Polyphenols puas tuaj yeem yog ib lub tswv yim zoo hauv xov tooj cua tiv thaiv?

Yog xav paub ntxiv, thov hu rautina.xiang@wecistanchecom ib

Abstract: Tam sim no, xov tooj cua yog ib lub tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws los kho mob qog noj ntshav. Txawm li cas los xij, tshem tawm toxicity tawm tsam cov hlwb ib txwm qhia tias yuav tsum tau xaiv los tiv thaiv lawv. Reactive oxygen thiab nitrogen hom txhawb nqaionizing hluav taws xobcytotoxicity, thiab cov tebchaw muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov tsiaj no lossis txhim kho cov enzymes antioxidant (piv txwv li, superoxide dismutase, catalase, thiab glutathione peroxidase) yuav tsum tau tshawb xyuas kom raug. Antioxidant cog-derived compounds, xws liphenolsthiabpolyphenols, tuaj yeem sawv cev rau lwm qhov tseem ceeb rau cov khoom siv hluavtaws los siv ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xov tooj cua. Qhov tseeb, lawv cov koob tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant / pro-oxidant tuaj yeem muab kev tiv thaiv siab rau cov ntaub so ntswg, nrog me me lossis tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv rau cov qog hlwb. Kev tshuaj xyuas tam sim no muab kev hloov tshiab ntawm kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb tam sim no ntawm polyphenols hauv cov ntawv ntshiab lossis hauvcog extractsnrog cov pov thawj zoo txog lawv cov xov tooj cua modulating ua tau. Tseeb, nrog rau qee qhov tshwj xeeb, txog rau hnub tim, cov ntaub ntawv tsis sib xws muaj feem ntau tau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro, uas tsis pom kev nplij siab hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev kho mob thiab / lossis kev kho mob. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, thaum cov kev tshawb fawb preclinical tau tshaj tawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog bioactivity ntawm cov nroj tsuag extract, nws cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg tsis raug coj mus rau hauv tus account, tsis txhob muaj tus qauv tsim thiab cuam tshuam cov ntaub ntawv rov tsim dua.

Ntsiab lusionizing hluav taws xob; xov tooj cua tiv thaiv; polyphenols; flavonoids; cog extracts

Nyem kom paub ntau ntxiv txog cov khoom flavonoids

1. Taw qhia

Lub neej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tau hloov zuj zus nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm tas mus li raug rauIonizing hluav taws xob (IR), nws hom kev ua ntawm qib biomolecular yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm txhua tus paub txog mutagen thiab carcinogenic agents [l]. Qhov no yog vim lub peculiar qauv ntawm lub zog deposition nrog IR nqus ntawm micro-thiab nanometer scale [2], uas yog inherently nonhomogeneous, uas ua rau ob qho tib si cais los yog heev clustered ionization txheej xwm. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lawv tuaj yeem tsim kom muaj ntau yam ntawm DNA qhov txhab ntawm qhov sib txawv, xws li kev puas tsuaj los ntawm lub hauv paus thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov molecular mus rau feem ntau deleterious ib leeg-thiab ob-strand so (SSB thiab DSB, ntsig txog)[3]. Tseeb tiag, cellular DNA yeej ib txwm raug suav hais tias yog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev xaiv IR lom neeg ua haujlwm vim tias nws muaj nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv luam, yog li txhua qhov kev puas tsuaj uas tsis raug lossis kho tsis raug tuaj yeem ua rau muaj feem cuam tshuam, cuam tshuam rau genome kev ncaj ncees thiab kev ruaj ntseg hauv cov cellular progeny. Qhov tseeb, vim muaj qhov xwm txheej ntawm IR raug, cov kab ke ntawm tes tau tsim kho DNA kho cov kab ke molecular zoo, tshwj xeeb thiab sib txawv los cuam tshuam nrog ntau cov chav kawm lossis IR-induced lesions, machinery yog sib sau ua ke hu ua DNA kev puas tsuaj teb (DDR. ) [3] Kev kho muaj peev xwm nyob ntawm seb qhov ntau npaum li cas ntawm qhov pib cuam tshuam DNA puas tsuaj, uas yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj nqus hluav taws xob, tab sis kuj yog los ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov hluav taws xob, piv txwv li, ionization ceev raws cov kab hluav taws xob.

Obviously, ib txwm tshwm sim tom qab hluav taws xob tsis yog tib qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg raug rau IR [4]. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub teeb tau tso rau ntawm txoj cai tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob puas tsuaj, nws tau ua pov thawj tias IR tuaj yeem tsim tawm. Qhov cuam tshuam uas qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm X-rays los ntawm Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen hauv 1895 tau muaj rau ntau yam ntawm tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv yog tseem reverberating niaj hnub no, vim IR yog dav siv nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si kev kuaj mob thiab kho cov kab mob [5]. Raws li kev siv tshuaj kho mob ntawm IR muaj kev txhawj xeeb, tib yam DNA-kev ua puas tsuaj los ntawm IR uas qhia tias nws muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv yog siv los ntawm nws lub peev xwm los tshem tawm cov qog nqaij hlav cancer los ntawm kev siv xov tooj cua. Ntau yam paub txog txoj kev IR coj txog nws cov teebmeem lom neeg ua tsaug rau kev tshawb fawb radiobiological uas tau nthuav tawm cov txheej txheem yooj yim. Rau lub hom phiaj no, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los faib IR raws li kev ncaj qha thiab ncaj qha, raws li txoj hauv kev tawm ntawm lub zog (biological) teeb meem. Photons, xws li X-rays thiab -rays, thiab neutrons ua tsis ncaj, yuav tsum tau ua ob-kauj ruam ua ntej ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau kev puas tsuaj. Qhov tseeb, photons cuam tshuam nrog lub atom plhaub-muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog li tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nrawm nrawm nrawm, uas ua rau ionization ntxiv, nrog rau cov pa hluav taws xob qeeb qeeb; cov neutrons cuam tshuam nrog cov nuclei ntawm cov khoom siv traversed, ua rau kom them cov khoom xws li protons thiab hnyav dua nuclei [5]. Cov khoom raug them, hloov pauv, poob lub zog ncaj qha los ntawm Coulomb kev sib cuam tshuam, ua rau cov lus hais saum toj no ionizing nrog rau lawv qhov tob tob [5]. Cov teebmeem lom neeg muaj feem xyuam rau IR, txawm tias tshwm sim los ntawm cov hluav taws xob ncaj qha lossis tsis ncaj, raug faib ua ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj, ib yam nkaus. Hauv thawj kis, kev hloov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm biomolecules yog tsim thaum lub sijhawm Physico-chemical uas ib ntus ua ntej lub sijhawm lom neeg tiag tiag. Hloov chaw, lawv tsis ncaj ncees thaum lawv yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, xws li cov dawb radicals tsim los ntawm dej radiolysis. Indirectly generated DNA kev puas tsuaj yog tib daim ntawv ntawm kev puas tsuaj uas nws tus nqi yuav tsum modulated los ntawm concomitant agents, xws li antioxidant tebchaw. Qhov tseeb, thaum ionizing hluav taws xob hla dej, nws ua rau muaj ntau lub xeev ionic thiab zoo siab uas ntxiv decompose los yog recombine muab hydrated electrons (e-ag) thiab reactive hom, nrog rau hydrogen radical (H"), hydroxyl radical (OH. "), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), oxygen (O2), hydrogen (H2), thiab hydroperoxyl radical (HO2") (Daim duab 1) [6].

