Concurrent Visual Working Memory Bias in Sequential Integration Of Approximate Number

Hu rau: Audrey Hu Whatsapp / hp: 0086 13880143964 Email:audrey.hu@wecistanche.com

Zhiqi Kang & Bernhard Spitzer

1 Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Lub teb chaws Yelemees.

2 Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Lub teb chaws Yelemees

Yav dhau los ua hauj lwm tau qhia bidirectional crosstalk ntawmUa Haujlwm Nco(WM) thiab kev nkag siab xws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm WM tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov kev nkag siab thiab sib piv. Ntawm no, peb tshuaj xyuas WM-kev nkag siab kev sib cuam tshuam hauv qhov chaw ua haujlwm tshiab, Cov neeg koom nrog txiav txim qhov feem ntawm cov xim dots hauv cov kwj ntawm cov duab pom thaum lub sijhawm tuav qhov chaw-thiab cov ntaub ntawv xim hauv nco. Spatiotemporally daws psychometrics tau nthuav tawm ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm kev nkag siab zoo ib yam nrog kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm kev pom-spatial kev saib xyuas ntawm qhov chaw nco, Txawm li cas los xij, cov nyhuv no tau luv luv, qhia tias cov ntaub ntawv visuospatial WM tau sai sai deprioritized thaum lub sij hawm ua cov ntaub ntawv tshiab perceptual, Independently. , peb tau pom cov kev tsis ncaj ncees bidirectional muaj zog ntawm categorical xim txiav txim, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab perceptual thiab mnemonic cov ntaub ntawv tau attracted rau ib leeg, Cov kev tsis ncaj ncees no tshwm sim yam tsis muaj kev txo qis hauv tag nrho cov kev nkag siab zoo piv rau kev tswj cov xwm txheej uas tsis muaj kev sib txuam WM. Cov txiaj ntsig tau rov ua dua thiab txuas ntxiv qhov kev tshawb pom yav dhau los hauv kev tshawb pom pom thiab qhia tias kev sib tham ntawm WM thiab kev nkag siab tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm ntau theem, los ntawm kev hnov qab txog kev txiav txim siab.

Tsoos suav tshuaj tshuaj ntsuab cistanche zoo hauv kev txhim kho kev nco

Dab tsi nyob hauv peb lub siab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam li cas peb pom lub ntiaj teb lub cev. Nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog qhov kev xav no, kev sim hauv chav sim tau pom tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm nco (WM) tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev ua tau zoo hauv kev cuam tshuam cov kev xav tau. Piv txwv li, thaum nquag tuav cov khoom ntsuab hauv WM thaum tshawb nrhiav lub hom phiaj, lub sij hawm teb tuaj yeem qeeb thaum muaj tus cuam tshuam ntsuab nyob hauv qhov kev tshawb nrhiav array1,2, qhia txog kev ntes los ntawm kev nkag siab qhov kev nkag siab uas phim cov ntsiab lus WM concurrent1-4. . Kev saib xyuas-kev coj ua ntawm WM tau txuas rau qhov pom tias WM cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem khaws cia hauv ntau lub xeev ua haujlwm 1,5,6. Raws li qhov kev pom no, WM cov ntsiab lus qhia kev saib xyuas thaum lawv tseem ceeb rau kev siv lub hom phiaj tam sim ntawd. WM cov ntsiab lus uas tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb tam sim no tuaj yeem khaws cia rau yav tom ntej siv rau lub sijhawm tom ntej, tab sis cov pov thawj qhia tias lawv tsis ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev nkag siab zoo sib xws 1,7.

Tshaj li cov kev taw qhia tshwj xeeb, ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov ntaub ntawv WM tam sim no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev cuam tshuam stimuli. Piv txwv li, qhov pom kev taw qhia lossis kev txav chaw ntawm qhov kev txhawb nqa tau pom tias raug tshem tawm ntawm qhov kev txhawb nqa uas tau tuav tseg 8-10. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau qhia tias cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev hnov lus tuaj yeem nyiam mus rau qhov kev nco ua ke11. Txawm li cas los xij, crosstalk ntawm WM thiab kev nkag siab kuj tau pom tias tshwm sim rau lwm txoj hauv kev, xws li kev cuam tshuam stimuli tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tom qab rov qab los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia concurrently9-12. Cov qauv zoo ib yam hauv hom nyiaj no yog cov ntawv ceeb toom nco tau nyiam (tsis yog kev tawm tsam ntawm) cuam tshuam stimuli10,11,13.

Hauv kev piav qhia WM-kev pom kev tsis ncaj ncees, cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau xav tias ntau dua lossis tsawg dua kev hloov pauv ncaj qha hauv kev sawv cev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nkag siab thiab / lossis cov ntaub ntawv mnemonic 10,11,13. Cov sawv cev WM tuaj yeem tsav lossis shif14,15 rau kev nkag siab ib txhij thiab dhau los ua suab nrov 10. Thiab vice versa, nws tau hais tias concurrent WM cov ntsiab lus yuav ncaj qha hloov lub sensory tuning rau tshiab input11. Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm kev txiav txim siab-theoretic foundations, kev tsis ncaj ncees hauv kev tshaj tawm tus cwj pwm kuj tseem tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tom qab kev nkag siab ntawm lwm yam tsis hloov pauv qhov kev xav thiab / lossis kev sawv cev ntawm mnemonic16. Kev ua haujlwm tsis ntev los no ntawm kev sim keeb kwm yav dhau los, piv txwv li, pom kev tsis txaus ntseeg hauv kev tshaj tawm cov ntsiab lus, tab sis kev tsis txaus ntseeg hauv kev ntsuas kev puas siab puas ntsws ntau dua ntawm kev txhawb nqa lub ntsej muag17. Txaus siab rau WM-kev nkag siab tsis zoo kuj tseem tuaj yeem tshwm sim yog tias cov ntsiab lus sib xyaw ua rau muaj kev nyiam rau kev tshaj tawm, thiab / lossis los ntawm ib nrab tsis meej pem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nco qab thiab tsuas yog kev paub. Cov kev tsis ncaj ncees no tuaj yeem ua tau raws li kev hloov pauv hauv cov lus teb 16 lossis, nyob rau hauv cov qauv sib txuas ua ke 18, raws li kev tawm tsam ntawm cov pov thawj kev txiav txim siab sib sau rau cov lus teb uas cuam tshuam nrog cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no.

Experimental paradigm

Daim duab 1. Kev sim ua piv txwv. (a) Cov qauv txheej txheem ntawm kev sim hauv WM cuam tshuam. Lef, tus qauv WM uas yuav tsum tau khaws cia yog ib qho chaw (liab lossis xiav) nthuav tawm ntawm txoj haujlwm random ntawm txoj hauv kev pom tsis pom nyob ib puag ncig kho. Nruab nrab, Thaum lub sij hawm WM tu, ib tug kwj ntawm 6 random dots qhia tau nthuav tawm. Txhua cov zaub muaj 20 dots, tus lej sib txawv uas yog xiav, lwm qhov liab. Cov neeg koom nrog raug nug kom ntsuas seb cov kwj dej muaj cov xim xiav lossis xim liab ntau dua (saib "Txoj Kev" kom paub meej). Txoj cai, ob qho tib si xim thiab qhov chaw ntawm tus qauv WM yuav tsum tau rov ua dua los ntawm kev nco thaum kawg ntawm kev sim. (b) Nyob rau hauv-kev kawm tswj tej yam kev mob. Hauv Kev Tswj 1, WM cov haujlwm tau raug tshem tawm. Hauv Kev Tswj 2, WM- thiab kev txiav txim siab ua haujlwm tau raug kho dua tshiab xws li ob txoj haujlwm tsis sib xws.

Te mloog-guiding teebmeem ntawm WM feem ntau tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv unrelated hauj lwm uas xav kom sai teb rau ib tug zaub (xws li, ib tug visual search array). Tsis paub me ntsis yog tias thiab ntev npaum li cas cov lus qhia yuav tsum ua kom dhau lub sijhawm ntawm cov haujlwm no, piv txwv li thaum cov ntaub ntawv yuav raug txiav txim tau nthuav tawm hauv lub sijhawm. Bidirectional crosstalk ntawm perceptual thiab mnemonic cov ntaub ntawv, ntawm qhov tod tes, tsuas yog pom tau thaum lub perceptual- thiab WM ua hauj lwm sib koom tib yam stimulus dimension (xws li, txiav txim orientation thaum nco txog lwm orientation). Yuav ua li cas attraction- los yog repulsion biases nyob rau hauv lub tom kawg hom ntawm cov hauj lwm nyob ntawm seb lub functional lub xeev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv WM tseem tsis tau meej.

Ntawm no, peb tau tshuaj xyuas WM-kev pom kev sib cuam tshuam hauv kev ua haujlwm sib txuas ua ke uas xav kom cov neeg koom los txiav txim cov ntaub ntawv visuospatial numerosity nyob rau hauv cov kwj ntawm random dots qhia thaum concurrently nco txog qhov chaw thiab xim ntawm WM qauv rau tom qab tshaj tawm. Cov xim ua haujlwm ntawm nws tus kheej kuj tseem nyob hauv txoj haujlwm kev txiav txim siab, uas ua rau peb tshawb xyuas qhov kev xav tsis zoo nrog rau ob txoj kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm kev nkag siab thiab kev txiav txim siab mnemonic. Peb pom cov pov thawj rau qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm kev pom kev pom ntawm qhov chaw yuav tsum nco txog uas, txawm li cas los xij, tau ploj mus sai sai tom qab qhov pib ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab ntws. Lub bidirectional bias ntawm perceptual thiab mnemonic cov ntaub ntawv es tsis txhob tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm additive xaiv biases thiab categorical misreporting, nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog ib tug post-perceptual locus ntawm kev cuam tshuam.

cistanche ntxiv:txhim kho kev nco

Cov txiaj ntsig

Cov neeg koom nrog (n=68) raug nug kom nco qab cov xim thiab qhov chaw ntawm WM tus qauv stimulus (Daim duab 1a, sab laug) thaum txiav txim siab seb puas muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm rau 6 qhov random dots qhia muaj cov xiav lossis liab dots (Fig. 1a, ib). Tom qab xaiv, cov ntsiab lus raug nug kom rov tsim cov xim thiab qhov chaw ntawm qhov qauv WM los ntawm kev nco (Daim duab 1a, txoj cai). Tus, WM txoj hauj lwm koom nrog tuav ob qho tib si categorical cov ntaub ntawv hais txog ib tug feature uas yog ua hauj lwm-tseem ceeb kuj nyob rau hauv cov kev txiav txim siab (liab / xiav) thiab high-precision cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov chaw stimulus uas tsis yog yuav tsum tau txiav txim los yog qhia nyob rau hauv lub intermittent hauj lwm. Kev txiav txim siab- thiab WM cov ntawv ceeb toom tau nkag nrog ob txhais tes sib txawv thiab siv cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub pob sib txawv (xaiv lossis txav mus thiab toggle, saib "Txoj Kev") kom tsis txhob muaj cov lus teb tsis meej pem ntawm ob txoj haujlwm.

