Clockwise Rotation Of Perspective View Txhim Kho Spatial Recognition Of Complex Environments in Aging

Deciphering the human spatial cognition system koom nrog kev txhim kho cov haujlwm yooj yim los ntsuas seb peb lub hlwb ua haujlwm li cas nrog cov duab thiab cov ntawv. Cov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej hauv thaj tsam kev puas siab puas ntsws tau nthuav tawm ib qho kev sib hloov ntawm lub moos ntawm qhov kev xav tau yooj yim tau pom thiab ua tiav. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj ib qho kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los rau cov stimuli nyuaj thiab yuav ua li cas yam xws li kev sib deev lossis kev laus tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lawv. Hais txog lub ntsiab lus tom kawg, nws paub zoo tias peb cov txuj ci spatial yuav poob qis thaum peb loj hlob tuaj. Yog li ntawd, hippocampal system yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rhiab rau kev laus. Cov kev hloov neural no cuam tshuam txog kev nyuaj rau cov neeg laus hauv qhov chaw taw qhia lossis kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws. Yog li, peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tsom xyuas seb qhov cuam tshuam ntawm clockwise thiab anticlockwise rotations nyob rau hauv lub spatial lees paub ntawm complex ib puag ncig yuav modulated los ntawm kev laus. Txhawm rau ua li ntawd, 40 tus neeg laus thiab 40 tus neeg laus laus tau ua qhov ASMRT, qhov ntsuas qhov cim xeeb virtual. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias cov tub ntxhais hluas ua haujlwm tau zoo dua cov laus laus hauv txhua qhov teeb meem nyuaj (piv txwv li, encoding ib lossis peb lub thawv txoj haujlwm). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg laus laus tau cuam tshuam ntau dua li cov tub ntxhais hluas los ntawm kev sib hloov, uas qhia tau hais tias kev ua tau zoo dua hauv kev sib hloov clockwise. Hauv kev xaus, peb txoj kev tshawb fawb muab pov thawj tias kev laus muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev coj ntawm kev sib hloov. Peb xav hais tias txoj kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm lub moos tuaj yeem txuas nrog kev paub txog kev poob qis uas cuam tshuam nrog kev laus. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej tuaj yeem hais txog qhov no nrog kev ntsuas lub hlwb.

Lub teb ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws kev hloov pauv yog ib qho kev kho tshiab uas tau txais kev saib xyuas ntxiv. Nws muab cov tswv yim xws li autosuggestion, neurolinguistics, thiab kev paub txog tus cwj pwm kev kho mob los pab tib neeg tshem tawm cov kev xav tsis zoo, hloov kev txwv kev ntseeg, thiab kev coj cwj pwm zoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sib hloov ntawm lub hlwb kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog kev nco.

Kev nco yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg kev txawj ntse thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tiav lub neej zoo, tswj kev nce qib, txhim kho tus kheej kev cog qoob loo, thiab txhawb lub ntsiab lus sab hauv. Ib qho ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev xav ntawm kev xav yog autosuggestion. Los ntawm muab cov lus qhia zoo thiab kev taw qhia rau tus kheej, ib tus tuaj yeem maj mam tsim cov kev xav zoo thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm hauv lub neej niaj hnub thiab kev ua haujlwm, yog li txhim kho kev nco thiab ua rau nws tus kheej muaj kev ntseeg siab, muaj kev ywj pheej, thiab ywj pheej. Kev txhim kho tus kheej.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tswv yim tshiab thiab cov tswv yim thev naus laus zis hauv kev sib hloov ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws kuj tuaj yeem pab tib neeg kom tswj tau lawv txoj kev xav zoo dua thiab tsis txhob muaj kev xav tsis zoo rau kev nco. Vim tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev xav thiab kev nco, thaum peb ntxhov siab, ntxhov siab, ntxhov siab, ntshai, thiab lwm yam kev xav tsis zoo npog peb lub cev, peb lub cim xeeb yuav cuam tshuam zoo heev, thiab thaj chaw ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws yuav pab peb tshem tawm cov kev xav tsis zoo thiab hloov pauv. peb lub siab. Txoj kev zoo tshaj los ua qhov zoo dua.

Thaum kawg, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau hais meej tias thaj chaw ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws tsis yog qhov ua kom yuam kev, tsis yog kev kho sai uas tuaj yeem muab cov txiaj ntsig tam sim ntawd. Nws xav tau peb lub sijhawm, lub zog, thiab kev ua siab ntev. Tab sis tsuav yog peb muaj peev xwm ua siab ntev rau kev kawm, xyaum ua, thiab sau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tswv yim hauv kev sib hloov ntawm lub hlwb, kuv ntseeg tias tsis ntev, peb yuav muaj kev nco zoo dua, tus cwj pwm zoo rau lub neej, thiab noj qab nyob zoo, sib npaug, thiab zoo dua. lub neej. Nws pom tau tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho peb lub cim xeeb. Cistanche deserticola tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco zoo vim Cistanche deserticola yog cov khoom siv tshuaj suav tshuaj suav nrog ntau yam tshwj xeeb, ib qho ntawm kev txhim kho kev nco. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov nqaij minced los ntawm ntau yam khoom xyaw uas nws muaj, nrog rau cov kua qaub, polysaccharides, flavonoids, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom xyaw no tuaj yeem txhawb lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv ntau txoj hauv kev.

Txoj kev xav ua haujlwm li cas?
Thaum ua cov kev sib raug zoo spatial, ib qho kev pom ntawm ib qho chaw tsis txaus. Paub tias ib puag ncig zoo li cas los ntawm qhov chaw sib txawv yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev txhais cov khoom siv sab nraud ntawm qhov chaw kom raug. Hauv qhov no, kev hloov pauv kev puas siab puas ntsws pib los ntawm thawj qhov chaw yog xav tau, uas tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev siv ob lub tswv yim sib txawv. Thawj qhov yog cov khoom raws li, qhov twg stimuli yog tig ntawm ib puag ncig. Qhov thib ob lub tswv yim yog kev pom kev hloov pauv, qhov twg kev xav ntawm kev xav ntawm ib tus neeg pom tau ua tiav. Cov tswv yim no kuj tau piav qhia tias yog kev sib hloov ntawm lub hlwb thiab kev hloov ntawm lub hlwb, feem. Kev sib hloov ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau txoj kev kawm 4,5 thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm daim ntawv qhia allocentric6, thiab nws yog ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb rau kev tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm thaj chaw thaj chaw thiab tsim kom muaj kev paub txog daim ntawv qhia 7. Cov pov thawj tam sim no hais tias kev sib hloov ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws yog ib qho kev muaj peev xwm nyob ntawm kev ncaj ncees ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub hlwb sib txuas, nrog rau sab cev nqaij daim tawv, ventral, dorsal, prefrontal regions8, thiab intraparietal cheeb tsam 9,10.