DNA DSBs yog universally suav hais tias yog feem ntau deleterious IR-induced lesion [7]. DDR tuaj yeem ua rau lub voj voog ntawm lub voj voog kuaj xyuas, yog li lub voj voog ntawm tes qeeb / raug ntes, hauv kev sim ua kom lub sijhawm kho. Txawm hais tias cov txheej txheem ntawm tes siv, tsis kho DSBs tuaj yeem ua rau cell tuag los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev (xws li, mitotic tsis ua haujlwm, apoptosis), feem ntau tshwm sim thaum thawj mitosis tom qab irradiation lossis tom qab ob peb lub xov tooj ntawm tes los ntawm kev raug. Qhov no yog lub hom phiaj ntawm curative radiotherapy. Txawm li cas los xij, kev kho tsis raug ntawm DBS tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv caj ces (xws li, chromosome aberrations, micronuclei), uas, yog tias kis tau los ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm tes, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim lig, ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm genomic, thiab yog li ntawd nce ntxiv. nyob rau hauv kev pheej hmoo ntawm malignant transformation [8]

Kev siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob los ntawm cov hluav taws xob photon lossis hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho mob qog noj ntshav niaj hnub no, nrog kwv yees li 50 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov neeg mob qog noj ntshav tau txais nws ib leeg lossis ua ke nrog lwm yam kev hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb [9]. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau qhov kev txhim kho tau ua tiav hauv qhov tseeb ntawm kev siv tshuaj, kev txo qis ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg toxicity tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb vim hais tias cov kab mob qog noj ntshav tau hais los saum toj no cuam tshuam rau cov ntaub so ntswg thiab / lossis cov kab mob hauv lub cev uas tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo. Txij li thaum photons feem ntau yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm kev ua, tus nqi ntawm kev puas tsuaj uas lawv tsim thaum lub sij hawm lub cev tuaj yeem hloov kho thaum lub sij hawm tshuaj lom neeg ua ntej kev puas tsuaj thiab ua ntej qhov pib ntawm DDR lom. Yog li, cov kev hloov kho / tiv thaiv tuaj yeem siv los xaiv cov txiaj ntsig zoo li qub, xa cov tshuaj toxicity tsawg dua [10]. Hauv cov ntsiab lus no, ntau lub tebchaw tau piav qhia, tab sis tsuas yog amifostine, S-phospho derivative ntawm 2-[({7}}aminopropyl)aminolethanethiol, tau pom zoo raws li kev kho hluav taws xob tiv thaiv [11]. Lwm cov thiol-muaj cov khoom sib txuas, dhau ntawm nitrox-ides nrog superoxide dismutase (SOD)-zoo li kev ua haujlwm, cov tshuaj hormones analogs, tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab phytochemicals, tau raug tshawb xyuas raws li cov xov tooj cua tiv thaiv, thaum immunomodulators, probiotics, statins tau tshawb xyuas raws li cov tshuaj txo qis [12]. Tshwj xeeb natural compounds ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev kho mob thiab kev kho mob, ua tsaug rau lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant thiab tiv thaiv kab mob uas qhia tau tias lawv yog cov neeg muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob thiab xov tooj cua.

2. Kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob: Ib txoj hauv kev muaj txiaj ntsig los tiv thaiv hluav taws xob

Txawm hais tias kev kho hluav taws xob yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los kho mob qog noj ntshav, cov lus teb ntawm cov nqaij mos ib txwm yog qhov txwv rau tag nrho cov koob tshuaj uas tuaj yeem ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb kom ua tiav cov qog nqaij hlav hauv zos, yog li txo qis txoj hauv kev kho mob, thaum mob hnyav thiab mob toxicity tuaj yeem ua tau. ua rau tus neeg mob lub neej tsis zoo tag nrho. Yog li ntawd, ib qho kev xav tau ceev ceev hauv kev tiv thaiv lub cev ib txwm muaj yog thov thov. Hauv cov ntsiab lus no, kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis hauv IR kev xa khoom thiab qhov raug yog txuas mus ntxiv, thaum cov xov tooj cua modulating cov neeg ua haujlwm raug suav tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev txo cov tshuaj lom rau cov ntaub so ntswg. Qhov no tsis yog qhov teeb meem tshwm sim ntau npaum li qhov kev tshawb fawb IR ntawm National Cancer Institute tau muab cais tawm, raws li lub sijhawm tswj hwm, cov neeg ua haujlwm nrog IR tiv thaiv hauv peb pawg: (a) kev tiv thaiv, (b) txo qis, thiab (c) kho cov neeg sawv cev [13]. Analogously, European Commission tau them nyiaj thiab txuas ntxiv ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob, feem ntau hais txog cov kev tshawb fawb tshiab nrog rau txoj cai muaj peev xwm thiab / lossis kev cuam tshuam [14].

Radioprotectors thiab xov tooj cua mitigators yog cov muaj txiaj ntsig modulator agents. Lawv cov khoom xa tuaj ua ntej lossis tshwm sim ib txhij nrog kev tswj hwm hluav taws xob thiab ua kom sai kom txo lossis txo qis cov ntaub so ntswg toxicity. Cov tom kawg tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua ntawm cov tshuaj kho mob, thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo, ua haujlwm tom qab irradiation li palliation lossis kev txhawb nqa [15].