Peb nug yog tias tus qauv WM uas tau sau ib txhij yuav hloov pauv qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab. Ua ntej, peb tau piav qhia cov neeg koom nrog qhov hnyav tag nrho los ntawm kev thauj mus los ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm cov ntawv ceeb toom tawm tsam kev sim-los ntawm kev sim sib txawv xim tus nqi hauv txhua pixel ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab qhia. Qhov hnyav hnyav tau muab piv rau cov uas tau kwv yees los ntawm ib tus kheej haum tus qauv null raws li qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm hauv paus (saib "Txoj Kev"). Daim duab 2a qhia txog daim ntawv qhia qhov hnyav txhais tau hais tias, tsoo thoob plaws txhua qhov kev sim (WM thiab kev tswj hwm) thiab tso saib txoj haujlwm (1–6). Cov neeg tuaj koom tau hnov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov zaub (p < 0.05,="" fdr-kho="" hla="" pixels)="" thaum="" muab="" qhov="" hnyav="" dua="" rau="" sab="" nraud,="" tshwj="" xeeb="" tshaj="" yog="" nyob="" rau="" sab="" xis="" ntawm="" cov="" zaub="" thaj="" chaw=""><0.05, fdr-corrected).="" this="" pattern="" seems="" to="" differ="" from="" classic="" findings="" of="" heightened="" sensitivity="" along="" the="" horizontal="" meridian="" in="" studies="" of="" low-level="" visual="" acuity19–21.="" however,="" the="" pattern="" we="" observed="" could="" be="" related="" to="" the="" notion="" of="" anisotropy="" of="" perceived="" space,="" by="" which="" subjects="" estimate="" spatially="" spread="" out="" magnitudes="" like="" line="" length22="" and="" numerosity23="" to="" be="" larger="" along="" the="" vertical="" axis.="" we="" anticipate="" this="" incidental="" observation="" to="" be="" of="" interest="" for="" vision-="" and="" numerical="" cognition="" scientists="" using="" similar="" stimuli.="" to="" verify="" if="" the="" weighting="" pattern="" was="" stable="" throughout="" the="" stream="" sequence,="" we="" examined="" the="" pairwise="" spatial="" correlations="" between="" the="" weight="" distributions="" in="" each="" of="" the="" six="" displays.="" all="" of="" the="" 15="" pair-wise="" correlations="" were="" positive="" (mean="" r="0.65," min="" 0.52,="" max="" 0.78)="" and="" remained="" all="" positive="" when="" subtracting="" the="" mean="" correlations="" obtained="" after="" randomly="" rotating="" each="" map="" (1000="" iterations;="" which="" excludes="" center-bias;="" mean="" r="0.32," min="" 0.17,="" max="" 0.44).="" our="" method="" thus="" proved="" efficient="" in="" disclosing="" a="" robust="" and="" stable="" spatial="" weighting="" pattern="" in="" the="" stream="">

Spatial weighting analysis

Daim duab 2. Spatial weighting analysis. (a) Qhov ntsuas qhov hnyav ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab qhia ua ntej kev sib hloov kev sib hloov tau tawg thoob plaws txhua qhov kev sim (WM thiab kev tswj xyuas) thiab cov lus qhia (1–6). Qhov txiaj ntsig zoo qhia tias muaj qhov hnyav dhau, qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov hnyav, txheeb ze rau tus qauv saib xyuas tsis pom zoo haum rau txhua tus neeg (saib "Txoj Kev"). Lub ntsej muag pob tshab qhia qhov tseem ceeb hauv cheeb tsam tshaj-lossis qis dua (p<0.05, two-tailed,="" fdr-corrected="" across="" pixels).="" (b)="" spatial="" distribution="" of="" wm="" sample="" positions="" reported="" on="" wm="" recall="" (cf.="" fig.="" 1a,="" right)="" after="" rotational="" alignment="" (cf.="" e),="" aggregated="" across="" all="" participants.="" the="" white="" circle="" indicates="" the="" true="" position="" (rotation-aligned)="" of="" the="" wm="" sample.="" (c)="" spatial="" weighting="" on="" wm="" trials="" after="" rotational="" alignment="" (cf.="" e),="" same="" conventions="" as="" in="" b.="" the="" purple="" dot="" indicates="" the="" (rotation-aligned)="" location="" of="" the="" wm="" sample.="" (d)="" pie="" masks="" for="" angular="" tuning="" analysis.="" spatial="" weights="" within="" each="" segment="" were="" averaged="" and="" examined="" as="" a="" function="" of="" the="" absolute="" angular="" distance="" from="" the="" wm="" sample="" (see="" fig.="" 3b="" below="" for="" results).="" (e)="" rotational="" alignment="" of="" trials.="" displays="" were="" rotated="" fine="" such="" that="" the="" trial-specific="" wm="" sample="" positions="" matched="" the="" same="" (virtual)="" reference="" location="" (arbitrarily="" set="" to="" 45°,="" cf.="" purple="">

Muab piv rau qhov hnyav tag nrho hauv daim duab 2a ntawm kev sim nrog thiab tsis muaj qhov sib txuam WM load, peb pom tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb (tsis muaj pixels p.<0.05, fdr-corrected="" for="" multiple="" comparisons).="" however,="" our="" main="" question="" was="" whether,="" on="" wm="" trials,="" the="" allocation="" of="" processing="" gain="" in="" visual="" space="" was="" attracted="" towards="" (or="" repulsed="" away="" from)="" the="" to-be-memorized="" wm="" sample="" location.="" to="" this="" end,="" we="" find="" rotated="" the="" circular="" displays="" from="" all="" trials="" such="" that="" they="" were="" all="" aligned="" to="" the="" same="" wm="" sample="" position="" (fig.="" 2e).="" we="" arbitrarily="" set="" this="" common="" reference="" position="" to="" 45°="" for="" illustration="" purposes.="" the="" weighting="" map="" computed="" from="" the="" thus="" aligned="" displays="" averaged="" across="" displays="" (1–6),="" indeed="" showed="" a="" concentration="" of="" sensitivity="" towards="" the="" wm="" sample="" location="" (fig.="" 2c,="" p="" <="" 0.05,="" fdr-corrected="" across="" pixels).="" in="" other="" words,="" the="" concurrent="" wm="" sample="" directly="" modulated="" the="" gain="" of="" perceptual="" processing="" in="" visual="" space.="" this="" effect="" manifested="" as="" a="" moderate="" shif="" of="" sensitivity="" away="" from="" fixation="" in="" the="" direction="" of="" the="" wm="" sample,="" rather="" than="" a="" concentration="" at="" its="" actual="" physical="" position="" (which="" was="" more="" peripheral="" and="" reproduced="" with="" high="" accuracy="" on="" later="" recall,="" cf.="" fig.="" 2b).="" unlike="" the="" overall="" spatial="" weighting="" pattern="" (cf.="" fig.="" 2a),="" the="" wm-related="" spatial="" bias="" (fig.="" 2c)="" appeared="" not="" to="" be="" stable="" over="" time="" (mean="" inter-display="" correlation="" after="" rotational="" alignment,="" r="-0.03," min−0.30,="" max="">

Rau kev tsom xam ntxiv, peb faib thaj chaw tso rau hauv qhov sib npaug ntawm lub ncuav qab zib, nrog rau lub hom phiaj ntu nruab nrab ntawm WM qhov chaw nyob ntawm 45 degree (Fig. 2d). Qhov hnyav nruab nrab hauv ntu tau tso cai rau peb los tshuaj xyuas qhov "tuning" ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm qhov hnyav, hais txog nws qhov kev ncua deb ntawm WM qhov chaw. Daim duab 3b qhia txog lub angular tuning nyias nyias rau txhua qhov ntawm rau qhov qhia hauv qhov kev txiav txim kwj. Kev txheeb xyuas ntawm qhov hnyav nruab nrab hauv WM cov qauv ntu piv rau cov seem seem tau pom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv thawj kwj zaub [duab 1; t(67){6}}.19, p<0.001]. this="" angular="" tuning="" was="" even="" discernable="" directly="" in="" the="" weighting="" map="" of="" display="" 1,="" with="" significantly="" increased="" sensitivity=""><0.05, fdr-corrected="" across="" pixels)="" along="" the="" trajectory="" between="" fixation="" and="" wm="" sample="" location="" (leftmost="" in="" fig.="" 3a).="" however,="" no="" such="" effect="" was="" evident="" in="" any="" of="" the="" subsequent="" displays="" (2–6),="" neither="" in="" pixel-level="" weighting="" maps="" (no="" pixels="">< 0.05,="" fdr-corrected)="" nor="" in="" terms="" of="" angular="" tuning="" [all=""><1.66, p's="">0.10]. Bayes factor analysis indicated strong evidence for an angular tuning effect in display 1 (BF01 = 0.004), but anecdotal to moderate evidence for its absence in displays 2–6 (BF01 ranging from 2.06 to 4.85). For further validation, we pseudo-aligned the trials from control conditions (cf. Fig. 1b) to the same WM sample locations as the WM trials (i.e., as if each WM sample had been presented on a controlled trial, too). This control analysis showed no (pseudo-) angular tuning for any of the six displays (yellow in Fig. 3b, all p's>0.05).