Txawm hais tias lub tswv yim zoo li cas, kev sib hloov ntawm lub hlwb muaj peb theem sib txawv uas yog suav tias yog sequential11 los yog me ntsis overlapped12. Ua ntej yog qhov encoding ntawm stimuli, qhov thib ob yog txoj kev sib hloov kom zoo, thiab thaum kawg yog txoj kev txiav txim siab nyob ntawm txoj kev ua haujlwm. Cov ntsiab lus tom kawg feem ntau yog ntsuas raws li qhov kev lees paub, qhov uas cov neeg koom yuav tsum txheeb xyuas seb cov duab tig zoo li cas lossis tsis zoo li qub.

Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm angular disparity thiab kev taw qhia ntawm kev sib hloov ua haujlwm.

Txij li thaum pib cov kev tshawb fawb hauv daim teb no, cov pov thawj sib txawv qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm lub kaum sab xis, lub sij hawm teb, thiab qhov yuam kev 14,15. Ib qho kev piav qhia ua tau rau cov txheej txheem no tau piav qhia los ntawm "kev xav pom kev sib haum xeeb" 16. Raws li qhov kev xav no, qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum ua cov txheej txheem rov ua dua thaum piv ob qhov kev xav. Qhov ntawd yog, qhov kev xav ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm lub cev khaws cia yog lub hlwb reoriented rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog rau qhov yuav tsum tau txais kev pom. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qee qhov kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb thiab yuav tsum tau txais kev pom txhais ua ntau qhov yuam kev 5,17. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub sij hawm teb zoo dua thiab qhov raug raug tshaj tawm thaum cov kev xav tshiab ntawm ib puag ncig tau nthuav tawm hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov uas tau teev tseg dhau los18. Cov teebmeem no tshwm sim thaum muaj qhov yooj yim thiab nyuaj stimuli muaj15 thiab cov nyhuv misalignment yuav txo tau yog hais tias muaj cues 16.

Qhov zoo siab, cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev sib hloov tuaj yeem hloov kho qhov tsis zoo, raws li qee cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias qhov kev lees paub tsis raug thiab / lossis lub sijhawm teb tau nce ntxiv thaum qhov kev xav tig ua raws li kev coj ua anticlockwise17,19. Cov nyhuv kuj cuam tshuam nrog cov ntaub ntawv electroencephalographic siv cov xwm txheej ntsig txog qhov muaj peev xwm20. Ntxiv mus, raws li tau pom los ntawm kev ua haujlwm sib nqus resonance21, qhov zoo ntawm lub moos zoo li muaj feem cuam tshuam rau hemispheric lateralization, nrog rau txoj cai hemisphere yog superior nrog clockwise rotations thiab sab laug hemisphere nrog anticlockwise hloov.

Kev paub txog clockwise rotations nyob rau hauv peb lub neej niaj hnub (piv txwv li, moos) kuj yog lub luag hauj lwm rau qhov tshwm sim, nyiam lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug tsis ncaj ncees lawm lub sij hawm tawm tsam anticlockwise shifs22. Qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees no tau piav qhia tias yog "kev nkag siab-kev ua haujlwm" kev xav, suav nrog peb kauj ruam: kev nkag siab ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm lub moos, tsim ua raws li daim ntawv qhia kev xav, thiab tom qab ntawd tig mus rau tib qho kev taw qhia23. Cov kauj ruam txuas ntxiv no yuav raug piav qhia raws li kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm yav dhau los tau piav qhia txog neurogenetic thiab kab lis kev cai, uas ua rau tib neeg feem ntau nthuav tawm kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm lub moos. Cov nyhuv tau raug pov thawj nrog cov haujlwm uas siv yooj yim, cais tawm stimuli, zoo li cov ntawv lossis 2D kab.

Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev nco txog kev xav thiab lub hom phiaj ua rau muaj kev sib hloov cov tswv yim sib txawv hauv qee qhov kev tshawb fawb 24-26. Tshwj xeeb, cov haujlwm no piav qhia tias kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom puas siab puas ntsws tau ua nyob rau hauv qis dua qhov tsis sib xws, thaum qhov kev sib hloov ntawm lub hlwb tau ua nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv siab dua. Ob qho tib si kuj suav tias yog qhov tsis sib xws, txawm hais tias muaj cov txheej txheem sib raug zoo, thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ntau hom kev txiav txim siab yuam kev. Yog li ntawd, kev hloov ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm egocentric feem ntau yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev ua yuam kev tom qab (piv txwv li, ua yuam kev sab laug thiab sab xis), thiab kev sib hloov ntawm lub hlwb yuav cuam tshuam txog qhov tsis sib xws. Qhov tseeb yog nce nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm salient ib puag ncig landmarks los yog sab nrauv cues.27,28. Kev cia siab rau cov lus qhia sab nraud yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub tswv yim allocentric orientation, qhov twg stimuli yog encoded txog ib puag ncig thiab tsis yog los ntawm kev xav ntawm cov neeg soj ntsuam29. Cov kev tshawb fawb hauv hlwb tau tshaj tawm tias txoj cai nruab nrab ntawm lub cev sab nraud txhawb txoj haujlwm no. Hippocampal kev koom tes hauv cov txheej txheem hloov pauv kuj tau piav qhia hauv qee qhov kev tshawb fawb, qhov twg cov neeg mob uas muaj kev puas tsuaj hauv cov qauv no tau pom tias muaj teeb meem hauv qhov chaw nco thaum cov kev xav tau tig 32. Tsis tas li ntawd, nce cov khoom siv qhov chaw kom nco qab hauv qhov xwm txheej no - yog li, ntau dua. nco load- tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ntxiv rau kev ua haujlwm.

Kev sib deev thiab kev laus ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev sib hloov ntawm lub hlwb.

Kev paub txog kev txawj ntse poob qis hauv kev laus noj qab haus huv, suav nrog spatial nco34 thiab kev sib hloov ntawm lub hlwb35,36. Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias cov neeg laus qeeb qeeb thiab tsis meej dua li cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv cov haujlwm spatial37, uas yog vim qhov txo qis hauv hippocampal system38. Lub hippocampus yog koom nrog hauv kev tsim kom muaj tseeb allocentric spatial sawv cev, uas muaj feem xyuam rau kev sib hloov kev txawj ntse6. Txhawm rau siv cov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws los daws cov haujlwm no, cov neeg laus yuav vam khom ntau dua rau cov tswv yim egocentric uas tau khaws cia zoo dua hauv pawg hnub nyoog no–42.

Lwm qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws yog kev sib deev 43-46 Kev tshawb fawb qhia tias kev sib deev sib txawv hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws 43,44. Qee cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia txog cov qauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm neural sib txawv thiab cov tswv yim sib hloov hauv cov txiv neej thiab poj niam, thaum lwm tus pom tias cov txiv neej ntawm txhua lub hnub nyoog feem ntau ua tau zoo dua cov poj niam hauv kev xav txog kev ntsuas 46. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev sib hloov ntawm lub moos yog qhov tshwm sim ntau dua hauv cov poj niam thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog qib hormonal.