Tag nrho cov tebchaw no yuav tsum tau qhia qee qhov kev ua haujlwm xws li lub peev xwm los cuam tshuam lossis ua kom qeeb ntawm cov khoom siv ntau dhau ntawm cov kab mob reactive, uas tuaj yeem ua rau tsis muaj kev raug mob IR cuam tshuam rau cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes sib txawv thiab qhia txoj hauv kev. Tseeb, reactive oxygen thiab nitrogen hom txhawb IR cytotoxicity. Kev tiv thaiv qhov pib ntawm oxidative kev ntxhov siab tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm nucleic acids, proteins, thiab lipids, thiab cov txheej txheem ntau yam (xws li, mitochondrial depolarization), uas irreversibly ua rau cell tuag [16]. IR-induced genomic instability yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb rau encompass, raws li kev hloov pauv, gene amplification, thiab lwm yam cytogenetic rearrangements kuj yog tom qab thawj zaug thuam [17]. Cells adaptatively teb rau IR los ntawm activating Nrf2-YOG antioxidant tiv thaiv |18[ uas yog tsim los ntawm enzymatic thiab non-enzymatic tebchaw thiab muaj peev xwm pab tau radioprotectors nrog lub hom phiaj los mus evade dawb radicals, tshem tawm IR-induced toxic substances. , thiab zuag qhia tag nrho los txhawb kev kho thiab rov ua haujlwm [19]. Yog li, cov tebchaw muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov tsiaj no lossis txhim kho cov enzymes antioxidant (piv txwv li, superoxide dismutase, catalase, thiab glutathione peroxidase) yuav tsum tau tshawb xyuas kom raug. Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus no, thiols, ua tsaug rau lawv muaj peev xwm mus khawb hydroxyl radical, tiv thaiv DNA, uas muab, feem ntau nyob rau hauv hypoxic mob, teeb meem DNA radicals, yuav luag lub luag hauj lwm rau hluav taws xob lethality [10]. Tsis tas li ntawd, thiols raug pom los tiv thaiv oxidation ntawm daim nyias nyias phospholipids thiab hloov kho cell rov qab thiab cov lus teb kev ntxhov siab. Cysteine ​​thiab cysteamine yog sulfhydryl amines, thiab lwm yam aminothiol analogs / derivatives tshwm sim los ntawm radioprotective, tab sis lawv cov kev mob tshwm sim tau qhia tawm tsam kev siv tshuaj kho mob, tshwj tsis yog cov aminothiol amifostine (WR-2721) [10]. Ntawm cov hom kev kawm tob, nitroxides kuj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ua tsaug rau lawv lub peev xwm ib leeg-electron redox lub voj voog. Hauv particular, raws li ib tug pleiotropic intracellular antioxidant, tempol tau pom los txo qhov xwm txheej ntawm hluav taws xob tshwm sim thib ob malignancies [20]. Tseeb tiag, tempol(4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl) kuj tau pom tias ua raws li SOD mimetic, whereas lub radioprotective zog ntawm SOD isoforms ( Cu, Zn SOD, Mn-SOD thiab extracellular SOD) tau hais tias yog cov neeg ua haujlwm muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lawv cov O,-·scavenging kev ua tau zoo hauv cytosol, mitochondrion, thiab extracellular qhov chaw, raws li, thiab lawv-catalyzed dismutation rau H2O2, thiab O. ntawm cov xov tooj cua tiv thaiv yog cytokines thiab kev loj hlob, suav nrog IL-1, TNF-, G-CSF, GM-CSE, thiab erythropoietin, thiab angiotensin-hloov enzyme inhibitors (Daim duab 2). Cov tshuaj tom kawg no, niaj hnub tau sau tseg rau kev kho mob ntshav siab, tau pom zoo kom txo qis hluav taws xob tshwm sim hauv lub raum, lub ntsws, thiab lub hlwb thiab cuam tshuam rau TGF- txoj hauv kev, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj hluav taws xob ua rau fibrosis [10]. Ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm no, palifermin, ib tug recombinant N-terminal truncated daim ntawv ntawm keratinocyte loj hlob yam, tau xub pom zoo rau kev kho mob ntawm qhov ncauj mucositis induced los ntawm chemo-thiab radiotherapy [21]. Inhibitors ntawm PUMA (p53 Up-regulated Modulator of Apoptosis) thiab hluav taws xob-induced apoptosis kuj tau tshawb xyuas. PUMA inhibitors (PUMAi) yog tsim los inhibit PUMA-dependent thiab radiation-induced apoptosis thiab kom tsis txhob los yog txo cov hnyuv puas thiab apoptosis induced los ntawm inflammatory cytokines, ROS (reactive oxygen hom), los yog kev kho mob cancer [22].

Ntuj antioxidants kuj pom kev loj hlob. Cov vitamins (A, C, thiab E), L-selenomethionine, N-acetylcysteine ​​​​, glutathione, thiab coenzyme Q-10 tau qhia tias yuav ua tau zoo tiv thaiv hluav taws xob raug mob [23], thaum muaj ntau yam kev noj haus phytochemicals tshwm sim los ua radioprotectors rau ib txwm hlwb, thiab radiosensitizers rau qog hlwb nyob rau hauv ib tug fascinating scenario. Melatonin, uas yog secreted los ntawm lub caj pas pineal nyob rau hauv lub hlwb, los ntawm lymphocytes, lub retina, thiab lub plab hnyuv system, yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau kawm tej yam ntuj tso tebchaw. Nws ncaj qha scavenges ROS hom, inhibits ROS tsim enzymes, thiab activates DNA kho enzymes [24].

Qhov tsis muaj teeb meem toxicity, ua ke nrog lawv cov txiaj ntsig antioxidant thiab immunostimulant kev ua ub no, ua cov metabolites tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov nroj tsuag ib qho chaw tsis muaj qhov kawg ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.Polyphenols, los ntawm lawv qhov muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog antioxidant, tuaj yeem txo qhov mob, tiv thaiv ob lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab hematopoietic, thiab khaws cia DNA. Tshwj xeeb,flavonoids, xws li rutin thiab baicalein, lub isoflavonoid genistein, thiab stilbene resveratrol, sawv cev cov tebchaw nruj me ntsis cuam tshuam rau qhov kev xav ntawm biosynthetic thiab muaj kev cog lus rau cov neeg sib tw radioprotective. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm bioavailability ntawm cov tshuaj no txhawb nqa cov ntaub ntawv kev tswj hwm tshiab thiab kev tshawb fawb phytochemical rau kev tshawb pom cov tebchaw tshiab los ntawm kev cia siab cog qoob loo. Ib qho kev hloov tshiab ntawm cov xov tooj cua-tiv thaiv ntuj molecules thiab kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov nroj tsuag extracts enriched nyob rau hauv cov constituents yog muab hauv qab no.

3. Phenols thiab Polyphenols: Lawv puas yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm xov tooj cua tiv thaiv?

Qhov tsis ua tiav ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb tsom mus rau cov khoom siv ntuj tsim thiab lawv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tiv thaiv, thiab ntau yam botanicals, uas yuav tsis tshua kim tshaj li hluavtaws, tau raug tshuaj xyuas rau lawv cov kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob [25].

Dawb radical scavenging, los tiv thaiv kab mob, kev yooj yim ntawm kev kho kev ua si, regeneration ntawm hematopoietic hlwb, yog lub ntsiab mechanisms vim lub ntuj radioprotectors (Daim duab 2). Tshwj xeeb, txij li feem ntau ntawm IR puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv cov pa hluav taws xob kho qhov teeb meem tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm IR-induced dawb radicals nrog biomolecules, tej yam ntuj tso khoom, xws li curcumin, chlorogenic acids, thiab txawv flavonoids, muaj peev xwm rhuav tshem dawb radicals los yog tiv thaiv lawv. tsim, tuaj yeem ua cov xov tooj cua tiv thaiv [26]. Yog li, kev siv cov xov tooj cua tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ib txwm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab radiosensitizer rau augmenting cancerous cov ntaub so ntswg teb tshwm sim innovatively maximized nyob rau hauv ib tug toxicity-dawb nutraceutical mus kom ze raws li polyphenols. Cov tebchaw ntuj no qhia txog lub tswvyim ntawm tus neeg tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws, raws li, raws li lawv cov koob tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant / pro-oxidant, tuaj yeem muab kev tiv thaiv qib siab rau cov ntaub so ntswg, nrog me me lossis tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv rau cov qog hlwb. Ntxiv mus, cov nroj tsuag-derived polyphenols tau txais ntau qhov kev mloog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev nrhiav rau intrinsically low-toxic radiosensitizing tshuaj. Qhov zoo nkauj ob lub ntsej muag muaj peev xwm ntawm cov ntshiab polyphenols lossis polyphenol-enriched rho tawm tau muab pov thawj zoo ntawm lawv qhov kev ua tau zoo hauv xov tooj cua, thiab cov polyphenol dual muaj peev xwm ua raws li ob qho tib si radiosensitizing thiab radioprotective agents yuav arguably tuav qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho mob ua ntej, thiab, feem ntau, dais ib qho tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm cov qog refractory rau kev kho hluav taws xob.