Regional weight concentration

Daim duab 3. Regional weight concentration-time course. (a) spatial weighting ntawm WM kev sim tom qab rotational alignment raws li nyob rau hauv daim duab 2c tab sis tau qhia nyias rau txhua qhov ntawm rau qhov kev txiav txim kwj. Ib qho tseem ceeb hauv cheeb tsam nce concentration (p<0.05, two-tailed,="" fdr-corrected,="" indicated="" by="" transparent="" mask)="" was="" observed="" in="" display="" 1="" only.="" (b)="" purple:="" angular="" tuning="" of="" spatial="" weighting="" in="" terms="" of="" mean="" angular="" distance="" from="" the="" wm="" sample="" (cf.="" fig.="" 2d).="" significant="" tuning="" was="" evident="" exclusively="" in="" display="" 1.="" yellow="" curves="" show="" analog="" analysis="" of="" control="" trials="" (pooled="" over="" control="" conditions="" 1="" &="" 2)="" pseudo-aligned="" to="" the="" same="" wm-locations="" as="" the="">

Txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas yog tias qhov ntsuas qhov hnyav ntawm qhov sib txawv yog cuam tshuam nrog WM ua, peb nruab nrab-sib cais txhua tus neeg koom nrog cov ntaub ntawv sim raws li qhov tseeb ntawm qhov chaw tshaj tawm ntawm WM rov qab. Peb tau pom qhov tseem ceeb angular tuning nyob rau hauv cov zaub 1 ntawm high-precision WM kev sim [t(67)=4.61, p<0.001, bf01="0.001]" but="" not="" on="" low-precision="" wm="" trials="" [t(67)="1.21," p="0.23," bf01="3.74]." thus,="" the="" presentation="" of="" a="" wm="" sample="" alone="" was="" not="" sufficient="" to="" explain="" the="" weighting="" shif="" on="" wm="" trials.="" this,="" together="" with="" the="" relatively="" small="" radius="" of="" the="" shif,="" also="" renders="" the="" effect="" in="" display="" 1="" less="" likely="" to="" have="" resulted="" from="" reflexive="" saccades="" to="" the="" wm="" sample="" (but="" see="" "discussion"="" for="" a="" potential="" role="" of="" microsaccadic="" eye="" activity="" in="" covert="" spatial="">

Ua ke, kev ua haujlwm visuospatial tau hloov pauv ib ntus ntawm qhov chaw ntawm WM tus qauv, tab sis qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees no yog qhov tsis zoo thiab ploj mus sai nrog cov ntaub ntawv kev txiav txim siab tshiab. Kev pom kev ntawm qhov seem ntawm cov kwj dej tau tshwm sim tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia spatial WM concurrently. Tus qauv qhia tau hais tias lub hom phiaj ntawm kev saib xyuas spatial sai txav deb ntawm WM tus qauv thaum qhov kev txiav txim siab ua haujlwm tau pib.

Our analysis has thus far focused on interactions with the spatial information in the WM sample. We next asked to what extent the concurrently memorized categorical color information, which was also remembered with high accuracy (mean percentage correct 93.1%, SE=0.006), may have biased judgments of the intervening decision stream. To this end, we examined psychometric weighting of the blue-red composition of the stream displays using conventional reverse correlation analysis24–26. The weighting functions in Fig. 4a indicate the proportion of blue>kev xaiv liab raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheeb ze xiav-liab dot suav hauv cov zaub. Kev piav qhia, qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov hnyav tau nyob ze-linear thiab tshwm sim ua ke hloov mus rau cov xim ntawm WM qauv (xiav lossis liab), qhia txog kev xaiv kev xaiv ntxiv, piv rau kev tswj xyuas yam tsis muaj WM load concurrent (Fig. 4a). Ib qho kev rov ntsuas ANOVA nrog rau cov xwm txheej WM mob (xiav, liab, tswj) thiab cov lej suav (11 qib) pom cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm WM mob [F(1.96,131.62)=29.97, p<0.001] but="" no="" interaction="" with="" dot="" count="" [f(12.52,838.54)="1.158," p="0.31]," consistent="" with="" a="" parallel="" displacement="" of="" the="" psychometric="" function="" [main="" effect="" of="" dot="" count:="" f(6.55,438.77)="1041.44," p="" <="" 0.001].="" we="" next="" fitted="" a="" logistic="" choice="" model="" (see="" "methods")="" to="" independently="" quantify="" the="" psychophysical="" sensitivity="" (slope)="" towards="" the="" stream="" displays'="" color="" composition,="" and="" the="" strength="" of="" an="" additive="" choice="" bias="" (intercept)="" associated="" with="" maintaining="" a="" blue="" or="" red="" wm="" sample,="">

Bidirectional biases of WM

Daim duab 4. Bidirectional biases ntawm WM thiab perceptual kev txiav txim siab—cov ntaub ntawv xim. (a) Psychometric weighting functions nruab nrab ntawm 6 qhov kev ua haujlwm hauv kev txiav txim siab, npaj sib cais rau cov kev sim uas cov qauv khaws cia WM ib txhij yog xim liab lossis xiav, thiab rau kev tswj xyuas yam tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm WM concurrent (cf. Fig. 1). (b) Cov ntsiab lus tsis txaus ntseeg (intercepts) tau los ntawm logistic regression ntawm kev xaiv. (c) Kev xaiv rhiab heev (txoj kab nqes) rau cov xim liab-xiav dot muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv txhua qhov ntawm rau qhov kev qhia hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab. (d) Kev nco nco tsis zoo. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm (erroneous) xiav/liab daim ntawv qhia nyob rau hauv WM recalls raws li ib tug muaj nuj nqi ntawm xiav-liab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm intervening kev txiav txim qhia. Cov phiaj xwm me me qhia tau hais tias lub sijhawm-txoj kev ntawm qhov kev sib raug zoo no dhau ntawm rau lub kwj tawm hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm logistic regression coefficients. Cov kab yuam kev hauv txhua lub vaj huam sib luag qhia txog qhov yuam kev ntawm qhov nruab nrab.

Kev txheeb cais ntawm tus qauv coefficients corroborated ib qho kev xaiv tseem ceeb ntawm WM qauv xim [Fig. 4 b,xov;. WM blue: t(67){2}}.64, p<0.02, wm="" red:="" t(67)="5.11,"><0.001, paired="" t-tests="" against="" pooled="" control="" conditions].="" we="" confirmed="" that="" this="" additive="" effect="" was="" associated="" with="" active="" wm="" maintenance="" and="" not="" merely="" with="" the="" presentation="" of="" a="" wm="" sample:="" the="" magnitude="" of="" the="" choice="" bias="" (wm="" blue—wm="" red;="" cf.="" fig.="" 4b)="" was="" significantly="" enhanced="" when="" restricting="" the="" analysis="" to="" those="" trials="" in="" which="" the="" wm="" color="" was="" subsequently="" recalled="" correctly="" [0.598="" vs.="" 0.521,="" t(67)="4.3877,"><0.001]. repeating="" the="" analysis="" with="" subjects'="" color="" recall="" reports="" (instead="" of="" physical="" wm="" sample="" color)="" as="" bias="" terms="" descriptively="" increased="" the="" bias="" (0.561="" vs.="" 0.521),="" but="" this="" difference="" failed="" to="" reach="" significance="" [t(67)="1.538," p="0.13;" see="" below="" for="" targeted="" analysis="" of="" reporting-level="" bias].="" interestingly,="" when="" median="" splitting="" trials="" according="" to="" the="" precision="" of="" wm="" location="" recall,="" the="" choice="" bias="" did="" not="" differ="" [0.572="" vs.="" 0.501,="" t(67)="0.54," p="0.59]" and="" was="" robustly="" present="" in="" both="" split="" sets="" [both="" t(67)="">4,5p ,ua<0.001]. tus,="" the="" color="" bias="" was="" observed="" regardless="" of="" whether="" or="" not="" a="" spatial="" bias="" was="" evident="" on="" the="" same="" trials="" (cf.="" angular="" tuning="" analysis="" above),="" indicating="" a="" degree="" of="" independence="" between="" the="" two="">

Averaging or gambling

Daim duab 5. Qhov nruab nrab lossis kev twv txiaj—cov ntaub ntawv xim. (a) WM-induced choice bias txheeb ze rau pooled tswj tej yam kev mob (cf. Fig. 4b) plotted cais rau "nruab nrab" (lef bars, n=35) thiab "kev twv txiaj" variants (txoj cai tuav, n{{4 }}) ntawm txoj haujlwm txiav txim siab. (b) kev xaiv rhiab heev (txoj kab nqes) rau txhua qhov ntawm rau qhov qhia hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab (cf. Fig. 4c), npaj sib cais rau cov haujlwm nruab nrab thiab kev twv txiaj. Yellow curves qhia tau hais tias muaj kev tswj hwm. (c) WM recall bias (cf. inset in Fig. 4d) plotted cais rau qhov nruab nrab thiab kev twv txiaj. Qhov me me inset zaj duab xis qhia txog qhov sib npaug ntawm cov xim rov qab. Cov kab yuam kev hauv txhua lub vaj huam sib luag qhia txog qhov yuam kev ntawm qhov nruab nrab.