Kev sib hloov tsis ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv yooj yim vs. complex stimuli: Puas muaj qhov sib txawv?

Thaum ntsuas qhov kev taw qhia kev sib hloov (clockwise vs. anticlockwise), ntau cov kev tshawb fawb siv cov khoom cais xws li cov ntawv 20,49,50, Navon cov duab, cov cim tsis paub, lossis 2D kab. Tsuas yog ob peb txoj kev tshawb fawb siv cov kev xav nyuaj thiab cov xwm txheej sib npaug rau lub ntiaj teb tiag tiag rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov tsis sib xws lossis kev sib hloov tsis ncaj ncees54, tab sis xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv kom paub meej tias qhov no yog qhov nyiam. Yog li ntawd, muaj qhov tsis sib xws hauv qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov yooj yim thiab txoj kev stimuli, uas tuaj yeem piav qhia nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm dissociation ntawm qhov deb thiab ncav cuag qhov chaw. Raws li ob leeg ntawm lawv koom nrog cov tswv yim sib txawv56 thiab neural activations57, yuav muaj qee qhov tsis sib xws hauv kev sib hloov ua haujlwm hauv kev ua cov stimuli yooj yim vs. Xav txog cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj no, tsim ib txoj haujlwm uas muaj peev xwm ntsuas qhov kev sib hloov ntawm lub peev xwm nyob deb ntawm qhov chaw - suav nrog ntau qhov chaw nyuaj thiab nplua nuj dua - xav tau.

Kev tshawb fawb spatial nco tau nce zuj zus ua tsaug rau kev nce qib thev naus laus zis. Kev ua haujlwm hauv computer tshiab tau pom tias muaj kev nkag siab zoo hauv kev nrhiav kev puas tsuaj ntawm qhov chaw uas cov haujlwm ib txwm ua tsis tau. Lawv kuj siv ntau txoj hauv kev siv tau hauv ecological thiab ib puag ncig. Hais txog qhov no, spatial recognition tej hauj lwm yuav muab piv rau active navigation los yog passive navigation nyob rau hauv nrhiav spatial orientation sib txawv. Lawv kuj tsis tshua muaj kev xav tau thiab cov txheej txheem piv rau cov kev ntsuas ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws. Ua raws li qhov laj thawj no, Almeria Spatial Memory Recognition Test (ASMRT) tau tsim los ntawm peb pawg tshawb fawb thiab siv rau cov qauv sib txawv62,63. Cov neeg koom yuav tsum tau txheeb xyuas yog tias ib lossis ntau lub thawv hloov lawv txoj haujlwm hauv chav virtual. Muaj ob hom kev nthuav qhia: nthuav tawm hauv qhov kev xav zoo sib xws rau cov duab qub, lossis nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov pom kev hloov pauv, ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov sib hloov thiab kev taw qhia. Lub xub ntiag ntawm qhov chaw nyob hauv chav tsev, ntxiv rau kev hloov pauv kev xav, kuj tseem nyiam cov tswv yim allocentric tshaj qhov kev daws teeb meem egocentric. ASMRT tau ua pov thawj nws qhov rhiab heev hauv kev txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv vim kev sib deev lossis kev laus.

Txoj kev tshawb no aims thiab hypotheses.

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog hais txog yuav ua li cas cov kev taw qhia kev sib hloov (clockwise vs. anticlockwise) ntawm ib qho chaw nco txog thiab cov duab pom tom ntej tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm kev laus thiab kev sib deev hauv ib puag ncig nyuaj. Ua raws li cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los20, "kev xav pom kev sib haum xeeb" 16, thiab "kev xaav-kev ua haujlwm-laterality" hypothesis23, peb kwv yees qhov kev ua tau zoo dua nyob rau hauv kev sib hloov ntawm clockwise piv rau cov kev sim ntsuas ntsuas. Anticlockwise kev sib hloov ntawm encoded thiab paub stimuli yuav tsum tau txuam nrog qeeb teb lub sij hawm los yog tsawg dua qhov tseeb19,20, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus, vim hais tias lawv txo qis spatial kev txawj ntse64. Tsis tas li ntawd, ua raws li qhov pom tseeb dua clockwise kev tsis ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv cov poj niam 47, peb tuaj yeem cia siab tias qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov txiv neej tshaj cov poj niam nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej anticlockwise.

Txoj kev

Cov neeg koom nrog

Yim caum tus neeg koom (n=80) tau koom nrog hauv kev kawm. Plaub caug tus neeg koom (n=40) yog cov tub ntxhais kawm txog kev puas siab puas ntsws los ntawm University of Almeria (20 tus txiv neej; hnub nyoog 18–30; M=20; SD=2.8), thiab plaub caug tus neeg koom nrog tau txais los ntawm Cov Txwj Laug Chav Kawm los ntawm tib lub tsev kawm ntawv (20 txiv neej; hnub nyoog 60–79; M=69; SD=5.3). Txhua tus neeg tuaj koom tau kho qhov tsis pom kev zoo li qub (piv txwv li, siv cov tsom iav lossis cov tsom iav qhov muag) thaum lub sijhawm ntsuas, thiab lawv cov poj niam txiv neej yog qhov sib tw nrog lawv cov kev sib deev biology. Cov txheej txheem cais tawm tau txhais tias muaj tsawg dua 26 cov ntsiab lus hauv Mini-Mental State Examination, ib qho kev kuaj mob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws lossis kev puas siab puas ntsws, kev noj cov tshuaj tsis zoo xws li tshuaj thiab cawv, mob taub hau, lossis lwm yam mob uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov txiaj ntsig. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov txheej txheem thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tau muab rau cov neeg koom nrog, thiab lawv muaj kev ywj pheej tawm ntawm txoj kev kawm txhua lub sijhawm. Txoj kev tshawb no tau pom zoo los ntawm University of Almeria Ethical Committee (UALBIO2019/022) thiab tau tsim los ua raws li cov cai ntawm European Communities Council Directive 2001/20/EC thiab Helsinki tshaj tawm rau kev tshawb fawb biomedical nrog tib neeg.

Tom qab-hoc lub hwj chim tsom xam nrog G*Power software v3.1.9.265 tau ua los txiav txim siab txog lub zog ntawm ob qho tib si tseem ceeb thiab kev cuam tshuam (hauv-nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus) hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb. Nrog ib qho alpha sib npaug rau 05, qhov nruab nrab qhov loj me (d=0.35), thiab tag nrho cov qauv loj, qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam tau qhia txog lub zog txheeb cais ntau dua 0.99. Lub zog txheeb cais ntawm kev sib raug zoo tau ntau dua 0.94.