3.1. Flavonoids: Ntaj Ob-Edged hauv Radioprotection

Tshaj li nees nkaum xyoo dhau los, qhov kev txaus siab hauv xov tooj cua tiv thaivflavonoidsyog tsis tu ncua. Cov nroj tsuag metabolites, feem ntau biosynthesized raws li kev tiv thaiv tebchaw tiv thaiv UV-ray, thiab lwm yam kev ntxhov siab ib puag ncig los ntawm chalcone precursors, yog structurally characterized los ntawm ib tug 15-carbons skeleton, muaj ob benzene rings (A thiab B) txuas los ntawm heterocyclic pyrone C -ntiv nplhaib atoms. Qib siab ntawm hydroxylation, hloov pauv, thiab polymerization yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm flavonoid, uas muaj xya sub-chav kawm: flavanones, dihydroflavonols, flavonols, flavones, flavandiols, anthocyanins, thiab catechins (Daim duab 3). Isoflavonoids los ntawm kev sib cais flavonoid subclass zoo, raws li cov tebchaw no tau pom cov qauv sib txawv ntawm qhov uas B-aromatic nplhaib nyob ntawm C3 carbon (Daim duab 3) [27l Kev Tshawb Fawb txhawm rau tshawb xyuas cov qauv nta cuam tshuam nrog kev tiv thaiv xov tooj cua qhia tias qee cov ntsiab lus flavonoid (tseem ceeb. cov neeg sib koom keto pawg conjugated rau cov nplhaib uas muaj ntxhiab) tuaj yeem yog cov neeg sawv cev siv tau vim tias kev tiv thaiv muaj feem xyuam nrog lawv lub peev xwm los cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem hloov hluav taws xob thiab ua kom cov txheej txheem redox hauv cov hlwb irradiated [28].

Flavonols tau tshwm sim raws li cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, txawm hais tias glycosylation ntawm C-3 carbon cuam tshuam rau cov reactivity, raws li saccharidic moiety tus kheej. Qhov tseeb, nws tau pom tias flavonol glucosides txo qis hauv reactivity thaum cov piam thaj tsim ob intramolecular H-bonds. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li kev hloov pauv aglycone, muaj cov haujlwm phenolic ntau dua, ntau qhov sib xyaw ua haujlwm [28]. Ntawm cov flavonol tebchaw, rutin (3,3'4',5, 7-pentahydroxyflavone-3-rhamnoglucoside; Daim duab 4), muaj ntau nyob rau hauv passionflower, buckwheat, tshuaj yej, thiab kua, yog dav soj ntsuam rau nws radioprotective kev txiav txim. . Cell kab lis kev cai soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog nws lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv hluav taws xob-induced oxidative DNA puas hauv hlwb (xws li, V79).

Rutin niaj hnub supplementation, nrog rau nws cov aglycone, uas yog quercetin, txo qhov zaus ntawm micronucleated reticulocytes nyob rau hauv cov ntshav peripheral ntawm irradiated nas. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm podophyllotoxin thiab rutin hauv G-003 formulation, nws tau pom muaj kev tiv thaiv tseem ceeb ntawm cov nas hematopoietic, plab hnyuv, thiab ua pa ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tuag taus [29-31]. Cov monoglucosyl rutin, ad hoc semi-synthetized los kov yeej quercetin thiab rutin insolubility hauv aqueous media, tau ua pov thawj tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau CHO10B2 hlwb, muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj sia nyob ntawm IR-kho hlwb ntawm koob ntau dua 2 Gy [32]. Tseeb, hauv vitro DNA ob-strand so kev soj ntsuam, ua tiav ntawm cov flavonoid aglycones thiab glycosides sib txawv, ua pov thawj tias, txawm hais tias quercetin derivatives txo DNA ob-strand so ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm 10 μM, lawv tsis muaj bioavailability yuav cuam tshuam rau lawv cov txiaj ntsig hauv vivo. [33].

Kev tiv thaiv los ntawm DNA puas nyob rau hauv y-irradiated cov qe ntshav dawb 【34】, leucocytes 【35】 kuj tau ascertained rau quercetin thiab nws enriched natural matrix propolis, ntau npaum li ntawd mus nrhiav ntxiv nyob rau hauv cov qauv tsiaj ua. Hauv particular, kev tiv thaiv cov nyhuv ntawm aqueous propolis extract tiv thaiv plab hnyuv puas tsuaj kuj tau pov thawj nyob rau hauv cov nas raug rau ib tug y-kuj tawg koob tshuaj ntawm 8 Gy, muaj peev xwm induce plab hnyuv mucositis [36], whereas ib tug propolis methanolic feem, nrog cov ntsiab lus siab nyob rau hauv. ob qho tib si yooj yimphenolsthiabflavonoids, txo qis tag nrho cov protein carbonyl cov ntsiab lus hauv UV-kho HaCat hlwb [37].

Cov nyhuv radioprotective ntawm flavones, xws li apigenin thiab baicalein, kuj tau tshawb xyuas tob (Daim duab 5). Apigenin, dav faib nyob rau hauv nplooj thiab stems ntawm noj zaub mov thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo, koob tshuaj-nyob ntawm induced micronuclei nyob rau hauv tib neeg lymphocytes kho nyob rau hauv vitro, kuj suppressing phiv los ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob [38]. Cov tshuaj tau tshwm sim los ua kom muaj cov nyhuv immunostimulatory hauv vivo, yog li txo qis hluav taws xob vim kev hloov pauv hematological. Qhov txiaj ntsig no tuaj yeem yog vim nws lub peev xwm los ua kom muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob endogenous [39]. Tsis ntev los no, apigenin, intraperitoneally muab tshuaj ntawm ib koob tshuaj sib npaug li 15 mg / kg lub cev qhov hnyav, tau pom tias ua rau qeeb hluav taws xob ua rau plab hnyuv puas tsuaj hauv tag nrho lub cev irradiated Swiss albino nas. Hauv particular, kev kho cov hnyuv crypt-villus architecture tshwm sim tom qab apigenin ua ntej kev kho mob, nrog rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov hluav taws xob ua kom muaj zog ntawm NF-kB qhia hauv cov ntaub so ntswg gastrointestinal [40].