Tig mus rau rhiab heev (Daim duab 4c, qhov chaw siab tshaj), peb tau pom ib qho kev tshwm sim tag nrho ntawm 27,28, nrog rau qhov siab siab mus rau qhov kawg ntawm qhov kev txiav txim kwj [qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov chaw tso saib 1–6: F(2.67,179.07){{9} ib., 94, p<0.001], which="" may="" reflect="" memory="" loss="" or="" "leakage"="" of="" early="" presented="" decision="" information28,29.="" the="" recency="" effect="" was="" slightly="" stronger="" on="" wm="" trials,="" with="" a="" steeper="" time="" course="" compared="" to="" pooled="" controls="" [diference="" in="" the="" slope="" of="" increase:="" t(67)="2.45,"><0.02], indicating="" that="" the="" concurrent="" wm="" load="" may="" have="" interfered="" with="" the="" mnemonic="" demands="" of="" the="" stream="" task.="" interestingly,="" we="" found="" no="" reduction="" in="" overall="" sensitivity="" during="" wm="" maintenance="" compared="" to="" control="" conditions="" without="" a="" concurrent="" wm="" load.="" in="" fact,="" in="" one="" of="" the="" control="" conditions="" (control="" 1),="" sensitivity="" was="" even="" significantly="" lower="" than="" on="" wm="" trials="" [fig.="" 4c;="" main="" effect="" of="" condition,="" f(1,35)="55.37," p="" <="" 0.001].="" this="" unexpected="" observation="" could="" be="" attributable="" to="" procedural="" aspects="" (decision="" trials="" occurred="" in="" faster="" succession="" in="" the="" control="" 1="" condition).="" in="" our="" second="" control="" condition="" (control="" 2),="" which="" controlled="" for="" these="" aspects="" (cf.="" fig.="" 1b),="" overall="" sensitivity="" was="" statistically="" indistinguishable="" from="" that="" on="" wm="" trials="" [f(1,31)="0.734," p="0.40)]." to="" summarize,="" concurrent="" wm="" maintenance="" robustly="" biased="" choices="" and="" slightly="" increased="" recency="" efects="" but="" did="" not="" impair="" overall="" perceptual-discriminative="">

Peb ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas seb cov ntaub ntawv hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab yuav ua rau rov qab los ntawm WM qauv xim (Daim duab 4d). Logistic regression ntawm WM xim qhia (xiav/liab) tawm tsam cov txheeb ze xiav-liab dot suav nyob rau hauv cov kwj dej tsis sib xws tau pom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo [t(67) =2.14, p=0.036 , t-test of pooled slope coefficients against zero]. Tus, qhov ntau xiav (los yog liab) dots muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug streaming zaub, qhov ntau yuav tus WM qauv tau erroneously recalled li xiav (los yog liab). Lub sij hawm kawm ntawm cov nyhuv no tsis muaj qhov hloov pauv tseem ceeb thoob plaws rau lub kwj dej qhia [inset hauv daim duab 4d; F(5,402)<1], suggesting="" that="" the="" bias="" was="" not="" only="" driven="" by="" e.g.,="" early="" displays="" that="" occurred="" in="" temporal="" proximity="" to="" the="" wm="">

Puas yog WM qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees no cuam tshuam txog kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha ntawm cov xim cim xeeb los ntawm kev nkag siab lub tswv yim thiab / lossis kev sib tham nrog kev soj ntsuam tom qab kev nkag siab hauv txoj haujlwm txiav txim? Hauv kev tshuaj xyuas ntxiv, peb tau rov ua dua WM cov ntawv tshaj tawm xim tawm tsam cov kev xaiv residuals los ntawm kev soj ntsuam kev txiav txim siab psychometric (cf. Fig. 4b–c; Methods, Eq. 2). Yog li, peb tau sim yog tias WM cov lus ceeb toom txawm tias tsis ncaj ncees los ntawm kev xaiv endogenous variability nyob rau hauv lub kwj dej ua hauj lwm uas yog unexplained los ntawm tej yam stimulus cov ntaub ntawv (tsis yog nyob rau hauv WM- los yog cov qauv txiav txim). Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no tau pom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo [t(67)=4.68, p<0.001], suggesting="" crosstalk="" on="" the="" level="" of="" decisional="" evaluation="" and/or="" -reporting.="" finally,="" we="" also="" directly="" correlated="" the="" residuals="" in="" wm-="" and="" decision="" reports="" after="" applying="" the="" full="" psychometric="" model="" (methods,="" eq.="" 2)="" to="" either.="" the="" full="" model="" perfectly="" separated="" wm="" reports="" in="" the="" three="" highest="" performing="" participants.="" in="" the="" remaining="" subjects,="" we="" found="" a="" significant="" positive="" correlation="" between="" the="" residuals="" in="" wm-="" and="" decision="" reporting="" [mean="" r:="" 0.04,="" se="0.008," t(64)="4.79,"><0.001]. we="" note="" again="" that="" our="" experimental="" setup="" rendered="" such="" crosstalk="" unlikely="" to="" arise="" from="" simple="" motor="" response-="" or="" button="" confusion="" (see="">

Peb tab tom tshawb nrhiav lwm txoj haujlwm hauv peb qhov kev sim: ib pawg ntawm cov neeg koom tau hais kom txiav txim siab yog tias cov kwj dej muaj cov xim xiav (lossis liab) ntau dua nyob rau nruab nrab ("qhov nruab nrab") uas tsom rau cov haujlwm uas yuav tsum tau ua hauv kev xaiv qhov kev sim siab. Lwm pab pawg raug nug kom txiav txim siab seb lawv puas kam txais tus nqi ntawm ib qho piv txwv randomly kos los ntawm cov kwj uas nyuam qhuav nthuav tawm ("kev twv txiaj" mob), uas ua raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev lag luam "kev pheej hmoo" xaiv txoj haujlwm. Raws li txoj cai, cov neeg soj ntsuam hauv ob qho xwm txheej no yuav tsum coj zoo ib yam txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom rov qab mus ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, peb xav tias qhov xwm txheej twv txiaj tuaj yeem txhawb qhov kev txiav txim siab ntau dua ntawm tus kheej cov kwj tawm thiab yog li thauj khoom ntau dua ntawm WM cia txheej txheem30, qhov kev ua haujlwm nruab nrab tuaj yeem txhawb nqa kev hloov kho txuas ntxiv ntawm kev txiav txim siab khiav qhov sib txawv18,28,31, muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo. WM load. Peb, yog li ntawd, cia siab tias txoj haujlwm twv txiaj yuav cuam tshuam ntau ntxiv nrog rau txoj haujlwm WM ua ke.

Averaging or gambling

Daim duab 6. Qhov nruab nrab lossis kev twv txiaj—spatial WM precision. Kev faib tawm ntawm WM txoj haujlwm tau tshaj tawm ntawm WM rov qab (kev sib hloov-ua raws li hauv daim duab 2b), qhia cais rau qhov nruab nrab- (sab laug) thiab kev twv txiaj (nruab nrab) hloov pauv ntawm txoj haujlwm txiav txim siab tsis sib xws. Lub vaj huam sib luag sab xis qhia txog daim ntawv qhia kev txheeb xyuas ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm ob, pib ntawm p<0.05 (two-tailed,="" uncorrected).="" white="" circles="" indicate="" the="" true="" original="" position="" (rotation-aligned)="" of="" the="" wm="" sample.="" participants="" in="" the="" averaging="" condition="" tended="" to="" report="" more="" locations="" near="" to="" the="" target="" and="" fewer="" locations="" afar="" from="" it,="" compared="" to="" the="" gambling="">

Peb pom tsis muaj qhov sib txawv hauv qhov hnyav (cf. Fig. 2a) lossis angular tuning (cf. Fig. 2c) ntawm ob txoj haujlwm sib txawv (tsis muaj pixels p.< 0.05,="" fdr-corrected).="" we="" also="" found="" no="" reliable="" diferences="" in="" color="" bias="" (fig.="" 5a),="" neither="" in="" terms="" of="" its="" magnitude="" [t(66)="1.79," p="0.08," two-sample="" t-test]="" nor="" direction="" [t(66)="0.54," p="0.59]." overall="" choice="" sensitivity="" (fig.="" 5b)="" was="" signifcantly="" lower="" in="" gambling="" than="" in="" averaging="" [t(66)="2.64," p="0.01]," which="" replicates="" earlier="" fndings32.="" furthermore,="" the="" analysis="" showed="" a="" robust="" wm-induced="" enhancement="" of="" recency="" in="" the="" gambling="" group="" [t(32)="3.23," p="0.003," diference="" in="" slope="" of="" increase="" across="" displays="" between="" wm-="" and="" control="" conditions]="" but="" not="" in="" the="" averaging="" group="" [t(34)="0.74," p="0.47]." however,="" the="" between-group="" diference="" was="" not="" signifcant="" [t(66)="1.33," p="0.19]." finally,="" the="" diference="" in="" overall="" sensitivity="" between="" wmand="" control="" trials="" did="" not="" difer="" between="" groups="" [t(66)="1.16," p="">

Kev tshuaj xyuas qhov tsis ncaj ncees nyob rau tom qab WM-xim rov qab (cf. Fig. 4d) cais rau cov pab pawg nruab nrab- thiab kev twv txiaj, peb pom tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ob [Fig. 5c, t(66)=0.15, p=0.88; ob-tus qauv t-test ntawm regression coefficients pooled tshaj cov duab]. Zuag qhia tag nrho WM xim rov qab tau tshwm sim cov lej me ntsis qis dua tom qab twv txiaj (0.92) dua li tom qab qhov nruab nrab (0.94, inset hauv daim duab 5c) tab sis qhov sib txawv tsis tseem ceeb [t(66){ {17}}.20, p=0.23, ob-sample t-test]. Thaum kawg, peb nug seb WM qhov chaw rov qab los (cf. Fig. 2b) txawv ntawm ob qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj haujlwm txiav txim siab tsis sib xws. Peb pom tias cov neeg koom nrog hauv qhov kev twv txiaj nyiam tshaj tawm WM-cov qauv qhov chaw tsawg dua (Fig. 6). Ua ke, peb pom cov kev xav tsis muaj zog rau txoj haujlwm uas pheej hmoo xaiv los cuam tshuam me ntsis nrog WM concurrent dua li cov hauj lwm nruab nrab, tab sis tsis muaj qhov sib txawv hauv ntau qhov sib txawv (spatial) thiab / lossis additive (xim) biases ntawm ob txoj haujlwm sib txawv.

herb cistanche

tshuaj ntsuab cistanche: txhim kho kev nco

Kev sib tham

Txhawm rau xaus peb qhov kev tshawb pom, peb tshaj tawm txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm WM-kev nkag siab txog kev sib cuam tshuam, suav nrog (i) lub sijhawm luv luv ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm qhov chaw tsuas yog encoded ntawm WM yam khoom hauv qhov chaw pom, (ii) bidirectional bias rau categorically ( mis-) txiav txim cov ntaub ntawv txiav txim raws li cov ntaub ntawv WM concurrent thiab vice versa, thiab (iii) me me WM cuam tshuam nrog mnemonic yam ntawm txoj hauj lwm txiav txim, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm enhanced recency los thiab txo spatial recall precision. Nrog rau qhov kev sib tham sib tham sib ntau ntawm WM thiab kev nkag siab, peb pom tsis muaj kev txo qis hauv kev nkag siab zoo.