Khoom siv

Qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm qhov chaw nco tau raug soj ntsuam siv Almeria Spatial Memory Recognition Test (ASMRT)62. Qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm qhov chaw sim tau tshwm sim los ntawm ib puag ncig virtual, simulating ib chav tsev cia puav pheej nrog plaub phab ntsa (nrog rau cov spatial cues tso tawm rau lawv, piv txwv li, portraits) thiab cuaj lub thawv xim av ua raws symmetrically hauv 3 × 3 array. Qee lub thawv no tau xim ntsuab, sawv cev rau lub hom phiaj stimuli ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv txhua theem ua haujlwm. ASMRT tau tsim los ntawm ob theem nyuaj, txhais los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm lub thawv kom nco tau (ib lub thawv vs. peb lub thawv), nrog plaub qhov kev sim txhua. Qhov kev sim tag nrho muaj 8 lub cim xeeb duab. Yog li ntawd, muaj 80 cov duab paub, ib nrab rau txhua theem nyuaj.

Qhov stimuli ib ntus ntawm txhua qhov kev sim yog tsim los ntawm ob theem sib txawv raws li hauv qab no (saib daim duab 1):

(a) Hauv "Memorization Phase" cov neeg koom tau pom ib daim duab (nco duab) ntawm chav virtual uas muaj tag nrho cuaj lub thawv (hauv 3 × 3 qhov chaw) tau muab tso rau. Cov duab nco tau tshwm sim rau tsib vib nas this. Tag nrho cov duab nco tau raug coj los ntawm thawj tus neeg pom. Nyob ntawm theem nyuaj, ib lossis peb lub thawv tau xim ntsuab. Cov neeg koom nrog raug nug kom nco ntsoov txoj haujlwm ntawm cov thawv ntsuab ntawd. Ib tsob ntoo tawm ntawm plaub phab ntsa ntawm chav tsev muaj ob peb lub stimuli (xws li lub qhov rooj, lub qhov rais, los yog duab) uas tuaj yeem pab kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam qhov chaw nyob. Txhua daim duab nco tau raug coj los ntawm qhov kev xav sib txawv piv rau lwm qhov.

(b) Nyob rau hauv "Kev Pom Zoo Theem", tag nrho ntawm 10 cov duab ntawm tib chav tau nthuav tawm rau cov neeg koom nrog ib qho tom qab. Cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev sib hloov tau manipulated nyob rau theem no. Yog li, cov duab lees paub tau raug coj los ntawm cov kev xav sib txawv ntawm cov duab qub. Tsuas yog ib lub thawv ntsuab rau txhua theem nyuaj tau pom nyob rau theem no. Cov neeg koom yuav tsum tau teb (yog / tsis yog) yog tias lub thawv ntsuab nyob rau hauv tib txoj hauj lwm raws li ib qho ntawm cov thawv hauv daim duab nco. Yog li, lawv yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab txog txhua daim duab raws li kev xav ntawm lub hlwb uas lawv tsim thaum lub sijhawm nco nyob rau hauv ib qho kev xav txawv.

Txoj haujlwm tau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev tsis yog siv lub khoos phis tawj portable khiav Windows 10 Operating System. Lub khoos phis tawj tau nruab nrog Intel Core i5 processor, 4 GB ntawm RAM, thiab 15.4-inch LCD npo nrog 1920 × 1200 daws teeb meem. Los ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas, nws tau txuas nrog lub zog hluav taws xob hauv phab ntsa kom tsis txhob muaj roj teeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li kev sib txuas hauv is taws nem tsis tau thov thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thiab / lossis cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia, qhov no tau raug kaw los ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas.

Txheej txheem.

Txhua tus neeg koom tau raug kuaj ib tus zuj zus ntawm University of Almeria lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab tau txais kev xam phaj luv luv los txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem cais tawm. Lawv kuj tau kos npe rau kev pom zoo ua ntej pib qhov kev ntsuam xyuas. Tom qab ntawd, ASMRT cov lus qhia tau nthuav tawm rau lawv ntawm qhov screen, ua raws li kev sim ua piv txwv. Tom qab ntawd, tus kws sim tau tswj hwm ob theem nyuaj (nco txog txoj haujlwm ntawm ib lub thawv lossis peb lub thawv) ua ntu zus hauv tib qho kev txiav txim rau txhua tus neeg koom (ib daim duab nco - kaum daim duab pom, plaub zaug ntawm theem nyuaj, nrog rau qhov sib txawv ntawm txhua qhov kev sim) . Cov neeg koom teb tau teb thaum txhua daim duab lees paub tau nthuav tawm ntawm qhov screen, thiab tus kws sim tau sau npe lawv cov lus teb rau txhua qhov kev sim kom tsis txhob muaj kev ntxhov siab vim lub sijhawm teb txwv uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv kev ua haujlwm. Cov lus teb kom raug thiab qhov tsis raug tau raug sau thiab kho rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog thiab kev sim hauv cov ntaub ntawv tom ntej. Cov neeg koom nrog tau ua tiav cov txheej txheem kev sim tag nrho - tsis suav nrog kev xam phaj thawj zaug - nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob ntsiag to thiab nyob ib puag ncig kom tsis txhob muaj suab nrov sab nraud lossis kev cuam tshuam uas tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau.

Lub kaum sab xis suav thiab faib hauv octants. Euclid's postulates tau ua haujlwm los xam qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov duab nco thiab cov neeg sib tham pom ntawm cov duab pom thiab lawv cov kev taw qhia tig (clockwise lossis anticlockwise). Cov txheej txheem no tau soj ntsuam seb cov kaum sab xis puas tau muab faib ua homogenous raws li kev sib hloov ntawm txhua qhov xwm txheej (saib daim duab 2). Qhov qhib qhov program GeoGebra Geometry, tsim los ntawm Florida Atlantic University, tau siv rau cov txheej txheem no. ASMRT cov duab tau nthuav tawm rau kev suav hauv ib qho conic, ob-dimensional, thawj-tus neeg pom. Hauv qhov kev xav no, uas yog tib yam kev paub los ntawm cov neeg tuaj koom, kab yog oblique rau ib leeg, piv rau qhov kev xav ntawm zenith, qhov twg lawv yuav sib npaug. Cov kab oblique mus rau tib qho kev taw qhia kuj converge nyob rau hauv ib qho kev vanishing point. Lub kaum sab xis tig yog xam nyob rau hauv lub conic foundations rau txhua daim duab, thiab tom qab ntawd, ib qho kev sib piv lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub cim xeeb thiab paub cov duab nyob rau hauv lub zenith foundations yog ua los xyuas kom meej qhov siab tshaj plaws sib xws.

