Cosmeceutical Potential Of Extracts Derived From Fishery Industry Residues: Sardine Wastes And Codfish Frames Part 2

3.2. Antibacterial Activity

Glycoside ntawm cistanche tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm SOD hauv plawv thiab daim siab cov ntaub so ntswg, thiab txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm lipofuscin thiab MDA hauv txhua cov ntaub so ntswg, tshem tawm ntau yam reactive oxygen radicals (OH-, H₂O₂, thiab lwm yam) thiab tiv thaiv DNA puas. los ntawm OH-radicals. Cistanche phenylethanoid glycosides muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov dawb radicals, muaj peev xwm txo tau ntau dua li cov vitamin C, txhim kho cov haujlwm ntawm SOD hauv cov phev ncua, txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm MDA, thiab muaj qee yam kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov phev ua haujlwm. Cistanche polysaccharides tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm SOD thiab GSH-Px hauv erythrocytes thiab ntsws cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nas senescent sim los ntawm D-galactose, nrog rau txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm MDA thiab collagen hauv lub ntsws thiab ntshav, thiab nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm elastin, muaj Cov nyhuv scavenging zoo ntawm DPPH, ncua lub sijhawm ntawm hypoxia hauv cov nas senescent, txhim kho cov haujlwm ntawm SOD hauv cov ntshav, thiab ncua lub physiological degeneration ntawm lub ntsws hauv kev sim cov nas nrog cellular morphological degeneration, kev sim tau pom tias Cistanche muaj peev xwm antioxidant zoo. thiab muaj peev xwm los ua ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab kho cov kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij laus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, echinacoside hauv Cistanche muaj lub peev xwm tseem ceeb txhawm rau txhawm rau DPPH dawb radicals thiab muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov pa oxygen reactive thiab tiv thaiv dawb radical-induced collagen degradation, thiab kuj muaj kev kho zoo ntawm thymine dawb radical anion puas.

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S. aureus thiab K. pneumoniae tau raug xaiv los ua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov kab mob gram-positive thiab -negative los ntsuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov tshuaj rho tawm. Cov tshuaj tua kab mob tua kab mob ua nrog codfish thav duab extracts qhia tias tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam rau ob qho tib si kab mob 'kev loj hlob tus cwj pwm (MIC * tshwm sim hauv Table 3 thiab 4). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb kev loj hlob inhibition (MIC qhov tseem ceeb) tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib qho ntawm cov extracts ntawm cov concentrations kuaj.

Raws li S1 thiab S3 tau solubilized hauv DMSO, kev soj ntsuam tau ua nrog cov kuab tshuaj no los ntsuas nws cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tau txais rau sardine extracts. Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias qhov siab tshaj plaws DMSO siv rau hauv kev sim tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov khoom sib txawv (txog 12.5 feem pua) tsis cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm ob hom kab mob.

Feem ntau, tag nrho cov sardine rho tawm inhibited cov kab mob loj hlob ntawm ob qho tib si gram-positive thiab gram-negative xaiv hom, tab sis S. aureus tau pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua li K. pneumoniae, uas xav tau txij li cov kab mob gram-negative poses. ib qho kev thaiv ntxiv los tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov molecules sib txawv nrog lub cell [44]. S2 tau pom tias yog cov extract nrog kev cog lus zoo tshaj plaws los tiv thaiv kab mob, qhia tias qhov kub siab dua extraction nyiam cov extraction ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Noj cov txiaj ntsig no rau hauv tus account, S2 raug xaiv los kuaj rau lwm cov kab mob gram-zoo, xws li C. acnes, aerotolerant anaerobe txuas rau pob txuv ntawm daim tawv nqaij [45]. Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej txheem defatting ntawm qhov inhibition muaj peev xwm ntawm C. acnes kev loj hlob, qauv S3 kuj raug xaiv los kuaj hauv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas no. Cov txiaj ntsig tau sau tseg hauv Table 5 qhia tias C. pob txuv coj zoo ib yam li S. aureus nrog nws txoj kev loj hlob raug cuam tshuam los ntawm ob qho tib si sardine extracts. Ntawm ob qho piv txwv, S2 tau nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig siab tshaj plaws (qis MIC thiab MBC qhov tseem ceeb) qhia tias cov txheej txheem defatting tuaj yeem hloov kho lossis tshem tawm qee cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm cov qauv sardine ua ntej cov txheej txheem rho tawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov roj fatty acids dawb thiab lipid oxidation khoom [22 ].

Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias qee cov amino acid residues nyob rau hauv peptides tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob sib txawv [46]. Rodrigues et al. qhia tau hais tias protein derivative-nplua nuj extracts tau los ntawm extraction nrog sib sib zog nqus eutectic kuab tshuaj (DES) los ntawm sardine ua cov kwj deg muaj tshuaj tua kab mob rau S. aureus thiab Escherichia coli [47]. Txawm li cas los xij, MIC *, MIC, thiab MBC qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom rho tawm tau qis dua cov uas tau txais hauv txoj haujlwm no rau tib cov khoom siv raw, uas tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke thiab / lossis cov txiaj ntsig ntxiv ntawm cov khoom rho tawm thiab DES, raws li tau piav qhia. yav dhau los [29]. Txawm li cas los xij, cov nyhuv antimicrobial ntawm S2 extract zoo ib yam li lwm cov extracts tau los ntawm subcritical water extraction, uas yog siv k¯anuka nplooj (S. aureus-MIC: 0}.9 mg/mL, MBC: 3.8-5 mg/ mL; E. coli—MIC: 3.8–7.5 mg/mL, MBC: 4.4–7.5 mg/mL) [48], uas yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv phenolic tebchaw twb lees paub tias muaj feem cuam tshuam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob [49].

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, qhov sib txheeb coefficient siab tshaj plaws tau txais yog rau MIC qhov tseem ceeb ntawm S. aureus thiab tag nrho glutamic acid cov ntsiab lus (R2=0.6, Table S1).

3.3. Cellular Antioxidant thiab Anti-Inflammatory Effect

Hauv kev ua haujlwm no, tib neeg keratinocyte cell kab (HaCaT) tau siv los ua kom nkag siab zoo txog bioactivity, uas yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, ntawm cov tshuaj rho tawm raws li qee cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam txog kev txhawb nqa, kev faib tawm, thiab cov metabolism hauv bioactive tebchaw zoo dua. [50]. HaCaT hlwb yog ib qho ntawm cov xovtooj tseem ceeb uas tau ntsib hauv daim tawv nqaij, ua lub luag haujlwm rau kev ncaj ncees ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab, thaum cuam tshuam los ntawm senescence lossis oxidative kev nyuaj siab, tuaj yeem ua kom cov tawv nqaij laus [51]. Tsis tas li ntawd, keratinocytes ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm daim tawv nqaij o, teb rau sab nraud stimuli, xws li cov kab mob LPS, thiab nquag pab rau txoj kev mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm kev tso tawm proinflammatory cytokines lossis chemokines [31,52].

Hauv thawj txoj hauv kev, kev tshuaj xyuas cytotoxicity tau ua los ntsuas kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov qauv thiab xaiv cov tsis muaj tshuaj lom rau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv bioactivity. Table 6 nthuav tawm IC50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txhua tus qauv qhia tias S1 nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig cytotoxic siab tshaj plaws. Hauv cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, cov qauv no tau pom ntau dua IC50 qhov tseem ceeb hauv Caco-2, tus qauv rau crypt enterocytes, dua li hauv HaCaT, uas qhia tau tias cov qauv no muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua rau keratinocytes ntau dua li cov hnyuv [11,22].