Peb txoj haujlwm sib koom ua ke ua ke tau ua rau peb taug qab qhov kev xav tsis zoo ntawm qhov chaw nyob hauv lub sijhawm daws teeb meem. Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm lub zos visuospatial rhiab heev hauv lub tswv yim replicates thiab txuas ntxiv cov kev tshawb pom yav dhau los hauv spatial WM33 thiab hauv qhov pom kev tshawb nrhiav nrawm 1-4. Txawm li cas los xij, peb pom tias qhov kev cuam tshuam no ua rau luv luv, qhia tias kev coj ua tau zoo tau hloov kho sai sai rau cov kev xav tau tam sim no. Los ntawm lub xeev-based WM foundations1,6, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev mloog tau tshwm sim sai sai mus deb ntawm WM qauv qhov chaw thaum qhov kev txiav txim siab pib. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg koom nrog rov tsim dua WM qhov chaw raug rov qab los tom qab, raws li cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj yav dhau los uas tshem tawm ib ntus tsis tas yuav cuam tshuam kev nco txog kev ua haujlwm 34-36. Cov lus nug nthuav dav rau kev ua haujlwm yav tom ntej yog li cas cov qauv tam sim no hauv visuospatial qhov hnyav tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub cev qhov ntsuas ntawm covert spatial saib xws li hauv alpha-band EEG37 lossis microsaccadic qhov muag ua haujlwm38.

Lub sij hawm ntawm qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm qhov chaw tau tshaj tawm ntawm no zoo li qhov sib txawv nrog cov kev tshawb pom tsis ntev los no ntawm WM-induced attentional biases uas txuas ntxiv mus thoob plaws ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv- lossis xaiv cov lus qhia tom qab kev nthuav qhia ntawm WM sample8,39. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los no, txhua cov zaub yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab nyias ua ntej ua tiav mus rau lwm qhov, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov neeg koom nrog lub sijhawm rov tsom mus rau WM cov ntaub ntawv. Peb txoj haujlwm nyuaj ua ke sib koom ua ke tej zaum yuav txwv tsis pub cov kev xav rov qab mus rau WM cov ntsiab lus 40. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tag nrho cov kev xav ntawm psychometric rhiab heev hauv peb txoj haujlwm tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm WM load41 concurrent. Peb pom qhov ntsuas qhov hnyav ntawm qhov sib txawv kom tau tshaj tawm thaum WM qhov chaw coj mus kuaj tom qab tau rov qab los nrog kev ua haujlwm siab, qhia txog kev cuam tshuam rau kev nco txog cov txheej txheem. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no, peb tsis tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees nyob ib puag ncig tau tsav los ntawm kev encoding- lossis kev saib xyuas ntawm peb txoj haujlwm WM. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej siv piv txwv li, rov qab cueing42,43 tuaj yeem pab ua kom pom kev ntawm cov lus nug qhib no.

Tom qab lub sijhawm ntev, suav tias yog cov khoom siv khaws cia, cov ntaub ntawv WM ib txhij tseem pom muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev xaiv tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv categorical xim txiav txim. Tsis zoo li qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm spatial rhiab heev, cov nyhuv ntawm WM xim yog additive nyob rau hauv cov xwm, piv txwv li, nws tawm ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv stimulus heev ntawm display16. Ib qho kev piav qhia muaj peev xwm rau cov txiaj ntsig no tuaj yeem yog nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev xaiv pom kev ua haujlwm. Tus qauv WM tuaj yeem ua rau cov neeg tuaj koom ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov dots hauv cov lus txiav txim siab uas phim cov xim kom nco qab. Xws li qhov tseem ceeb tuaj yeem tshwm sim tsis tau tshwm sim, lossis cov neeg tuaj koom yuav tau siv nws los ua ib qho kev pab nco ntsoov (tab sis saib 4 rau kev sib cav tawm tsam cov tswv yim hauv WM-kev nkag siab kev sib cuam tshuam). Yog tias kev xaiv ua tau ua rau overestimation ntawm tus txheeb ze numerosity44,45, thiab invariantly yog li nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov stimulus ntau yam (liab-xiav), ib tug additive bias tej zaum yuav tshwm sim. Psychometric modeling tsis muaj peev xwm los txiav txim lub sij hawm meej point (s) thaum xws li cov nyhuv yuav tshwm sim thiab seb nws tshwm sim, piv txwv li, thaum ntxov thiab / los yog tom qab lub sij hawm ntawm qhov kev txiav txim kwj.

Txawm li cas los xij, xav txog qhov kev xav tau siab thiab mnemonic ntawm peb txoj haujlwm kwj dej, thiab muab qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm WM kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm cov duab tom qab, nws zoo li tsis zoo li WM xim yuav tau coj kev pom kev ua haujlwm ntev, nrog rau kev sib sau ua ke, tam sim ntawd cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm ntsig txog. nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim kwj. Ib qho ntxiv, kev piav qhia yooj yim dua yog qhov kev xaiv tsis ncaj ncees tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm qib kev txiav txim siab categorization. Cov ntaub ntawv xim categorical hauv tus qauv WM tuaj yeem ua rau lub hauv paus hloov pauv los ntawm qhov pib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj hauv kev txiav txim siab ua haujlwm. Ib tus account46 zoo sib xws tau raug npaj los piav qhia qhov kev tshawb pom yav dhau los uas WM-matching stimuli zoo li nkag mus rau qhov pom kev pom tau yooj yim dua tom qab interocular suppression47-49. Hauv peb qhov kev sib koom ua ke ua ntu zus, qhov kev cuam tshuam hauv cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev xaiv tsis zoo uas tsis muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm lub cev kev txhawb zog, raws li tau pom hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv. Raws li tus as-qhauj no, WM cov ntaub ntawv xim yuav tau nqa mus rau hauv kev txiav txim siab maj mam tsim thoob plaws hauv peb txoj haujlwm, yam tsis tas yuav hloov pauv qhov kev xav ntawm tus kheej kwj qhia kom raug. Nyob rau hauv cov teeb liab-nrhiav cov nqe lus16, cov nyhuv yuav sib npaug rau ib qho kev sim-los-sim shif nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab rau categorize ib kwj raws li xiav (los yog liab). Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev txawj ntse, cov lus teb qeb yuav tsum preactivated thiab xaiv ntau liberally. Los ntawm ob qho kev xav, qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees uas peb tau pom yuav tshwm sim ntawm theem ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntsuas thiab -categorization.

Ib qho kev piav qhia nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm qeb-theem cuam tshuam kuj tuaj yeem suav rau qhov kev soj ntsuam tias qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees hauv cov ntawv qhia xim yog bidirectional. Cov ntawv ceeb toom nco tau cuam tshuam rau cov ntaub ntawv hauv kev cuam tshuam kev txiav txim siab ntws, suav nrog los ntawm cov lus qhia lig uas tuaj txog thaum lub sijhawm xav tias tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm WM cia. Feem ntau, txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv nco tau raug nyiam rau qhov kev txiav txim siab ntsuas qhov tshwm sim (piv txwv li, "xiav" lossis "liab"), txawm tias tsis hais qhov twg los xij tau nthuav tawm lub cev. Muab qhov xwm txheej ntawm (tsis tseeb) cov ntaub ntawv nco, peb xav tias lawv kuj tseem cuam tshuam txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm qib siab (thiab / lossis - tsis meej pem), es tsis yog qhov hloov pauv hloov pauv ntawm kev nco qab 11,14. Ua ke, ob txoj kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm WM- thiab cov lus ceeb toom kev txiav txim siab tuaj yeem tshwm sim tom qab kev nkag siab ntawm kev ua tiav, ywj siab los ntawm qib qis-mnemonic crosstalk.