Ua ntej, siv cov duab hauv conic foundations, ntu raws li hauv pem teb kab tau taug qab. Txoj kev no tau piav qhia txog ob kab ntawm kab: oblique kab uas yuav yog kab rov tav thiab kab rov tav nyob rau hauv qhov kev xav ntawm zenith, thiab oblique kab uas yuav ua rau tib lub voj voog thiab ntsug hauv tib lub zenith foundations. Qhov no tau ua tiav los xam ob qho kev ywj pheej ploj mus, hais txog qhov twg txhua cov kab sib txuas sib txuas thiab siv hauv kev suav tom ntej. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog txheeb xyuas qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm daim duab dav, qhov twg ib txoj kab perpendicular yog taug qab ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov duab hauv paus, tau txais ib txoj hauj lwm vector. Nyob ntawd, ob ntu pib los ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas ploj lawm tau suav ua ntej thiab tau txuas nrog txoj hauj lwm vector. Lub hleb taw tes yog calibrated ntawm 90º lub kaum sab xis, uas sib npaug lub kaum sab xis tsim los ntawm plaub kab nyob rau hauv lub zenith dav hlau.

Thaum txoj hauj lwm vector hla nrog lub kaum sab xis 90 degree, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab lub kaum sab xis sib piv ntawm lub cim xeeb thiab cov duab paub. Nws tuaj yeem yog lub kaum sab xis tsim los ntawm ntu ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas ploj lawm, siv cov kab hauv pem teb ua cov lus qhia. Txhawm rau kom muaj kev sib luag hauv kev ntsuas, ntu ntu hauv pem teb tau siv rau txhua daim duab. Lub kaum sab xis siv rau kev sib piv yog ib qho tsim ntawm qhov chaw vector thiab ntu uas tau hais dhau los. Nyob ntawm qhov kev xav tau txais los ntawm cov neeg sau xov xwm nco daim duab, thiab kom tswj tau qhov sib xws tau hais ua ntej, lub kaum sab xis siv txawv, raws li GeoGebra Geometry nthuav tawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub neej ntawd. Cov txheej txheem no tau pib ua tiav rau lub cim xeeb duab thiab tom qab ntawd rau nws cov duab zoo sib xws kaum. Daim duab 2 sawv cev rau qhov kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem no.

Thaum lub kaum sab xis thiab cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm txhua qhov kev pom ntawm daim duab pom tau txais, qhov kev faib tawm ntawm lub kaum sab xis tau soj ntsuam, pom tias feem ntau ntawm lawv tau muab faib ua homogeneously ntawm thawj thiab thib yim octants, clockwise (thawj octant: ib lub thawv, 16 dluab: M=34 degree ; SD=15 degree ; peb lub thawv, 16 duab: M=29 degree ; SD=12 degree ) thiab anticlockwise kev taw qhia (yim octant: ib lub thawv, 16 duab: M=32 degree ; SD=14; peb lub thawv, 16 duab: M=28 degree ; SD=11 degree ), raws li (saib daim duab 3). Tsuas yog ob daim duab lees paub hauv txhua qhov xwm txheej (directiondifculty) tau nyob tsis sib xws sab nraum cov octants, yog li lawv raug cais tawm ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas. Yog li, tag nrho cov kev sim tshuaj ntsuam xyuas yog 62 (32 qhov kev sim ntsuas moos thiab 32 qhov kev sim ntsuas ntsuas). Qhov no tso cai rau kev tswj cov angular disparity cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm 16 cov duab paub txog txhua qhov kev taw qhia (clockwise thiab anticlockwise) thiab rau txhua theem nyuaj (ib lub thawv thiab peb lub thawv), txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub thawv nrog rau lub cim xeeb duab (cov lus teb yog, yog), thiab nyob rau hauv lub lwm ib nrab, lawv tsis tau (cov lus teb raug, tsis muaj). Kev lees txais raug thiab raug tsis lees paub raug sau npe.

Kev txheeb cais.

Feem pua ​​​​ntawm kev lees txais raug (Hits), feem pua ​​​​ntawm kev lees txais tsis raug (100% -% kev lees paub tsis raug, ceeb toom tsis tseeb, FA), thiab qhab nia kev ntxub ntxaug (d'=Z hits tus nqi-Z cuav tswb tus nqi) 66,67 tau tau txais rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog thiab cov xwm txheej sim. Tey tau txheeb xyuas hauv 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 sib xyaw ANOVA nrog Hnub Nyoog (laus thiab hluas) thiab Kev Sib Deev (poj niam thiab txiv neej) raws li qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus, thiab Kev Nyuaj Siab (ib lub thawv thiab peb lub thawv), thiab Kev Taw Qhia (clockwise thiab anticlockwise) raws li nyob rau hauv-kev kawm yam. Kolmogorov-Smirnov kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua los xyuas qhov qub ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, thiab Levene cov kev ntsuam xyuas tau siv los txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv. Bonferroni kho tau siv los kho rau hom I yuam kev tsub zuj zuj hauv ntau qhov sib piv. T-kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tau ua los ntsuas seb cov txhais tau li cas txawv ntawm cov xwm txheej, yog tias tsim nyog. Kev soj ntsuam ntxiv T-kev soj ntsuam tau pom tias lub kaum sab xis (octant faib) tsis ncav cuag qhov tseem ceeb vim tias txhua tus nyob hauv tib cheeb tsam angular (octant), yog li nws raug cais tawm rau ANOVAs. Kev tshuaj xyuas tau ua nrog IBM SPSS Statistics v.25 nrog rau qib tseem ceeb ntawm p<0.050.

Cov txiaj ntsig

Ntaus. Te ANOVA (Sex × Hnub Nyoog × Diffulty × Direction) qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Hnub Nyoog (F(1, 76)=51.4; p<0.001; ηp 2=0.41), Difculty (F(1,76)=49.8; p<0.001; ηp 2=0.40), and Direction (F(1,76)=9.3; p=0.003; ηp 2=0.11]). Young adults were more accurate in their responses than old adults, as can be seen in Table 1. Regarding difficulty, participants also performed worse when they had to memorize three boxes than one box, and when the stimuli were presented in an anticlockwise direction than when presented clockwise. No other effects were found (p>0.05).

Te Diffculty × Hnub nyoog sib cuam tshuam txog qhov tseem ceeb (F(1, 76)=33.4; p<0.001; ηp 2=0.31). Further analyses of the interaction revealed significant differences due to difficulty only for old adults (F(1, 38)=46.8; p<0.001; ηp 2 = 0.55). In this group, the Hits percentage was higher in the one-box trials (M = 78%, SD = 2) than in the three-box trials (M = 61%; SD = 2). By contrast, the difficulty level did not affect performance in young adults (p > 0.05), as it was similar between the one-box trials (M=90%, SD=2) and the three-box trials (M=92%; SD=2).