Naringin, flavanone-7-O-glycoside los ntawm Citrus hom, kuj tau pom tias muaj cov nyhuv inhibitory ntawm IR-induced o. NF-kB kev tawm tsam txhais tau hais tias kev hloov pauv ntawm cov yam ntxwv ua rau muaj mob. Ntxiv mus, naringin ntxiv dag zog rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev, los ntawm kev khaws cia ntawm endogenous antioxidants [41]. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm oxidative stress inhibitory kuj tau txuas nrog kev tso tawm ntawm cov kab mob cytokines los ntawm inducing Nrf2 activation, ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lwm cov tshuaj flavonoid, xws li naringenin thiab epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (Daim duab 6)[42]. Ntxiv mus, hais txog flavone tebchaw, baicalein (5,6,{13}}trihydroxyflavone), Ameslikas cais los ntawm cov cag qhuav ntawm Scutellaria baicalensis thiab Scutellaria lateriflora, elicited pleiotropic kev ua uas tso cai rau nws los tiv thaiv nas splenic lymphocytes tiv thaiv IR-induced cell tuag. los ntawm nws lub peev xwm los tua MKP3 thiab qhib ERK. Qhov no yog nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog kev txo qis ntawm hluav taws xob vim raug mob hematopoietic [43]. Tsis ntev los no, baicalein, muab intraperitoneally nrog 100 mg / kg hauv C57BL / 6J nas, rebalanced IR-hloov plab microbial muaj pes tsawg leeg, ameliorating plab hnyuv qauv. Nws txo qis cov kev qhia ntawm pro-apoptotic proteins (piv txwv li, p53, caspase-3, caspase-8, thiab Bax), kuj tseem rov ua kom IR-induced hematopoietic dysfunction [44]. Baicalein tau tshaj tawm tias yog lub xov tooj cua tiv thaiv muaj zog ntawm qhov siab ntawm 5-50 μM 【45】 thiab cuam tshuam rau NF-kB-mediated inflammatory teb [46.

Cov pov thawj loj hlob qhia tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm cov tshuaj yej ntsuab flavanols. Cov kev tshawb fawb thaum ntxov tau txhawb nqa qhov kev xav ntawm kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv genotoxic hauv tib neeg cov lymphocytes [47] thiab kev tiv thaiv tag nrho tiv thaiv ultraviolet hluav taws xob-induced DNA puas [48].

Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (Daim duab 6), lub ntsiab polyphenol hauv cov tshuaj yej ntsuab, vim nws txoj haujlwm antioxidant thiab kev ua tau zoo hauv ameliorating ntau cov kab mob oxidative kev ntxhov siab, yog qhov txaus siab. Nws txhawb nqa Nrf2-nyob ntawm cov teebmeem radioprotective thiab Nrf2 signaling, nyob rau hauv lem, thiab tau pom los tawm tsam IR-induced apoptosis thiab ferroptosis, ameliorating plab hnyuv raug mob los ntawm tag nrho lub cev irradiation nyob rau hauv txiv neej C57 BL/6J nas [49]. Kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob ntawm EGCG tau kawm los ntawm tus qauv ntawm kev puas tsuaj oxidative hauv 60Coy hluav taws xob nas, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tau txais pov thawj lub peev xwm ntawm cov compound los txhim kho cov kev ua ntawm enzymatic antioxidants, xws li superoxide dismutase thiab glutathione peroxidase, nrog rau qib glutathione [50] .

Soy isoflavones txo vascular puas tsuaj thiab mob ntsig txog mob ntsws cancer hauv xov tooj cua [51]. Genistein, lub ntsiab soy isoflavone nrog phytoestrogen kev ua, txaus siab rau ob qho kev txiav txim hauv xov tooj cua; ua ntej, nws tuaj yeem tiv thaiv L-02 hlwb tiv thaiv hluav taws xob puas tsuaj los ntawm inhibition ntawm apoptosis, txo cov DNA puas thiab chromosome aberration, down-regulation ntawm GRP78, thiab up-regulation ntawm HERP, HUS1, thiab hHR23A ntawm tsawg concentration (1.5 μM). Thib ob, ntawm qhov siab siab (20 μM) qhia txog xov tooj cua-sensitizing zog los ntawm kev txhawb nqa ntawm apoptosis thiab chromosome aberration, kev puas tsuaj ntawm DNA kho, nce-txoj cai ntawm GRP78, thiab down-regulation ntawm HUS1, SIRT1, RAD17, RAD51, thiab RNF8 [ 52] ib. Tseeb tiag, tsis ntev los no, nws tau pom tias genistein muaj peev xwm txhawb nqa cov xov tooj cua ntawm hepatoblastoma hlwb los ntawm inducing G2 / M ntes thiab apoptosis [53]. Kev tswj hwm ntawm genistein kuj tau pom tias muaj kev tiv thaiv kev raug mob hluav taws xob raug mob ntawm cov tshuaj tsis muaj tshuaj lom [54]. Ob peb daim ntawv pov thawj underline genistein-induced radioprotection rau hematopoietic mob hluav taws xob raug mob, thiab lub peev xwm ntawm lub compound los ua ib tug xaiv estrogen receptor-agonist kuj tau tshawb nrhiav, raws li nws koom nrog hauv nws cov radioprotective mechanism ntawm kev ua [55]. Kev tswj hwm ntawm ER- thiab FOXL-2 los ntawm genistein, nrog rau kev txo qis ntawm TGF- kev qhia, kuj tau hais txog kev rov qab siv hluav taws xob kho hluav taws xob ua rau lub zes qe menyuam ntxov ntxov [56]. Soy isoflavones yog tag nrho cov nquag hloov kho cov lus teb rau RT, ua ob qho tib si nrog radiosensitizing thiab radioprotective teebmeem. Nyob rau hauv preclinical orthotopic qauv ntawm prostate cancer, lub raum cell carcinoma, thiab non-small cell ntsws cancer, nws tau pom tias soy isoflavones tsom teeb pom kev muaj sia nyob txoj hauv kev hluav taws xob-upregulated, xws li DNA kho thiab transcription yam, thaum kawg tsav cov qog nqaij hlav kom tuag [57 ].

Qhov kev txaus siab ntawm flavonoids raws li xov tooj cua modulators kuj coj mus kuaj cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj semisynthetic, xws li flavopiridol (Daim duab 5). Cov tshuaj no, tseem hu ua alvo-cidib, yog flavone derivative uas yog tsim los ntawm Sanofi-Aventis, raws li ib tug flavonoid muab tau los ntawm Indian indigenous nroj tsuag Dysoxylum binectariferum. Flavopiridol, structurally raws li flavonoid (2-cholorophenyl-4- ib) thiab alkaloid (1- methyl piperazine) moieties, yog CDK inhibitor uas nthuav tawm muaj zog inhibition ntawm CDK1,2,4,6 ,7, thiab 9. Nws tau pom tias cov compound ua rau inhibit thiab / lossis kho sublethal kev puas tsuaj nrog rau kev kho DNA ob-strand breakage ua raws li kev kho hluav taws xob hauv cov qog nqaij hlav malignant. Tseeb tiag, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho cov nyhuv cytotoxic ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv cov qog nqaij hlav radioresistant los ntawm p53 tsis ua haujlwm lossis Bcl-2 overexpression [58].

Txo qhov teeb meem ntawm UV hluav taws xob yog ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau ua, vim UVB ({0}} nm) tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov tawv nqaij ua kom muaj kab mob epidermal cell apoptosis, uas tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshav. Yog li, radioprotective compounds yuav tsum tau tshawb nrhiav thiab anthocyanins tshwm sim muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Tshwj xeeb, kev tiv thaiv cov nyhuv ntawm cyanidin-3-O-glucoside tiv thaiv UVB-vim kev puas tsuaj, yog ib qho teeb meem rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tib neeg cov tawv nqaij, rau tib neeg HaCa keratinocytes. Cov anthocyanin muaj peev xwm txo qis intracellularly reactive oxygen hom, nrog rau phospho-p53 thiab phospho-ATM / ATR qib, thiab kev qhia ntawm anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 [59]. Tseeb tiag, nws kuj tau pom tias cyanidin{11}}O-glucoside suppressed COX-2 qhia los ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog MAPKand Akt signaling pathways [60]. Tshaj ultraviolet (UV) hluav taws xob ua rau ntau hom tawv nqaij puas. Lub encapsulation ntawm cyanidin-3-O-glucoside nyob rau hauv chitosan nanoparticles muab pov thawj rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov formulation kom zoo txo ​​UVB-induced epidermal puas los ntawm p53-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway [61].