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cellular tau raug soj ntsuam los ntawm kev ntsuas lub peev xwm ntawm cov qauv hauv kev tshem tawm hauv cov cellular ROS tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj stressor AAPH. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tshuaj xyuas tiv thaiv kab mob kuj tau ua los tshawb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov qauv hauv kev txo qis kev tso tawm ntawm IL-8, uas tau tshaj tawm tsis tu ncua raws li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm daim tawv nqaij o biomarker [53–55], raws li kev txhawb nqa kev mob. nrog LPS. Hauv cov kev ntsuam xyuas no, cov tshuaj tsis-cytotoxic concentrations ntawm cov extracts tau siv (0.1875, 0.375, thiab {{10}}}.75 mg/mL rau tag nrho cov qauv tshwj tsis yog S1 qhov twg 0.75 mg / mL tsis tau kuaj txij li qhov concentration no qhia txog cov nyhuv cytotoxic, Table 6). Feem ntau, tag nrho cov qauv inhibited ROS tsim nyob rau hauv HaCaT, thiab ib koob tshuaj-nyob ntawm seb cov nyhuv (Daim duab 1). Ntawm cov qauv codfish, Cf2 thiab Cf4 tau pom qhov ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov cellular antioxidant, thiab ntawm cov qauv sardine, S1 tau pom tias qhov txo qis tshaj ROS feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov tswj.

Hais txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tsuas yog Cf1 (0.375 thiab 0.75 mg/mL), S2 ({7}}.75 mg/mL), thiab S3 ({{1 0}}.375 thiab 0.75 mg/mL) qhia lub peev xwm los inhibit IL{14}} tso tawm los ntawm HaCaT hlwb tom qab LPS-induced o (Daim duab 2). Hauv qhov sib piv, lwm qhov piv txwv tsis txo qis IL-8 thiab, rau qee qhov kev xav tau, Cf4 thiab S1 tau pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo. Ob qhov kev rho tawm no yog cov uas tau pom tias muaj cov nyhuv cytotoxic siab tshaj plaws hauv HaCaT hlwb thiab yog li cov kev soj ntsuam ntau, txawm hais tias tsis ua rau kev tuag ntawm tes, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ua rau cov kab mob inflammatory vim cov hlwb raug mob tuaj yeem tso tawm cov cim phom sij uas ceeb toom rau lwm lub hlwb kom tuag ntawm tes [ 56] ib.

Cov extracts uas muaj cov nyhuv anti-inflammatory siab tshaj plaws, xws li Cf1, S2, thiab S3, tau raug xaiv ntxiv los ntsuas lawv lub peev xwm hauv inhibiting IL-6 secretion, cytokine kuj tau lees paub tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb biomarker hauv daim tawv nqaij mob [53]. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias Cf1 tsuas yog tus qauv tuaj yeem txo qis IL-6 zais cia los ntawm 69.4 ± 3.5 thiab 53.0 ± 14.7 feem pua ​​IL-6 (xws li kev tswj zoo, p-value < 0. Zuag qhia tag nrho, tsuas yog Cf1 tau qhia txog lub peev xwm los txo ob qho tib si IL-8 thiab IL-6 tso tawm los ntawm HaCaT hlwb, qhia tias cov ntses ntses no tuaj yeem tshawb nrhiav ntxiv rau kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov tawv nqaij.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm codfish extracts yav dhau los tau soj ntsuam hauv kab mob hauv plab hnyuv (Caco-2 hlwb) [11] thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau ua raws li cov ntaub ntawv qhia hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no rau HaCaT hlwb. Hauv ob lub xovtooj ntawm tes, Cf1 tau nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws los tiv thaiv kev mob, txhawb kev siv qis qis kom tshem tawm cov tshuaj bioactive los ntawm codfish thav ntawv.

Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los txhawb lub tswv yim tias cov ntses-derived extracts / hydrolysates tso tawm dav dav ntawm bioactivities, suav nrog antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-aging, anti-hypertensive, anti- human immunodeficiency virus, anti-proliferative, lossis anticoagulant kev ua ub no [ 23, 57] ib. Nkauj et al. qhia tau hais tias enzymatic hydrolysates ntawm cov ntses marine ib nrab-fin anchovy muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob peptide feem ntau, nrog kev ua haujlwm tawm tsam E. coli [58]. Ntses daim tawv nqaij thiab collagen hydrolyzed los ntawm subcritical dej hydrolysis kuj qhia tau hais tias muaj zog antioxidant thiab antimicrobial kev ua si tiv thaiv Bacillus cereus, S. aureus, thiab Pseudomonas putida [59]. Tsis tas li ntawd, Wang thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm tau tsim cov khoom rho tawm los ntawm cov ntses sab kwj deg ntawm ob hom ntses (zaj sawv thiab ib leeg) uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic (S. aureus lossis Salmonella) thiab nrog cov khoom tiv thaiv kab mob [60].