Te Direction x Age interaction was also statistically signifcant (F(1, 76)=13.9; p=0.005; ηp 2=0.35). Further analyses of the interaction showed significant differences only in the old adults group (F(1, 41)=8.8; p=0.005; ηp 2=0.19). For these participants, the percentage of Hits was higher in clockwise trials (M =73%, SD=3) than in anticlockwise trials (M=66%; SD=3). However, the performance of young adults was unaffected by the direction of rotation (p>0.05; clockwise: M=92%, SD=1; anticlockwise: M=90%; SD=2).

No other interactions reached significance (p>0.05).

Lub tswb cuav.

Te ANOVA qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Hnub Nyoog (F(1, 76)=114.8; p<0.001; ηp 2=0.60), Sex (F(1,76)=4.4; p=0.039; ηp 2=0.06) and Difculty (F(1, 76)=90.1; p<0.001; ηp 2=0.54). As can be seen in Fig. 4, the percentage of false alarms was higher in the old adults' group (M=28%; SD=2) than in the young adults' group (M=5%; SD=2).

Regarding the difficulty level, the percentage of false alarms was lower in one-box trials (M=8%; SD=1) than in 3 box trials (M=25%; SD=3). Overall, the percentage of false alarms was lower in males (M=14%; SD=1) than in females (M=19%; SD=2). No other main effects were found (p>0.05).

Tere yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam Diffculty x Hnub nyoog (F(1, 76)=80; p<0.001; ηp 2=0.57), and Difculty × Direction (F(1, 76)=11.4; p=0.001; ηp 2=0.14).

Cov kev soj ntsuam ntawm Diffulty x Hnub nyoog kev sib cuam tshuam tau qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Diffulty nkaus xwb hauv cov laus (F(1, 42)=96.4; p < 0.001; ηp 2=0.70 ). Qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm kev ceeb toom tsis tseeb yog siab dua hauv peb lub thawv sim (M=44%; SD=1) dua li hauv ib lub thawv sim M=12%, SD=2) hauv qhov no pab pawg.

Finally, the Difficulty × Direction interaction showed significant differences due to Direction in the higher difficulty level (three boxes: F(1, 76) = 8.5; p = 0.005; ηp 2= 0.11). The percentage of false alarms was higher in anticlockwise trials (M=27%; SD=1) than in clockwise trials (M=22%; SD=2) (see Fig. 5). By contrast, in one box trials, there was no difference in the percentage of false alarms between both directions (p>0.05).

Complementary t-test analyses (see Table 2) revealed that sex modulated the percentage of false alarms in three boxes-anticlockwise trials, only for the young adults' group (t (38)=2.2, p=0.038). Differences in the percentage of false alarms due to sex for old adults were absent (p>0.05).

Kev ntxub ntxaug index.

T-kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tau lees paub tias qhov kev ua tau zoo hauv ob pawg hnub nyoog yog siab tshaj qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam rau txhua yam mob (saib Table 3).

Te ANOVA qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Hnub Nyoog (F(1, 76)=109.6; p<0.001; ηp 2=0.59), the discriminability index was higher in young adults (M = 0.86; SD = 0.01) than in old adults (M = 0.42: SD = 0.03); Sex (F(1,76) = 3.8;p = 0.049; ηp 2 = 0.10), where, overall, males showed higher discriminability index (M = 0.68; SD = 0.02) than females (M= 0.60; SD = 0.01); Difculty (F (1,76) = 14.6; p < 0.001; ηp 2= 0.16), the discriminability was worse in three boxes trials (M=0.61: SD=0.01) than in one box (M=0.68; SD=0.02); and Direction (F(1, 76)=7.9; p=0.006; ηp 2=0.11), clockwise trials showed higher discriminability index (X=0.67: SD=0.01) than anticlockwise trials (M=0.61; SD=0.02). No other main effects were found (p>0.05).

Te Diffculty x Hnub nyoog sib cuam tshuam txog qhov tseem ceeb (F(1, 76)=19.7; p<0.001; ηp 2=0.19). No other interaction effects were found (p>0.05). Muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug vim muaj kev nyuaj rau cov laus xwb (F(1, 39)=21; p<0.001; ηp 2=0.32). The discriminability index was higher in the lower difficulty level (one box: M=0.49; SD=0.02) than in the higher difficulty condition (three boxes: M=0.33; SD=0.03) for old adults. On the other hand, there were no differences in discriminability in young adults (p>0.05) nrog cov qhab nia zoo sib xws hauv qib nyuaj (ib lub thawv: M=0.88, SD=0.02) vs. qib nyuaj dua (peb lub thawv: M{ {6}} 86; SD=0.02).

Te Direction x Difculty interaction was also statistically signifcant (F(1, 76)=6.8; p=0.016; ηp 2=0.10). Analyses of the interaction showed that Direction affected performance only in the higher difficulty level (three boxes: F(1, 76)=26; p < 0.001; ηp 2=0.21). The discriminability index was higher in clockwise trials (M =0.68; SD=0.03) than in anticlockwise trials (M=0.54; SD=0.02). Otherwise, the discriminability index was similar in lower difficulty levels (one box: p>0.05; clockwise: M=0.69, SD=0.01; anticlockwise: M=0.68; SD=0.01). No other interaction effects were found (p>0.05).

Kev sib tham

Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias qhov kev lees paub ntawm thaj chaw tau txiav txim siab los ntawm hnub nyoog thiab poj niam txiv neej ntawm cov neeg koom nrog, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm nyuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib hloov kev coj ntawm kev nco thiab kev paub txog kev hloov pauv kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej, thiab kev ua haujlwm nyuaj. Yog li, cov tub ntxhais hluas ua tau zoo dua li cov laus laus, thiab qhov sib txawv tau ua kom loj tshaj plaws hauv kev sib hloov ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm lub cim xeeb thiab cov duab pom. Qhov ntau thiab tsawg rau kev sib cuam tshuam yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv nruab nrab lub zog ntau yam.

Txhawm rau ua qhov kev tshawb fawb, peb siv ASMRT, txoj haujlwm paub txog qhov chaw. Txoj haujlwm no xav kom nco txog txoj haujlwm ntawm qee tus lej ntawm stimuli (ib lossis peb lub thawv ntsuab) muab tso rau hauv chav virtual. Tom qab ntawd, kaum daim duab lees paub tau nthuav tawm nrog ib lub thawv ntsuab, thiab cov neeg tuaj koom yuav tsum tau teb yog tias txoj haujlwm ntawm lub thawv ntsuab sib phim rau txoj haujlwm ntawm lub thawv uas tau nthuav tawm thaum lub cim nco txog duab. Txij li thaum qhov kev pom tau raug hloov kho nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm lees paub txog cov duab qub cim, kev txiav txim siab yog nyob ntawm tus sawv cev ntawm chav tsev, thiab nkag siab txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov stimuli muaj. Ntxiv mus, rotating viewpoints yuav tsum tau scene manipulation nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb kom haum cov tshiab foundations rau yav dhau los one16, uas yog ib tug hippocampal-dependent function, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv lwm yam kev tshawb fawb. Nco ntsoov tias txoj haujlwm xav tau hauv ASMRT yog ib feem zoo ib yam li cov uas pom nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas qhov kev xav-kev xeem, uas tau sau tseg rau tib qhov kev lees paub zoo uas tau siv dav hauv kev sib hloov ntawm lub hlwb 69. Yog li, nyob rau theem kev lees paub ntawm ASMRT, cov neeg tuaj koom yuav tsum sib piv cov duab ntawm lub vijtsam nrog cov duab nco tau los ntawm lwm qhov kev pom, thiab qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws yuav tsum nco ntsoov thiab sib piv cov haujlwm xaiv ntawm ob lub duab.