3.2.Lwm Phenols thiab Polyphenols nrog Radioprotective Efficacy

Tsis yog-flavonoid tebchaw kuj tau txheeb xyuas hauv daim ntawv ntshiab lossis hauv kev sib xyaw. Cov phenols yooj yim, xws li vanillin, tau kuaj xyuas lawv cov kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob.

Cov compound 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde, zoo dua lub npe hu ua vanillin, dav siv los ua zaub mov flavoring tus neeg saib xyuas, yav tas los soj ntsuam raws li muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv-radiation-induced DNA puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv plasmid pBR322, tib neeg thiab nas peripheral ntshav leukocytes, thiab splenic lymphocytes. Qhov kev ua tau zoo tau raug lees paub rau nws lub peev xwm tshem tawm radical, nrog rau kev hloov kho DNA kho [62]. Lub zog antioxidant ntawm vanillin kuj suav nrog nws lub peev xwm los ua tus lipoperoxidant. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov sib xyaw ua ke nthuav tawm cov teebmeem los tiv thaiv mutagenic muaj peev xwm inhibit X-ray thiab UV-induced ib leeg-strand DNA lov chromosomal so, thiab DNA crosslinking. Tsis tas li ntawd, txawm hais tias nws tau pom tias tseem pom zoo rau DNA ligation, kho, thiab rov ua dua, nws qhov kev siv tshuaj raug txwv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv vivo tsawg. Qhov kev tshawb pom no txhawb nqa kev sib txuas ntawm nws cov derivative, VND3207, uas tau tshwm sim, hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ua ntej, xov tooj cua tiv thaiv ntawm hluav taws xob ua rau mob plab hnyuv [63]. Hauv cov ntsiab lus no, nws tau pom tias kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob tseem yog vim, dhau ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov khoom sib txuas, mus rau kev hloov pauv ntawm qib p53 hauv plab hnyuv epithelial hlwb. Tsis ntev los no, Li et al. [64] pom tias kev kho mob nrog VND3207 tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev qhia ntawm catalytic subunit ntawm DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) hauv tib neeg cov qog ntshav qog ntshav nrog lossis tsis muaj -irradiation. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov kev ua ntawm lub enzyme muaj nyob rau hauv DNA ob-strand breakage kho.

Hydroxycinnamic acids, feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv txiv hmab txiv ntoo, zaub, thiab dej haus, thiab structurally characterized los ntawm ib tug phenylpropanoid skeleton deriving los ntawm deamination ntawm phenylalanine thiab tyrosine nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, yuav mirrored nyob rau hauv radioprotection. Nyob rau lub sijhawm tsis ntev los no, caffeic acid tau pom los ua kom lub cev ntxov ntxov ntawm hematopoietic qia hlwb, vim nws muaj peev xwm antioxidant. Qhov tseeb, senescence yog kho los ntawm ROS overproduction. Ntawm qhov tod tes, caffeic acid tuaj yeem ua raws li tus neeg sawv cev pro-apoptotic hauv cov kab mob qog noj ntshav [65]. Ferulic acid kuj tau xav tias yuav ua tau zoo tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo los yog txhob txwm raug rau ionizing hluav taws xob, thiab kev kho DNA tau sim ua kom muaj qhov nrawm dua hauv cov nas ferulic acid-kho [66].

Ntawm hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives, chlorogenic acid tiv thaiv genomic instability induced los ntawm X-ray irradiation nyob rau hauv non-tumorigenic tib neeg cov ntshav lymphocytes [67]. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev kho mob nrog qhov depside no, ntawm qhov koob tshuaj sib npaug ntawm 200 mg / kg, ib teev ua ntej irradiation nrog cov koob tshuaj y-rays siab, nyiam cov tsiaj ciaj sia [68]. Lub peev xwm radioprotective ntawm caffeic acid phenethyl esters, uas muaj ntau nyob rau hauv propolis, kuj tau kawm thiab nws koom nrog kev tiv thaiv oxidative thiab nitrosative puas tsuaj los ntawm hluav taws xob [69]. Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb, caffeic acid phenethyl ester tau pom los ua ob qho tib si hauv xov tooj cua tiv thaiv thiab xov tooj cua, txhais tau tias nws tuaj yeem hloov kho cov hluav taws xob teb los ntawm kev ua raws li cov txheej txheem sib txawv nyob ntawm seb hom ntaub so ntswg [70].

Rosmarinic acid, ib tug depside ntawm caffeic acid thiab 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl lactic acid, pro-moted, thaum noj ntawm ib koob ntawm 100 mg / kg, lub rov qab ntawm peripheral cov ntshav hlwb nyob rau hauv irradiated nas |71]. Nws lub peev xwm kuj tau muab piv rau qhov uas tau ua los ntawm carnosic acid thiab carnosol, ob lub aromatic diterpenes, endowed nrog antioxidative thiab antimicrobial zog, sib npaug cais los ntawm rosemary tshuaj ntsuab. Tseeb, cov teebmeem radioprotective tiv thaiv -irradiation nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim carnosic acid> rosmarinic acid Ntau tshaj los yog sib npaug rau carnosol 【72】. Radioprotection kev tshawb fawb them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau curcumin, uas nws cov antioxidant thiab anti-inflammatory zog yog paub zoo rau lub hom phiaj ntau signaling molecules [73].

Lub diferuloylmethane tau ua kom pom tseeb rau ameliorate radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis [74]. Nws cov nyhuv yog los ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm cytoprotective heme oxygenase 1. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li oxidative kev nyuaj siab koom nrog hauv hluav taws xob neuronopathy, inhibition ntawm -radiation-induced reactive oxygen hom nyob rau hauv murine ntsws thawj hlwb raug kuaj pom. Kev tiv thaiv curcumin tshwm sim kuj yog nyob rau hauv ileum goblet hlwb [75l, thiab ntawm Drosophila melanogaster lifespan [76]. Inhibition ntawm transcription factor NF-KB yog hom tseem ceeb ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm curcumin thiab koom nrog hauv curcumin-based radiosensitization [77].

Cov kev tshawb pom tsis ntev los no qhia txog kev muaj peev xwm ntawm kev kho mob ua ntej nrog curcumin los tiv thaiv kev kho mob hluav taws xob vim raug oxidative raug mob rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, los ntawm kev txhim kho CAT, SOD, thiab GSH-Px [78]. Tseeb tiag, qhov tsis muaj bioavailability ntawm curcumin, vim yog kev nqus tsis zoo, cov metabolism sai, thiab kev tshem tawm sai sai [79], tau ua tib zoo coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum cov txheej txheem tsom rau kev khaws nws cov haujlwm tau tshawb xyuas. Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus no, muaj cov formulation ntawm nanoscale curcumin-encapsulated liposomes [80] los yog tsim ntawm curcumin-conjugated albumin-raws li nanoparticles. Hauv particular, kev txhim kho ntawm radioprotection ntawm conjugated albumin-raws li nanoparticles tau kwv yees nyob rau hauv HHF-2 hlwb X-ray irradiated, pom tias nanoparticles nrog curcumin ntawm 50ug / mL induced ib 2.3-fold nce hauv cell Kev vam meej hauv kev hwm rau cov hlwb uas tsuas yog X-ray irradiation [81].