4. Cov lus xaus

Hauv kev ua haujlwm no, peb tau siv lub platform ntawm hauv vitro bioassays los ntsuas thawj zaug cov peev txheej ntawm cov khoom noj muaj protein ntau tau los ntawm cov pov tseg nuv ntses, uas yog sardine residues thiab codfish thav ntawv, tau los ntawm kev siv tshuab siab. Peb tau pom tias ob hom kev rho tawm tau pom tias muaj kev tiv thaiv antioxidant, tiv thaiv kev laus, thiab tiv thaiv hyperpigmentation muaj peev xwm. Ntawm tag nrho cov, sardine extracts tau nthuav tawm lub siab tshaj plaws los tiv thaiv cov kab mob, thiab cov nyhuv no tau tshaj tawm rau cov qauv tau txais kev siv qhov kub thiab txias (250 ◦C) thiab tsis muaj cov kauj ruam defatting. Codfish cov qauv yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob zoo tshaj plaws, thiab hauv qhov no, qhov kub thiab txias (90 ◦C) nyiam cov extraction ntawm cov tshuaj bioactive. Txawm hais tias xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv los txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus twg tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm rau cov teebmeem bioactive, tag nrho threonine, dawb valine nrog rau cov dawb thiab tag nrho leucine tau txheeb xyuas kom muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov haujlwm antioxidant ntawm cov qauv. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein thiab dawb arginine cuam tshuam nrog elastase thiab tyrosinase inhibition kev ua ub no, feem.

Qhov kev ua haujlwm no yog ib kauj ruam tom ntej hauv kev txhim kho cov khoom xyaw uas muaj peev xwm ua kom zoo nkauj nrog antioxidant, tawv nqaij dawb, tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm sardine residues thiab codfish thav ntawv, ntxiv qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov kev lag luam nuv ntses pov tseg.

Tus sau kev koom tes:Conceptualization, ICL, FBG, PS, AP, RM, NF thiab ATS; methodology, MC, AB, ICL, FBG, NF, and ATS; kev tshawb nrhiav, MC, ICL, FBG, MM, RM, NF, thiab ATS; cov peev txheej, FBG, NF, thiab ATS; kev sau ntawv—kev npaj ua ntej, MC; kev sau ntawv- tshuaj xyuas thiab kho, ICL, FBG, RM, PS, NF thiab ATS; kev saib xyuas, FBG, PS, NF, thiab ATS; Kev nrhiav nyiaj txiag, FBG, PS, NF, thiab ATS Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau nyeem thiab pom zoo rau cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm cov ntawv sau.

Nyiaj txiag: Txoj haujlwm no tau txais nyiaj los ntawm Fundação para a Ciência ea Tecnologia/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT/MCTES, Portugal) los ntawm qhov project PTDC/ASPPES/28399/2017 thiab lub teb chaws cov nyiaj iNOVAUI24020UI/DP/2DB/DP 04462/2020) thiab Associate Laboratories LS4FUTURE (LA/P/0087/2020) thiab LAQV (UIDB/QUI/50006/2020). Kev pab nyiaj los ntawm INTERFACE Program, los ntawm Innovation, Technology thiab Circular Economy Fund (FITEC), tau lees paub ua tsaug. ATS kuj lees paub FCT/MCTES rau Kev Pab Cuam Rau Tus Kheej CECIND/04801/2017.

Kev lees paub:Peb lees paub Pascoal thiab Filhos SA (Gafanha da Nazaré, Portugal) thiab Conservas A Poveira SA (Portugal) rau kev muab rau peb, raws li, Atlantic codfish (Gadus morhua) thav ntawv thiab Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) pov tseg siv hauv txoj haujlwm no.

Cov ntaub ntawv

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