Raws li tau hais los ntawm peb cov txiaj ntsig, thiab raws li cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los 53,54, kev laus yog cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm hauv txoj haujlwm no. Cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj feem ntau ntawm hits piv rau cov laus laus. Tsis tas li ntawd, pawg neeg tom kawg no kuj tau tshaj tawm cov lus ceeb toom cuav ntau dua li cov tub ntxhais hluas tsis hais qhov xwm txheej li cas (ib lossis peb lub thawv rau cim). Qhov yuam kev ntau dua los ntawm cov neeg laus laus thaum muaj pes tsawg lub thawv kom nco qab tau nce ntxiv tau qhia tias kev nco txog kev txhawb nqa ntxiv cuam tshuam li cas. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib hloov ntawm kev nco thiab kev paub cov duab tau txiav txim siab ua haujlwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov laus. Rau cov pab pawg no, cov duab anticlockwise tau txuam nrog tsawg hits tshaj clockwise dluab. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, lawv tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov cuam tshuam no. Qhov kev nyiam sib txawv rau cov lus ceeb toom tsis tseeb lossis cov qhab nia kev ntxub ntxaug, qhov twg qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub moos tau pom tsis hais hnub nyoog li cas hauv peb lub thawv qhov nyuaj.

Qhov muaj nyob ntawm tus qauv sib txawv ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab cov laus laus tsis yog qhov tshiab, vim nws paub zoo tias qhov kev taw qhia spatial cuam tshuam rau kev laus ib txwm muaj. Siv txoj haujlwm ASMRT, kev ua haujlwm poob qis tau piav qhia hauv cov neeg laus. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, 70–79- cov neeg koom nrog hnub nyoog muaj qhov yuam kev ntau dua piv rau lwm cov 50–59 thiab 60–69- pawg neeg laus thaum nco txog thiab lees paub txoj haujlwm los ntawm ntau qhov kev xav. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog hais tias kev lees paub spatial tsis tas yuav tsum tau taug kev los ntawm ib puag ncig zoo li hauv lwm cov haujlwm spatial nco txog 58, tab sis xav tau kev tswj hwm ntawm allocentric reference thav duab los daws cov haujlwm. Cov neeg koom yuav tsum nkag siab txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov cues muaj nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig virtual los txiav txim siab txoj haujlwm. Lwm cov kev tshawb fawb piv rau qhov kev xav-kev muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab cov laus, qhia tias hnub nyoog muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev lwj ntawm cov kev txawj no17,72. Thaum kuaj kev lees paub ntawm txoj haujlwm, nws tau pom tias cov tub ntxhais hluas kuj ua tau zoo tshaj cov neeg laus 73–75. Yog li, peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no sib haum nrog cov kev tshawb pom no.

Zoo li lwm yam kev xav-kev ua haujlwm 19,21, kev sib hloov kev taw qhia txiav txim siab ua haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, Cov qhab nias tau raug hloov kho los ntawm kev hloov pauv tsuas yog hauv cov neeg laus, uas yog qhov kev tshawb pom tshiab. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib hloov kev taw qhia tau hloov cov qhab nia ntawm lub tswb tsis tseeb nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej nyuaj tshaj plaws (peb lub thawv), dua li cov laus laus. Yog li, kev ua tau zoo tau hloov pauv ntau dua thaum cov duab pom tau tig los ntawm kev sib hloov. Raws li tau hais tseg hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, muaj ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev taw qhia ntawm ob qho tib si duab thiab lub sijhawm thiab tus lej ntawm qhov yuam kev13. Spatial lees paub kuj cuam tshuam los ntawm kev xaav kev sib hloov, nrog rau qhov zoo ntawm clockwise rotation20. Peb qhov kev tshawb pom pom tau hais tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub moos pom nrog cov stimuli yooj yim dua kuj siv tau rau cov cheeb tsam nyuaj. Spatial lees paub kuj tau hloov kho los ntawm kev pom kev sib hloov nrog qhov kom zoo dua ntawm kev sib hloov clockwise20. Qhov kev sib hloov ntawm lub moos no tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej 23,76,77, tab sis, rau peb txoj kev paub, qhov no yog thawj zaug uas nws pom qhov txawv ntawm pawg hnub nyoog.

Cov qauv sib txawv no tuaj yeem piav qhia ntawm qib neural. Lub hippocampus thiab lwm thaj chaw muaj feem xyuam nrog kev txawj ntse spatial nthuav tawm qhov txo qis hauv cov neeg laus noj qab haus huv. Lub hippocampal circuit zoo li qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tau txais qhov kev xav-kev txiav txim siab ywj pheej, tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov sawv cev ntawm cov ntsiab lus33. Cov kev sawv cev ntawm qhov chaw no yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom pom tseeb qhov chaw los ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv, raws li xav tau ntawm ASMRT. Raws li tau pom yav dhau los 79, Alzheimer's disease thiab cov neeg mob tsis paub meej me ntsis - qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub cev ntawm lub ntsej muag yog qhov xav tias yuav raug cuam tshuam - tau qhia txog kev hloov pauv kev xav-kev muaj peev xwm. Ntxiv rau qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus sawv cev yuav tsis tshua meej rau cov neeg laus, tab sis kuj lawv cov kev txawj sib hloov. Txoj cai hemisphere yuav tshwj xeeb tshaj yog koom nrog cov txheej txheem sib hloov. Qee cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias kev laus ntawm lub hlwb poob qis yuav muaj ntau dua nyob rau hauv txoj cai hemisphere, ua ke nrog kev paub txog kev txawj ntse tsawg dua 80. Qhov no yuav ua rau qis qis dua, raws li qhia hauv cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau hais tias cov neeg laus muaj lub peev xwm txo qis kom hloov lawv tus cwj pwm kom hloov mus rau cov xwm txheej 82, ua rau kev kov yeej cov kev xav tsis zoo uas twb muaj lawm ua ntej nyuaj. Txij li thaum kev hloov pauv ntawm cov duab pom tau hloov pauv los ntawm kev sim mus sim hauv peb txoj haujlwm, qhov teeb meem loj heev hauv kev sim ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas los ntawm cov neeg laus laus zoo li txhawb nqa txoj kev xav ntawm lub moos. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li tau piav qhia dhau los, lwm cov kev tshawb fawb tau tso siab rau cov kev xav tau yooj yim, yog li xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv nrog rau qhov chaw nyuaj.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib deev tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv cov haujlwm sib txawv ntawm lub cim xeeb, thaum taug kev tiag84,85 thiab virtual ib puag ncig35,62,65,86 tab sis kuj tseem nyob rau hauv cov dej num uas xav tau lwm yam kev txawj ntse xws li kev sib hloov ntawm lub hlwb 44,87 lossis kev xav txog kev xav. kev 45,82,88. Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb ib nrab tau lees paub qhov kev hloov no. Kev sib deev sib txawv tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov lus ceeb toom tsis tseeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem nyuaj tshaj plaws, peb-lub thawv-anticlockwise sim, hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas, qhia tias cov txiv neej thiab cov poj niam sib txawv hauv lawv qhov kev paub txog kev paub, nrog cov txiv neej outperforming poj niam nyob rau hauv kev xav tau nyuaj dua. Qhov no yog raws li kev tshawb pom yav dhau los nrog ASMRT62.