Table 1 sau cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg rau tag nrho cov phenolic thiab polyphenolic compounds coj mus rau hauv tus account nyob rau hauv cov kev sib tham saum toj no, txiav cov tsiaj ntawv, nrog cov ntsiab lus hais txog tus qauv kawm (hauv vitro lossis hauv vivo), cov koob tshuaj siv, thiab cov txiaj ntsig tiv thaiv tseem ceeb.

4. Bioactive Plant Extracts nyob rau hauv Radioprotection: Ib Lub Ntsiab Tseem Ceeb

Cog Extractsmuaj kev kho mob tsis kawg, xws li tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab tshuaj tua kab mob. Raws li Lub Koom Haum Ntiaj Teb Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv (WHO), kwv yees li 80 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov neeg thoob ntiaj teb siv cov tshuaj ib txwm siv rau kev kho mob thawj zaug [82]. Muaj ze li ntawm 20,000 cov nroj tsuag tshuaj nyob rau hauv 91 lub teb chaws uas muaj ntau yam tshuaj uas siv tau rau kev kho mob sib txawv. Cov nroj tsuag sib txawv ntawm cov nplua nuj nyob hauv phenols thiab polyphenols thiab / lossis lwm cov metabolites tshwj xeeb (piv txwv li, carotenoids, sulfur compounds) tau raug tshuaj xyuas rau lawv cov teebmeem radioprotective, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua tau zoo.

Qhov tseeb, txawm hais tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tau pom zoo, cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau tsis muaj cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab kev tsim qauv, cuam tshuam cov ntaub ntawv rov tsim dua tshiab.

Cov haujlwm hauvtiv thaiv hluav taws xobRaws li kev soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv cov extracts tau los ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshuaj, dav siv nyob rau hauv complementary thiab lwm yam tshuaj, los yog los ntawm cov zaub mov nroj tsuag tau qhia hauv qab no. Alcoholic extract ntawm cov nroj tsuag Ageratum conyzoides muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev tuag nyob rau hauv cov nas raug rau 10 Gy ntawm -radiation. Raws li, mus txog rau ib koob tshuaj ntawm 3000 mg kg-Kuv tau raug ntaus nqi rau cov tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg, qhia tias cov xov tooj cua tiv thaiv los ntawm Ageratum conyzoides tej zaum yuav yog ib feem vim qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm cov pa oxygen reactive uas tshwm sim los ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob [83].

Kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm cov tshuaj rho tawm los ntawm tsib cov nroj tsuag tshuaj suav nrog Adhatoda vasica, Amaranthus paniculatus, Brassica compestris, Mentha piperita, thiab Spirulina fusiformis tau qhia tias muaj peev xwm antioxidant ntawm cov nroj tsuag no tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm rau lub peev xwm radioprotective [84]. Raws li txoj kev tshawb fawb no, cov tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob. Cov tebchaw no yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, VersionOne, betaine, vitamin C, -carotene, thiab vasakin hauv Adhatoda wasica; proteins, vitamins (C thiab E), provitamin A, thiab riboflavin hauv Amaranthus paniculatus; allyl isothiocyanate, glucosinolates, indoles hauv Brassica compestris, thiab cov proteins, natural vitamins (-carotene), thiab SOD hauv Spirulina fusiformis.

Ob peb txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tiv thaiv ionizing hluav taws xob tau pom zoo nyob rau hauv cov kab mob mammalian [85]. Cov txheej txheem no koom nrog dawb radical-scavening los ntawm inhibition ntawm reactive oxygen hom, nrog rau hydrogen atom pub dawb [86,87]. Nws tuaj yeem xaus lus tias phenolic tebchaw vim lawv cov kev ua haujlwm antioxidant tuaj yeem ua raws li cov dawb radical scavengers thiab, zoo li radioprotectors [84]. Tsis ntev los no, aqueous extract los ntawm Southern Italian cherry cultivar, tsim los ntawm chlorogenic acids thiab flavonoids ua ke nrog cov carbohydrates yooj yim thiab polyols, tau ua pov thawj los siv xov tooj cua modulating tus cwj pwm tawm tsam SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell kab. Qhov tseeb, ntawm cov koob tshuaj tsawg, nws ua raws li tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov xov tooj cua, thaum lub koob tshuaj siab nws tau txhim kho cytotoxic los ntawm kev raug hluav taws xob [88].

Olea europaea nplooj yog nplua nuj qhov chaw ntawm phenols thiabpolyphenols, nws lub peev xwm tiv thaiv hluav taws xob tau raug tshawb xyuas hauv kev kho ua ntej UV thiab tom qab UV [89]. Anticlasto-genic thiab antiradical kev ua ub no ntawm cov txiv ntseej nplooj extract, tsim 24.5 feem pua ​​​​hauv oleuropein, 1.5 feem pua ​​​​hauv hydroxytyrosol, thiab yuav luag 3 feem pua ​​​​hauv flavone-7-glucosides, thiab 1 feem pua ​​​​hauv verbascoside tau pom. Cov teebmeem ntawm cov ntshiab oleuropein ntawm cov lus teb hluav taws xob hauv nasopharyngeal carcinoma kuj tau txiav txim siab [90]. Oleanolic acid thiab ursolic acid, ob triterpene acids los ntawm txiv ntseej txiv ntoo thiab lwm yam khoom noj khoom haus, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov qog loj hlob thiab hloov kho hematopoiesis qia hlwb (HSCs) tom qab irradiation [91]. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tiv thaiv qog nqaij hlav tau ua los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm oleanolic acid thiab ursolic acid, yog li ntawd lawv tuaj yeem ua qee yam los tiv thaiv qog noj ntshav thiab, ntxiv rau, txo qhov kev puas tsuaj tshwm sim ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg hematopoietic tom qab siv hluav taws xob [91,92]. Cov xov tooj cua tiv thaiv los ntawm cov kua polyphenols kuj tau tshawb xyuas los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro feem ntau tsom kom paub meej cov polyphenol lub peev xwm los tshem tawm cov dawb radicals [93].

Rheum palmatum L., thiab nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb emodin (6-methyl-13,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone), tau xov tooj cua tiv thaiv y-rays. Emodin cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog qee yam uas cov qib ntawm tag nrho thiols xws li glutathione thiab lipid peroxidation cov khoom tau raug txo. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntsuas ntawm tus nplaig antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, -glutamyl transferase, thiab qabzib-6- phosphatase, qhia qhov amelioration ntawm cov qib cellular thiols thiab antioxidant enzymes hauv cov ntshav ntawm gamma-irradiated nas. nrog emodin kev kho mob [94].

