog cov ntaub ntawv tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm ntau qhov kev rov qab los soj ntsuam kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov lus fMRI (verb tiam) thiab naming cov qhab nia (A), thiab nruab nrab ntawm kev ua haujlwm nco fMRI (ua haujlwm hais lus) thiab tus lej ncua cov qhab nia (D). Cov xim txias / sov xim yog xa mus rau cov koom haum tsis zoo / zoo, feem. Daim duab qhia tau pom ntawm P< 0.005 uncorrected, with an extent threshold of 10 voxels applied for display purposes; colour bars indicate corresponding t-score scales. ^Scatterplots highlight data distribution for the peak voxel within areas highlighted with a black circle; for illustration purposes, we used age- and sex-adjusted (residualized) contrast estimates (β) as measures of task effect. MNI coordinates and P-values are provided in the Supplementary material. The spider plots (B and E) and gradient plots (C and F) show correlation coefficients for associations between cognitive measures (naming/digit span) and task effects (verb generation/verbal working memory) across each system or gradient bin. Example scatterplots highlight data distribution for correlations at the level of one given system or bin; for analyses of systems: ***PFDR<0.01; **PFDR<0.05; *uncorrected P< 0.05; for analyses along the gradient: *PFDR<0.05; ∇uncorrected P<0.05.

For more information:1950477648nn@gmail.com