Xav txog cov txiaj ntsig no, qee theem ntawm kev nyuaj zoo li yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm pab pawg, suav nrog kev sib deev-dimorphic kev ua haujlwm hauv qee qhov kev taw qhia spatial 62,68. Kev ua haujlwm tsawg tsawg ua rau pom qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qab nthab, qhov kev xav tau ua haujlwm siab yog cuam tshuam nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov qhab nia. Raws li tau tshaj tawm hauv lwm cov dej num, qhov kev xaiv ntawm theem nyuaj txaus pab qhia tawm qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib deev hauv kev ua haujlwm spatial orientation. Yog li, hauv txoj haujlwm ASMRT, cov txiv neej ua tau zoo dua cov poj niam yog tias lawv yuav tsum nco txog peb txoj haujlwm spatial, tab sis tsis yog thaum tsuas yog ib qho chaw yuav tsum nco ntsoov 63, uas yog raws li peb cov txiaj ntsig, qhov twg cov poj niam muaj feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov lus ceeb toom tsis tseeb tshaj li cov txiv neej.

Nco ntsoov tias qhov chaw lees paub - zoo li nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm ASMRT txoj haujlwm - tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm kev siv cov tswv yim allocentric, suav nrog kev paub txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus sib txawv muaj nyob hauv cov ntsiab lus. Cov hauj lwm yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm txog kev sib deev sib txawv ntawm cov tswv yim siv los ntawm cov txiv neej thiab poj niam hauv kev ua haujlwm spatial orientation. Cov txiv neej nyiam lub tswv yim raws li khoom siv (allocentric), hos cov poj niam feem ntau yuav siv lub tswv yim egocentric. Cov kev nyiam sib deev-dimorphic no koom nrog kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm ntawm ntau lub hlwb thaj tsam, txawv ntawm kev sib deev 45,89.

Thaum kawg, cov nyhuv ntawm angular rotation16, feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv lub hlwb rotation teb nrog yooj yim stimuli, tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv kev tsom xam vim yog ASMRT tsim, vim lub kaum sib txawv ntawm lub cim xeeb thiab kev paub cov duab tau muab faib ua thawj thiab thib yim octants. Txawm hais tias qhov no tau tso cai rau peb tswj hwm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua tau zoo los ntawm kev sib npaug sib faib tau piav qhia yav dhau los, cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm cov stimuli yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm ntxiv tias qhov kev hloov pauv no cuam tshuam li cas rau kev ua haujlwm hauv qhov chaw nyuaj, thiab nws cuam tshuam li cas nrog kev sib hloov kev coj los yog nws tuaj yeem hloov kho li cas. xaiv lub tswv yim nyob ntawm cov qib kev sib hloov24-26. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li cov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej tau tshaj tawm, clockwise superiority tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej ntsig txog qhov muaj peev xwm (ERP) kev ntsuas, thiab hemispheric lateralization kuj tseem cuam tshuam, uas ua rau muaj kev sib txawv nyob ntawm qhov kev sib hloov hom 21. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no kuj qhia txog kev sib txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm raws li kev sib deev hauv kev paub txog qhov sib txawv rau txoj kev stimuli90. Yog li, txhawm rau nthuav tawm kom raug yog tias qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub moos zoo ib yam rau cov stimuli nyuaj, thiab nws cuam tshuam nrog poj niam txiv neej thiab hnub nyoog li cas, cov kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv nrog kev ntsuas electroencephalography (EEG) yuav tsum tau ua kom txuas ntxiv peb qhov kev tshawb pom ntxiv. Ntxiv mus, cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav tsum xav txog seb cov kev hloov pauv no cuam tshuam li cas rau lub sij hawm teb, uas tsis tuaj yeem sau npe rau hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb vim yog ASMRT txheej txheem, uas tau sau npe cov lus teb manually thiab tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov tseeb lub sij hawm teb 62.

Raws li qhov muaj peev xwm txwv, peb yuav tsum hais tias, txawm tias qhov piv txwv loj npaum li cas rau poj niam txiv neej thiab hnub nyoog yam sib cais (n=40), lawv tsawg dua thaum xav txog ob qho tib si ua ke, yog li tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv qhov kev cuam tshuam no. yuav tsum tau txhais kom ceev faj. Tshaj dhau, peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yog kev siv zog tshiab los ntsuam xyuas cov kev taw qhia kev hloov pauv rau qhov chaw ib puag ncig nyuaj thiab stimuli, qhia txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm lub moos, thiab ua pov thawj tias qhov kev cuam tshuam no tshwj xeeb yog cuam tshuam nrog kev laus zuj zus.

Cov ntaub ntawv muaj

Cov ntaub ntawv tsim tawm thaum lub sijhawm thiab / lossis kev tshuaj xyuas thaum lub sijhawm kawm tam sim no muaj thiab tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv raws li kev thov tsim nyog.

Cov ntaub ntawv

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8. Koshino, H., Carpenter, PA, Keller, TA & Just, MA Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm dorsal thiab ventral pathways hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws: Kev tshawb fawb fMRI. Cogn. Kev cuam tshuam. Behav. Neurosci. 5(5), 54–66 (2005).

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13. Shepard, RN & Metzler, J. Kev sib hloov ntawm cov khoom peb-dimensional. Science 171(3972), 701–703. https://doi.org/10.1126/ science.171.3972.701 (1971).

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15. Dalecki, M., Hofmann, U. & Bock, O. Kev xav ntawm kev hloov ntawm cov ntawv, lub cev thiab cov xwm txheej nyuaj: Sib cais lossis sib koom ua ke? Hum. Mon. Sci. 31(5), 1151–1160 (2012).

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