Cov ethanolic extract ntawm nplooj ntawm Adhatoda vasica L. Nees, ib tug paub zoo cog tshuaj nyob rau hauv Ayurvedic thiab Unani tshuaj, pom ib tug tseem ceeb txo nyob rau hauv acid phosphatase theem thiab, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, nce alkaline phosphatase theem. Kev kho ua ntej nrog Adha-toda kuj tseem pom tau tias muaj kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob vim chromosomal puas hauv cov pob txha hlwb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem yog qhov tsim nyog ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv tshuab rau nws cov teebmeem radioprotective nrog rau cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb hauv cov extract ntawm no [95]. Nplooj extract ntawm Adhatoda vasica kuj tau tshaj tawm rau lub luag hauj lwm tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv tus po ntawm Swiss albino nas raug rau 6 Gy Y-kib hluav taws xob [96].

Radioprotective kev ua tau zoo ntawm Amaranthus paniculatus nplooj extract tau tshaj tawm [97,98]. Kev tswj hwm qhov ncauj ntawm A. paniculatus rho tawm ntawm 800 mg / kg lub cev qhov hnyav ntawm Swiss albino nas rau 15 hnub sib law liag ua ntej raug gamma-duab tshav pom tias muaj cov kab mob endogenous spleen ntau ntxiv thiab qhov hnyav spleen yam tsis muaj kev phiv los yog toxicity. Kev hloov pauv ntawm glutathione, nrog rau lipid peroxidation, yog lwm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm [97].

Lamiaceae tsev neeg raug ntaus nqi kom muaj lub peev xwm radioprotector, nrog cov txheej txheem suav nrog feem ntau yog dawb radicals scavenging, DNA kev tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj, txo qis lipid peroxidation, thiab txhim kho glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, thiab alkaline phosphatase enzyme kev ua haujlwm qib [99]. Piv txwv li, Mentha piperita yog cov nroj tsuag ntawm tsev neeg no, muaj eugenol, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, thiab -tocopherol uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob qog noj ntshav thiab radioprotective zog [84,100].

Cov tshuaj kho thiab cov tshuaj pharmacological ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj ntxhiab tau tshaj tawm. Ntawm cov, cov roj yam tseem ceeb yog siv rau ntau yam xws li tshuaj pleev ib ce, tshuaj tsw qab, tshuaj tua kab, thiab dej haus. Txij li cov roj yam tseem ceeb paub txog lawv cov haujlwm antioxidant thiab dawb radical scavenging, lawv tuaj yeem suav tau tias yog cov xov tooj cua tiv thaiv, Ageratum suav tias tau pom DPPH radicals scavenging, zoo li nws lub luag haujlwm radioprotective nrog koob tshuaj 75 mg / kg rau 6-11 Grey rau nas. Cov tshuaj nquag hauv cov nroj tsuag no yog polyoxygenated flavonoids, triterpenes (friedelin), sterols -sitosterol thiab stigmasterol, thiab alkaloids (glucosamine thiab echinate) [83].

Allium cepa, Alium chaw nres tsheb yog ob hom nroj tsuag los ntawm tsev neeg Liliaceae uas txaus siab rau antioxidant, antihypertensive, thiab antihyperglycemic [101]. Alk(en)yl thiosulfates los ntawm dos thiab qej txo qis kev puas tsuaj hauv nas hepatoma H4IIE hlwb thiab nas lymphoma L5178Y hlwb kho nrog 10Gy ntawm X-ray irradiation [102].

Tsis ntev los no, kev siv hluav taws xob tiv thaiv hluav taws xob ntawm hydroalcoholic extract ntawm Pterocarpus san-talinus, tsob ntoo me me-rau-nruab nrab-loj deciduous uas yog cov tsev neeg Fabaceae [103, tau txheeb xyuas hauv BALB / c nas raug rau Y-radiation. Lub redox homeostasis corrupted los ntawm hluav taws xob tau ameliorated tom qab kev kho mob nrog cov extract, uas tej zaum tshwm sim los ntawm lub upregulation ntawm Nrf2, HO-1, thiab GPX-1p. UHPLC-HRMS / MS tsom xam ntawm cov extract qhia txog nws ntau haiv neeg hauv Santolina, dhau ntawm lwm cov phenols thiab flavonoid tebchaw [104]. Tsis tas li ntawd, Pterocarpus santalinus hydroalcoholic extract (PSHE) tsis muaj tshuaj lom, thiab thaum RAW264.7 macrophages raug pretreated nrog nws, tseem ceeb inhibition ntawm LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, thiab TNF- ntau lawm tau pom. Polyphenols los ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshuaj, xws li Sanguisorba officinalis thiab Erigeron canadiens, tau pom tias muaj peev xwm txo tau irradiation-induced oxidative kev nyuaj siab nyob rau hauv ib txwm lymphocytes siv ROS mechanisms, ua raws li ib tug radiation modifier rau ib txwm hlwb [105]. Ib qho extract los ntawm Lonicera caerulea var. edulis, nplua nuj nyob rau hauv anthocyanins, thiab intragastrically muab rau nas ib hnub ib zaug, ua ntej 5 Gy tag nrho-lub cev 5Coy hluav taws xob, tau zoo kom qeeb cov theem ntawm malondialdehyde thaum nce superoxide dismutase thiab glutathione peroxidase kev ua ub no thiab glutathione GSH cov ntsiab lus hauv daim siab [ 106] ib.

5. Cov lus xaus

Ob xyoos dhau los, cov metabolites theem nrab hauv cov nroj tsuag tau pom dav dav rau lawv cov yam ntxwv kho mob raws li xov tooj cua tiv thaiv. Tseeb, qhov qis toxicity thiab nqi ntawm cov khoom ntuj tshwm sim ob yam tseem ceeb uas thawb cov kev tshawb fawb kom nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj no. Yog li, ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tsom rau lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tawm tsam IR-induced kev puas tsuaj. Pure compounds los yog cov nroj tsuag rho tawm uas qhia cov dawb radical scavenging kev ua si, anti-lipoperoxidant, thiab txo cov khoom muaj kev txaus siab heev thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam rau hauv DNA kho lossis kho cov chromosomal puas.

Hauv particular, (poly) phenols tuaj yeem sawv cev rau lwm qhov tseem ceeb rau cov khoom siv hluavtaws los siv ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Qhov tseeb, raws li lawv cov koob tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant / pro-oxidant ua tau zoo, lawv tuaj yeem muab kev tiv thaiv rau cov hlwb ib txwm muaj, tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv me me los yog tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv rau cov qog hlwb tiv thaiv hluav taws xob. Yog li, lawv muab pov thawj zoo txog qhov ua tau radiomodulating.

Tsis tas li ntawd, xav txog kev noj zaub mov zoo ntawm feem ntau ntawm matrices tshawb xyuas, lwm qhov txiaj ntsig zoo tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm qhov tsim nyog ntawm kev tswj hwm qhov ncauj uas tuaj yeem ua kom zoo thaum siv hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog qee qhov tshwj xeeb, cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no tseem tsis sib xws thiab feem ntau yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro uas, thaum sib sib zog nqus cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev paub txog roj ntsha ntawm cov molecules, tsis pom kev nplij siab hauv preclinical thiab / lossis kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam, lossis kev tshawb fawb preclinical. nyob rau hauv uas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum soj ntsuam cov bioactivity ntawm ib tsob nroj extract, nws cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tsis coj mus rau hauv tus account.

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