Peb qhov kev tshawb pom sib xyaw ua ke zoo nrog kev pom tias WM cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem hloov kho tau yooj yim hauv ntau hom ntawv raws li kev xav tau tam sim no 50-53. Ntawm no, thaum lub sij hawm nyuaj visuospatial integration ua hauj lwm, cov ntaub ntawv xim ib txhij yuav raug xa mus rau ib tug ntau sensory (xws li, abstract-categorical, los yog hais lus) hom ntawv uas tsis txhob qis-qib perceptual interference53, tab sis tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam nrog cov hauj lwm yam uas cia siab rau. zoo sib xws theem ntawm abstraction, xws li kev txiav txim siab categorization raws ib tug sib koom feature dimension. Txawm hais tias qhov kev xaiv tsis zoo tam sim no tshwm sim tsis zoo nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm peb lub luag haujlwm ob lub luag haujlwm, qhov kev tshawb pom yuav txuas mus rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev sim keeb kwm 17,54-57, thiab cov kev paub dhau los feem ntau, hauv kev txiav txim siab hloov pauv. Cov qauv tseem ceeb, feem ntau hauv Bayesian kev lig kev cai, tau qhia tias qhov kev paub dhau los ua rau cov kev xav tau tam sim no thiab rov ua dua, qhov kev faib ua ntej tau hloov kho li cas los ntawm kev paub tshiab58-60. Kev soj ntsuam cov kev hloov pauv zoo sib xws ntawm no hauv ob txoj haujlwm, peb yuav xav tias cov txheej txheem tom qab WM khaws cia yuav sib tshooj nrog cov ntaub ntawv cov ntsiab lus hauv kev txiav txim siab hloov pauv (rau kev sib tham txog, saib 61), sib pauv nrog kev nco ntev thiab -knowledge5, 6,62 ib.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Neuroscientific tau muab ntau qhov nyiaj ntawm yuav ua li cas pom cov ntaub ntawv WM yuav raug khaws cia thoob plaws hauv kev ua haujlwm. Ib txheej ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb neuroimaging tsis ntev los no tau qhia txog cov txheej txheem coding inverted, qhov chaw nco khaws cia rau lub hom phiaj tam sim no thiab yav tom ntej yog encoded nyob rau hauv cov qauv neural 63-65. Txawm hais tias nws tseem tseem yuav tsum tau qhia yog tias thiab yuav ua li cas cov neeg sawv cev tsis zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia cuam tshuam nrog kev nkag siab, peb pom tsis muaj pov thawj rau kev cuam tshuam lossis kev tawm tsam hauv cov qauv hnyav hnyav thaum lub sijhawm ntev cia rau kev siv yav tom ntej. Peb tsuas yog pom qhov tsis txaus ntseeg txaus nyiam. Txawm li cas los xij, peb txoj kev xav psychophysical tej zaum yuav tsis tau rhiab txaus los kuaj pom ntau qhov hloov maj mam, muaj peev xwm hloov pauv ntawm cov duab tom qab. Lwm qhov kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua haujlwm tsis ntev los no tau qhia tias qhov tsis tuaj yeem khaws cia tuaj yeem tso siab rau cov kev daws teeb meem qis hauv thaj chaw frontoparietal, thaum koom nrog kev khaws cia ntxiv nrhiav cov neeg sawv cev siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv qhov muag pom cortex52 thaum ntxov. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem ua ke nrog qhov kev pom no, txawm hais tias peb tus qauv tsim tsis suav nrog kev tswj xyuas kom ntsuas qhov poob ntawm WM precision uas yog vim li cas rau cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb. Yuav ua li cas cov kev sib cuam tshuam tau qhia ntawm no muaj feem xyuam rau cov neural sawv cev ntawm mnemonic- thiab perceptual ntaub ntawv tseem yog ib lo lus nug rau yav tom ntej ua hauj lwm siv xws li, fMRI- thiab/los yog M/EEG kaw.

Txhawm rau xaus, peb daim ntawv tshaj tawm qhia ob qhov kev nkag siab-kev nkag siab thiab kev txiav txim siab ua tiav raws li qhov chaw muaj peev xwm ntawm kev sib tham ntawm kev nkag siab thiab kev sib koom ua ke WM. Cov kev tshawb pom txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm yav dhau los ntawm WM-kev nkag siab kev sib cuam tshuam thiab txhawb kev pom tias WM qhov chaw cia yuav hloov pauv mus rau qhov kev xav tau tam sim no. Peb cia siab tias cov txheej txheem tshiab thiab cov txheej txheem qhia ntawm no tseem yuav ua pov thawj tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb nrhiav txuas ntxiv rau cov neural substrates ntawm WM.

improve memory cistanche supplement

txhim kho kev ncocistanche ntxiv

Cov txheej txheem

Cov neeg koom nrog.

Hauv tag nrho n=80 cov neeg ua haujlwm noj qab haus huv (43 poj niam, 37 txiv neej; hnub nyoog 26.61 ntxiv /−4.35) tau koom nrog kev tso cai sau ntawv. Cov neeg koom nrog uas ua tsis tau zoo tshaj qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam hauv WM xim- (n=7) thiab/los yog qhov chaw rov qab (n=2) raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas. Peb ntxiv tsis suav nrog n=3 cov neeg koom nrog uas nws cov kev xaiv hauv txoj haujlwm txiav txim siab tsis tau muaj zog los ntawm cov lej xiav-liab suav hauv cov kwj deg (p<0.001, logistic="" regression="" of="" choice).="" results="" are="" reported="" for="" the="" remaining="" n="68" participants="" (36="" female,="" 32="">

Txhawb nqa thiab ua haujlwm. Kev txiav txim siab ua haujlwm. Ntawm txhua qhov kev sim, cov neeg koom tau saib cov kwj ntawm 6 lub voj voog (cf. daim duab 1, nruab nrab; sab nraud lub voj voog txoj kab uas hla 10.6 degree pom lub kaum ntse ntse). Txhua cov zaub muaj 2{{10}}} ncig dots (inch 0.3 degree), ib tug sib txawv ntawm cov xim xiav, thiab lwm yam liab. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov xiav-liab dots nyob rau hauv txhua cov zaub yog randomly kos los ntawm ib tug ib txwm faib uas raug txiav mus rau ib tug qauv sib txawv (SD=10). Qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov kev faib tawm tau sib txawv los ntawm qhov kev sim ua yog −4 lossis ntxiv rau 4, txawm li cas los xij, vim yog qhov yuam kev hauv kev nthuav qhia code, nws tau hloov pauv tas li los ntawm 1 dot rau liab (hauv ib nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus) lossis xiav (hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem tshuav). Raws li qhov shif no me me thiab tsis tu ncua hauv txhua qhov kev sim siab thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm kev txaus siab, peb xav tias nws tsis tsim nyog rau cov txiaj ntsig tau tshaj tawm. Kev tswj xyuas tau lees paub tias tag nrho cov xim hnyav hnyav ua haujlwm hauv ob pawg pawg tau zoo ib yam. Lub spatial txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov dots nyob rau hauv txhua cov zaub tau random muab (ywj siab ntawm cov xim) thiab uniformly faib nyob rau hauv cov zaub cheeb tsam, nrog rau cov kev txwv uas tsis muaj cov dots overlapped thiab hais tias qhov tsawg kawg nkaus nyob deb ntawm ciam teb sab nrauv ntawm cov zaub cheeb tsam yog 0.3 degree. Txhua cov zaub tau nthuav tawm rau 0.2 s, ua raws li lub sijhawm dawb paug (qhov chaw khoob) ntawm 0.1 s. Lub voj voog sab nrauv thiab lub hauv paus fixation ntoo khaub lig tseem nyob ntawm qhov screen rau tag nrho cov kev sim.

Txhawm rau txhawb cov neeg koom nrog kev mob siab rau hauv txoj haujlwm txiav txim siab, qhov kev sib piv liab-xiav tau qhia nyob rau hauv ib qho kev txhawb nqa kev xaiv. Ib qho ntawm cov xim (liab / xiav, counterbalanced thoob cov neeg koom) tau raug xaiv los ua qhov nce-, lwm qhov yog xim poob. Cov neeg koom nrog raug qhia kom lees txais cov kwj deg yog tias nws muaj ntau dua qhov kev poob, thiab tsis lees txais nws, ntawm sab laug-tes khawm nias (tus yuam sij "C" lossis "X", feem). Tom qab kev xaiv, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tawm tswv yim tau tshwm sim, thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau txais tau muab tso rau hauv tus neeg koom nrog qhov nyiaj tshuav nyiaj ntxiv. Kev tawm tswv yim yog nyob ntawm qhov txhais tau tias ntawm qhov kev txhawb zog (saib saum toj). Nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm cov neeg koom, txoj hauj lwm yog framed raws li ib tug twv txiaj yuam pov qhov tshwm sim (nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ob qho tib si tawm tswv yim thiab nyiaj ntxiv) yog raws li ib tug randomly kos duab los ntawm cov kwj-muab tam sim no.

WM Tas.

WM kev sim pib nrog kev nthuav qhia ntawm ib qho chaw (inch {{{0}}}.3 degree; cf. daim duab 1 lef) rau {{10}}.5 s, xim ( liab/xiav, randomly varied hla kev sim) thiab spatial qhov chaw uas yuav tsum tau-nco rau tom qab rov qab. Qhov chaw ntawm WM tus qauv sib txawv nyob ntawm qhov kev sim tab sis raug txwv rau txoj hauv kev ncig ntawm 3.8 degree vojvoog ib ncig ntawm kev kho. Hauv WM cuam tshuam blocks (Fig. 1a), WM qauv tau ua raws li tom qab 0.2 s ncua 46 los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ua haujlwm. Hauv Control 2 blocks (Fig. 1b, qis dua), WM qauv tam sim ntawd ua raws li WM rov qab. Ntawm WM rov qab, ib qho chaw dawb tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm thaj chaw tso saib, thiab cov neeg koom tau hais kom txav nws mus rau qhov chaw nco qab siv cov yuam sij xub, thiab hloov nws cov xim (liab / xiav) nrog tus yuam sij "0" ntawm Numpad, txhua tus siv sab tes xis. Cov neeg koom tuaj yeem hloov kho thiab kho kom raug (ntawm ob qho tib si xim thiab qhov chaw) ntev npaum li lawv xav tau ua ntej xa lawv cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm nias tus yuam sij Enter. Yog li ntawd, cov lus tawm tswv yim ntawm ob qho tib si xim thiab qhov chaw raug (hloov mus rau qhov feem pua tau raug) tau tshwm sim. Xim- thiab qhov tseeb qhov chaw raug muab tso ua ke rau hauv cov qhab nia ntxiv uas tau tshaj tawm ntawm cov neeg koom nrog cov nyiaj tshuav nyiaj li cas.

improve memory cistanche extract

txhim kho nco cistanche extract

Tsim thiab txheej txheem.

Txhua tus neeg tuaj koom ua 3 qhov sib law liag ntawm 80 qhov kev sim hauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm WM cuam tshuam, qhov kev txiav txim siab tau nthuav tawm tom qab WM encoding thiab ua ntej WM rov qab (Daim duab 1a). Ib nrab ntawm cov neeg koom ntxiv tau ua 3 blocks hauv kev tswj hwm 1, uas WM cov haujlwm tau raug tshem tawm (Daim duab 1b, sab sauv). Cov neeg koom nrog ntxiv tau ua 3 blocks hauv kev tswj hwm 2, uas WM- thiab kev txiav txim siab ua haujlwm tau raug hloov dua tshiab kom ob txoj haujlwm tsis sib xws (Fig. 1b, qis dua). Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm WM cuam tshuam- thiab kev tswj hwm thaiv tau cuam tshuam thoob plaws cov neeg koom. Tag nrho cov haujlwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus (tswj 1/2, nce / poob xim, xaiv framing, ua hauj lwm txiav txim) tau hla mus ua orthogonal.

Cov neeg koom nrog tau raug qhia ua ntej ua ntej kom muab qhov tseem ceeb sib npaug rau WM- thiab kev txiav txim siab ua haujlwm, thiab qhov kev ua tau zoo hauv ob qho kev ua haujlwm yuav raug muab ua ke hauv qhov kawg ntawm cov nyiaj tau los. Cov neeg koom tau zaum ntawm kwv yees li 57 cm saib qhov deb ntawm 24' 'TN zaub (BENQ XL2430, 531.36 mm × 298.89 mm saib cheeb tsam, 144 Hz refresh npaum li cas, 1920 × 1080 pixels daws teeb meem). Lub chinrest (SR Kev Tshawb Fawb) tau siv los txo qhov kev hloov pauv hauv qhov pom kev deb thiab lub taub hau. Cov neeg koom tau raug qhia kom kho qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov plaub hau (10 × 10 pixels, 2 pixels linewidth) thiab kom tsis txhob muaj qhov muag txav thaum txhua theem ua haujlwm. Tom qab txhua qhov thaiv, cov lus qhia txog kev ua tau zoo tau muab, thiab cov neeg koom tuaj yeem tuaj yeem so luv luv ua ntej txuas ntxiv nrog cov block tom ntej. Tom qab ua tiav qhov kev sim, qhov nyiaj tau los ntawm qhov nyiaj tshuav tau hloov mus rau hauv ib qho nyiaj me me (2-5 Euro, nyob ntawm qhov kev ua tau zoo) thiab them nyiaj ntxiv rau cov qauv them rov qab rau kev koom tes.

Spatiotemporal weighting analyses.

Rau qhov ntsuas qhov hnyav, cov kwj deg tau rov tsim kho zoo li 401 × 401 pixel ncig pseudo-xim maps (xiav: 1, dub: 0, liab: −1) thiab smoothed nrog 20 × 20 pixel Gaussian ntsiav. Kev txiav txim siab qhov hnyav tau kwv yees ntawm txhua pixel (x, y) siv logistic regression xaiv (Eq. 1):

Spatial decision weight

qhov twg P(xiav) yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev xaiv xiav > liab, L yog logistic muaj nuj nqi y {{0}}/(1 ntxiv rau e−x), thiab cx,y,k yog tus nqi pseudo-xim ntawm pixel coordinate x,y hauv-kwj zaub k. Te coefficients x, y, k tsim ib daim ntawv qhia spatiotemporal (M) ntawm kev txiav txim siab hnyav nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm psychometric slopes ntawm txhua pixel x, y thiab txhua qhov chaw tso saib k (1–6), thiab 0 yog tus qauv lub sij hawm tas li. Peb kwv yees M rau txhua tus neeg tuaj koom cov ntaub ntawv xaiv thiab sib piv nws nrog daim ntawv qhia tus neeg saib xyuas tsis sib haum xeeb M∗. Daim ntawv qhia tsis ncaj ncees M∗ tau kwv yees los ntawm qhov kev xaiv qhov tshwm sim tau kwv yees los ntawm tus qauv tsim kev puas siab puas ntsws (saib Psychometric qauv hauv qab) uas tsis tau qhia los ntawm cov lus qhia 'spatial dot layout. Kev rho tawm M − M∗ yields ib daim ntawv qhia ntawm lub regional over- (zoo qhov tseem ceeb) los yog underweight (negative values). Te daim duab qhia tau raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm statistics siv t-tests tiv thaiv xoom nrog cuav-discovery-rate (FDR) kho66 rau ntau qhov sib piv hauv pixel qhov chaw.

To test for the concentration of decision weight at the concurrently maintained WM sample location, we recomputed M − M∗ from rotationally aligned stream displays. Specifically, we rotated the decision displays from each WM trial fine so that the WM sample location on any given trial was aligned at the same angular position (arbitrarily set to 45°). For instance, when the WM sample had been presented at 120°, the subsequent stream displays would be re-rotated by−75°. Trials with unusually inaccurate WM location recall (>40 pixels Euclidean hloov chaw) raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev tsom xam loj. Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas, peb faib thaj chaw tso saib rau hauv 11 qhov sib npaug ntawm lub ncuav qab zib thiab muab piv rau qhov nruab nrab qhov hnyav hauv ntu nruab nrab ntawm WM qauv txoj haujlwm rau qhov seem seem. Te qhia cov txiaj ntsig qauv tau zoo rau qhov sib txawv ntawm tus lej (dav) ntawm ntu siv hauv kev faib.

Rov qab correlation tsom xam ntawm psychometric hnyav.

Psychometric weighting functions (cf. Fig. 4) tau muab los ntawm kev suav rau txhua tus txheeb ze suav ntawm xiav (vs liab) dots, nyob rau hauv txhua qhov chaw tso saib (1–6), qhov txheeb ze zaus uas cov kwj tau tom qab txiav txim xiav (piv txwv li. , txais thaum qhov nce xim yog xiav lossis tsis lees txais thaum qhov nce xim liab). Txoj kab nqes ntawm qhov tshwm sim psychometric nkhaus qhia qhov hnyav uas qhov xiav-liab dot suav rau hauv cov zaub cuam tshuam qhov kev xaiv zaum kawg. Hauv lwm lo lus, txoj kab nqes ntawm txoj kab nkhaus qhia tus neeg saib xyuas kev puas siab puas ntsws rau cov ntaub ntawv no. Hauv qhov sib piv, tag nrho qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm txoj haujlwm, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ib qho kev sib txuas sib txuas kom deb ntawm ib qho kev soj ntsuam zoo tshaj plaws (uas yog taw tes-symmetric ntawm p=0.5) cuam tshuam cov lus teb ntxiv kev tsis ncaj ncees rau ib qho ntawm ob. xaiv pawg, tsis hais tus kwj ntawm lub cev zoo li cas.

Psychometric qauv.

Rau kev txheeb xyuas ntau yam ntawm kev xaiv tsis ncaj ncees thiab -sensitivity, peb siv cov qauv kev xaiv logistic yooj yim ntawm daim ntawv (Eq. 2):

Psychometric model

where P(blue) is the probability of choosing blue>liab, L yog lub logistic muaj nuj nqi, cwm yog ib tug dummy variable coding xim ntawm tus qauv WM (1: xiav, 0: liab), thiab CK yog cov xim muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm kwj zaub k nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntau tshaj count ntawm xiav rho tawm liab dots (xws li ntawm-10 rau ntxiv rau 10 txheeb ze rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev txhawb zog, saib Stimuli thiab Task). Cov coefficients k muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev puas siab puas ntsws (txoj kab nqes) uas cov xim muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov streaming zaub yog hnyav rau hauv kev xaiv, whereas coefficients b thiab r muaj kev cuam tshuam lub zog ntawm ib qho kev xaiv additive bias txuam nrog kev tuav ib tug liab lossis xiav WM qauv, feem. Hauv kev tswj hwm kev sim tsis muaj cov khoom WM concurrent, ib qho kev cuam tshuam (0) tau siv los hloov.

cistanche supplement: improve memory

cistanche ntxiv:txhim kho kev nco

Cov ntaub ntawv

1. Olivers, CNL, Peters, J., Houtkamp, R. & Roelfsema, PR Cov xeev sib txawv hauv kev pom kev ua haujlwm nco: Thaum nws coj kev mloog thiab thaum nws tsis ua. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15, 327–334 (2011).

2. Olivers, CNL, Meijer, F. & Teeuwes, J. Feature-based memory-driven attentional capture: Visual ua hauj lwm nco cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam rau qhov muag saib. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Kev nkag siab. Ua. 32, 1243–1265 (2006).

3. Kiyonaga, A. & Egner, T. center-surround inhibition hauv kev ua haujlwm nco. Curr. Biol. 26, 64–68 (2016).

4. Soto, D., Hodsoll, J., Rotshtein, P. & Humphreys, GW Tsis siv neeg kev taw qhia ntawm kev mloog los ntawm kev ua haujlwm nco. Trends Cogn. Sci. 12, 342–348 (2008).

5. Cowan, N. Ib qho embedded-processes qauv ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nco. Hauv Cov Qauv ntawm kev ua haujlwm nco: Mechanisms ntawm kev saib xyuas thiab kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm 62–101 (Cambridge University Press, 1999).

6. Oberauer, K. Kev nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv hauv kev ua haujlwm nco: Tshawb nrhiav kev ua kom pom tseeb. J. Exp. Psychol. Kawm. Mem. Cogn. 28, 411–421 (2002).

7. Downing, P. & Dodds, C. Kev sib tw hauv kev pom kev ua haujlwm nco txog kev tswj xyuas kev tshawb nrhiav. Vis. Cogn. 11, 689–703 (2004).

8. Scocchia, L., Cicchini, GM & Triesch, J. Yog dab tsi? Kev ua haujlwm nco cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem ua rau kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo. Vis. Res. 78, 46–55 (2013).

9. Kang, M.-S., Hong, SW, Blake, R. & Woodman, GF Visual working memory contaminates perception. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 18, 860–{4}} (2011).

10. Rademaker, RL, Bloem, IM, de Weerd, P. & Sack, AT Te cuam tshuam ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau lub sij hawm luv luv rau kev taw qhia pom. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Kev nkag siab. Ua. 41, 1650 (2015).

11. Teng, C. & Kravitz, DJ Visual ua hauj lwm nco ncaj qha hloov kev xaav. Nat. Hum. Behav. 3, 827–836 (2019).

12. Wildegger, T., Myers, NE, Humphreys, G. & Nobre, AC Supraliminal tab sis tsis subliminal distracters bias ua hauj lwm nco nco. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Kev nkag siab. Ua. 41, 826 (2015).

13. Huang, J. & Sekuler, R. Distortions hauv kev nco qab los ntawm kev nco qab: Ob chav kawm ntawm cov neeg nyiam ntawm kev ua haujlwm. J. Vis. 10, 24–24 (2010).

14. Lorenc, ES, Sreenivasan, KK, Nee, DE, Vandenbroucke, ARE & D'Esposito, M. Yooj yim coding ntawm kev pom kev ua haujlwm nco sawv cev thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam. J. Neeb. 38, 5267–5276 (2018).

15. Panichello, MF, DePasquale, B., Pillow, JW & Buschman, TJ yuam kev-kho qhov dynamic hauv kev pom kev ua haujlwm nco. Nat. Pawg. 10, 3366 (2019).

16. Green, DM & Swets, JA Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics (Wiley, Hoboken, 1966).

17. Fritsche, M., Mostert, P. & de Lange, FP kev cuam tshuam ntawm keeb kwm tsis ntev los no ntawm kev nkag siab thiab kev txiav txim siab. Curr. Biol. 27, 590–595 (2017).

18. Ratcliff, R. & McKoon, G. Tus qauv kev txiav txim siab diffusion: kev xav thiab cov ntaub ntawv rau ob txoj haujlwm kev txiav txim siab. Neural Computer. 20, 873–922 (2007).

19. Carrasco, M., Talgar, CP & Cameron, EL Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm pom kev zoo: cuam tshuam ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev mloog, spatial zaus, eccentricity, kev ua haujlwm thiab teeb tsa loj. Spat. Vis. 15, 61–75 (2001).

20. Talgar, CP & Carrasco, M. Vertical meridian asymmetry nyob rau hauv spatial daws teeb meem: Visual thiab tsom xam yam. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 9, 714–722 (2002).

21. Liu, T., Heeger, DJ & Carrasco, M. Neural correlates ntawm lub ntsej muag ntsug meridian asymmetry. J. Vis. 6, 12–12 (2006).

22. Avery, GC & Hnub, RH Basis ntawm kab rov tav-ntsej illusion. J. Exp. Psychol. 81, 376–380 (1969).

23. Pecunioso, A., Miletto Petrazzini, ME & Agrillo, C. Anisotropy ntawm perceived numerosity: Pov thawj rau ib tug kab rov tav-ntu numerosity illusion. Acta Physiol. (Oxf) 205, 103053 (2020).

24. Neri, P., Parker, AJ & Blakemore, C. Probing the human stereoscopic system with reverse correlation. Xwm 401, 695–698 (1999).

25. Kiani, R., Hanks, TD & Shadlen, MN Bounded kev koom ua ke nyob rau hauv parietal cortex underlies kev txiav txim txawm thaum saib lub sij hawm yog dictated los ntawm ib puag ncig. J. Neeb. 28, 3017–3029 (2008).

26. Spitzer, B., Blankenburg, F. & Summerfield, C. Rhythmic nce tswj thaum lub sij hawm supramodal kev koom ua ke ntawm kwv yees tus naj npawb. Neuroimage 129, 470–479 (2016).

27. Cheadle, S. et al. Adaptive nce tswj thaum tib neeg perceptual xaiv. Neuron 81, 1429–1441 (2014).

28. Spitzer, B., Waschke, L. & Summerfield, C. Xaiv qhov hnyav dua ntawm qhov loj dua thaum lub suab nrov sib piv. Nat. Hum. Behav. 1, 0145 (2017).

29. Smith, PL & Vickers, D. Ua qauv qhia cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj nrog ib feem poob hauv kev txiav txim siab nthuav dav. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Kev nkag siab. Ua. 15, 797–815 (1989).

30. Spitzer, B., Fleck, S. & Blankenburg, F. Parametric alpha- thiab beta-band kos npe ntawm supramodal numerosity cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv tib neeg ua hauj lwm nco. J. Neeb. 34, 4293–4302 (2014).

31. Glickman, M. & Usher, M. Kev sib koom ua ke rau thaj tsam hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov lej ua ntu zus. 193, 104022 (2019).

32. Zeigenfuse, MD, Pleskac, TJ & Liu, T. Kev txiav txim siab nrawm los ntawm kev paub dhau los. Cognition 131, 181–194 (2014).

33. Aw, E. & Jonides, J. Overlapping mechanisms of focus and spatial working memory. Trends Cogn. Sci. 5, 119–126 (2001).

34. de Vries, IEJ, van Driel, J. & Olivers, CNL Kev txiav txim siab cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua haujlwm nco sawv cev hauv kev npaj kev xaiv pom. NeuroImage 191, 549–559 (2019).

35. Myers, NE, Stokes, MG & Nobre, AC Muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hauv lub sijhawm ua haujlwm nco: Tshaj li kev saib xyuas sab hauv. Trends Cogn. Sci. (2017).

36. Rerko, L. & Oberauer, K. Ua kom pom tseeb, tsis pom tseeb, thiab defocused cov ntaub ntawv hauv kev ua haujlwm nco. J. Exp. Psychol. Kawm. Mem. Cogn. 39, 1075–1096 (2013).

37. Sauseng, P. et al. Ib qho kev xav ntawm qhov muag-spatial saib yog xaiv nrog tib neeg EEG alpha kev ua. Eur. J. Neeb. 22, 2917–2926 (2005).

38. Hafed, ZM & Clark, JJ Microsaccades raws li qhov kev ntsuas siab tshaj ntawm kev xav hloov pauv. Vis. Res. 42, 2533–2545 (2002).

39. Dowd, EW, Pearson, JM & Egner, T. Lub siab-nyeem ntawv yam tsis muaj lub scanner: Kev coj cwj pwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm nco cov ntsiab lus. Vis. Cogn. 23, 862–{4}} (2015).

40. Mallett, R. & Lewis-Peacock, JA Kev coj cwj pwm kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev ua haujlwm nco cov khoom sab hauv thiab sab nraud ntawm kev ua kom pom tseeb. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1424, 256–267 (2018).

41. Ester, EF, Ho, TC, Brown, SD & Serences, JT Variability nyob rau hauv lub nrig txog kev pom kev ua hauj lwm muaj peev xwm txwv lub efficiency ntawm perceptual kev txiav txim. J. Vis. 14, 2 (2014).

42. Harrison, SA & Tong, F. Kev txiav txim siab nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev pom kev ua haujlwm nco hauv qhov pom thaum ntxov. Xwm Txheej 458, 632–635 (2009).

43. Spitzer, B. & Blankenburg, F. Stimulus-dependent EEG kev ua qhia txog kev hloov kho sab hauv ntawm tactile ua haujlwm nco hauv tib neeg. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 8444–8449 (2011).

44. Vetter, P., Butterworth, B. & Bahrami, B. Modulating attentional load cuam tshuam rau kev kwv yees ntau ntau: Cov pov thawj tawm tsam ib qho kev xav ua ntej subitizing mechanism. PLoS ONE 3, e3269 (2008).

45. Anobile, G., Cicchini, GM & Burr, DC Linear mapping ntawm cov lej mus rau qhov chaw yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib. Cognition 122, 454–459 (2012).

46. Soto, D., Wriglesworth, A., Bahrami-Balani, A. & Humphreys, G. J. Exp. Psychol. Kawm. Mem. Cogn. 36, 441–456 (2010).

47. Gayet, S., Yias, CLE & Van der Stigchel, S. Cov ntaub ntawv sib piv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev pom kev ua haujlwm nco yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab. Psychol. Sci. 24, 2472–2480 (2013).

48. Pan, Y., Lin, B., Zhao, Y. & Soto, D. Ua hauj lwm nco biasing ntawm qhov muag pom kev tsis paub. Atten. Kev nkag siab. Psychophys.76, 2051–2062 (2014).

49. Gayet, S. et al. Tsis muaj pov thawj rau mnemonic modulation ntawm intraocularly suppressed pom cov tswv yim. NeuroImage 215, 116801 (2020).

50. Christophel, TB, Klink, PC, Spitzer, B., Roelfsema, PR & Haynes, J.-D. Koj faib qhov ua haujlwm nco. Trends Cogn. Sci. Kev cai. Ed. 21, 111–124 (2017).

51. Eriksson, J., Vogel, EK, Lansner, A., Bergström, F. & Nyberg, L. Neurocognitive architecture ntawm kev ua haujlwm nco. Neuron 88, 33–46 (2015).

52. Christophel, TB, Iamshchinina, P., Yan, C., Allefeld, C. & Haynes, J.-D. Cortical tshwj xeeb rau kev koom nrog rau kev ua haujlwm tsis nco qab. Nat. Neurosci. 21, 494 (2018).

53. Van der Stigchel, S. & Olivers, CNL Qhov hloov tau yooj yim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev mloog thiab kev nco ua haujlwm. J. Cogn. 2, 31 (2019).

Part 1: Cov Cim Cim Cim Cim Cim Cim Cim Cim Cim Cim ntawm Cortical Thiab Subcortical Regions Associated With Human Memory

Ntu 1: Hnub nyoog txog Kev poob qis hauv Cortical Inhibitory Tone Strengthens Motor Memory