CISTANCHE TUBLULOSA tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias yog tsob ntoo tshuaj ntsuab hauv HALOPHYTES FARMING Ⅱ

2. MEDICINALVALUE NTAWMCISTANCHE INIRAN

2.1. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem

2.1.1. Cog Khoom Collection

C. tubulosatau sau los ntawm Yazd nyob rau hauv Central toj siab ntawm Iran. Cov avntawm cheeb tsam no yog nruab nrab mus rau hnyav kev ntxhib los mos thiab saline, cov dej hauv avqab ntsev heev. Framers loj hlob Tamarix li cua daj cua dub ncig PistachioOrchard. Tus tswv ntawm lubC. tubulosahauv qhov chaw no yog Alhaji, Tamarix thiabSeidlitzia.

Qhov chaw kawm yog 53 degree 10' longitude thiab 32 degree 28' latitude thiabQhov siab ntawm hiav txwv theem yog 1036 meters nrog dej nag ntawm 61 hli thiab 2789hli evapotranspiration. Qhov nruab nrab kub ntawm lub hli warmest ntawm lub xyooyog 32 degree thiab lub hli txias tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo yog 6 degree. Geologically, lub cheeb tsam yoglos ntawm Precambrian Period mus rau Quaternary. Lub suab puam Chah Afzal nyob rau hauvyav dhau los yog lub pas dej uas tau qhuav vim muaj evaporation loj heev thiab uasuab puam. Hauv cheeb tsam no Tamarix thiab Haloxylon cog hauv 3000 hectares los ntawmtsoom fwv kev txhawb nqa rau greenification. Kaum obCistanche tubulosatsis muajinflorescence tshem tawm los ntawm cov av. Cov qia yog ntxuav nrog kaisdej thiab ntxuav. Tom qab ntawd txiav mus rau hauv me me pieces thiab qhuav nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov cub nrog 50 degreekub thaum 7 hnub.

2.1.2. Kev txheeb xyuas qhov sib xyaw ua ke

Qhov feem pua ntawm cov khoom qhuav thiab cov dej noo ntawm cov qauv yogtxiav txim siab los ntawm qhov hnyav ib qho hnyav ntawm cov qauv thiab muab tso rau hauv lubqhov cub kom txog thaum qhov hnyav tas mus li. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus tshauv, 2 gntawm cov qauv hnyav tau rhuab ntawm 550 degree rau 5 teev nyob rau hauv lub qhov cub hluav taws xob rauncav cuag ib tug grey thiab dawb carbon-dawb tshauv. Cov ntsiab lus roj hauv 2 g ntawm cov qauv yogtxiav txim siab siv Soxhlet extractor thiab roj av ether hnyav ntawm lubboiling kub thiab 4 teev roj extraction lub sij hawm. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus proteinntawm 2 g qauv raug ntsuas siv zom, distilling, sau thiabKjeldahl titration thiab siv cov coefficient ntawm 6.25 los hloov cov feem pua ntawmnitrogen rau protein. Qhov piv txwv cov ntsiab lus crude fiber txiav txim yogua siv alkaline acid digestion txoj kev. Txhua qhov kev xeem tau ua tiav hauv obkev rov ua dua. Tag nrho cov carbohydrate feem pua tau txais raws liqhov sib npaug hauv qab no tom qab kev ntsuas saum toj no.

Tag nrho cov carbohydrate feem pua = 100- (Pash feem pua ntawm cov proteinfeem pua ntxiv rau cov ntsiab lus noo noo ntxiv rau Fat feem pua).

Cistanche Benefits

Tau txais qhov zoo ntawm Cistanche Ua nyob rau hauv Suav teb

2.1.3. Mineral Analysis

Cov khoom piv txwv tau txheeb xyuas siv Inductively Coupled Plasma(ICP) spectroscopy integrated nrog huab hwm coj spectrometry (ICP-MS). Thaum xub thawj,0.25 g ntawm txhua tus qauv cog tau muab tso rau hauv lub qhov cub microwave, thiab 3 ml ntawmnitric acid ntawm analytical qib thiab 1 ml ntawm hydrogen peroxide tau ntxiv rautus qauv. Tom qab thawj zaug tshwm sim, microwave cell cap tau muab tso rau thiabcov qauv tau yaj raws li qhov kev pab cuam thermal. Thaum lubkev ua tiav ntawm kev sib cais thiab kev txias ntawm lub cell, qhov tau txais kev daws teeb meemmus txog 25 ml siv dej tsis muaj ion. Siv HP Agilent 4500 SeriesICP/MS apparatus thiab cov qauv kev daws teeb meem, cov qauv raug suav rau lawv

tsim thaiv cov ntsiab lus. Cov txheej txheem hnyav hnyav ntau ntawm 0.1ppm rau 100 ppm. Txhua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua tiav hauv ob qhov kev rov ua dua. Kev tsom xamcov xwm txheej tau teeb tsa raws li hauv qab no:Lub zog: 1000 watts, Plasma ntws: 15 (l / min), Aux: 0.8 (l / min), Nebulizer:

0.75 (l/min), Nebulizer hom: Hla ntws, Txau chamber: Scott, Kev koom ua keua :.1s2.

2.1.4. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm Phenylethanoid Glycosides

2.1.4.1. Qauv Extraction

Cov hmoov cog (33 g) yog tov nrog 70 feem pua ethanol (50 cc). Covsib tov tau raug rho tawm ntawm 30 degree rau 5 teev nyob rau hauv stirrertej yam kev mob. Cov extract tau lim nrog Whatman No. 42 lim ntawv raucais cov biomass. Cov kua txiv extraction dhau los ntawm 0.45 µm limdaim nyias nyias.

2.1.4.2. LC -Mass Analysis

Bioactive compounds nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag extraction yog txiav txim los ntawm LC- Masstxheej txheem. Cov xwm txheej tsom xam tau teeb tsa raws li hauv qab no:

 LC condition:

o HPLC Agilent qauv 1200

o Kem: dab noj hnub XDB – C18 (15 cm, 3.5µm)

o Kem kub: 25 degree

o Mobile theem: A {{0}} Dej ntxiv rau 0.1 feem pua acetic acid

o B {{0}} Acetonitrile ntxiv 0.1% acetic acid

o Tus nqi ntws: 0.3 ml/min

o Kev txhaj tshuaj ntim: 10μL

2.1.4.3. Antioxidant Kev Ua Haujlwm

Cov tshuaj ntsuab tau qhuav hauv qhov cub, thiab tom qab ntawd kev daws cov qauv (50,100, 200, 400, 800 ppm) tau npaj. DPPH radical scavenging assay yogtxiav txim siab siv DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl 1-picryl hydrazyl) radical.

2.1.4.4 ib. Cov txiaj ntsig

Tus nqi ntawm cov rog cov ntsiab lus ntawmC. tubulosatsawg tab sis muaj protein ntau9.8 feem pua thiab cov hmoov tshauv yog 6.3 feem pua. Fahmy (2013) qhia 11.92 feem pua ntawm cov tshauv hauv tuberqia ntawmC. phelypaea. C. tubulosamuaj 72.64 feem pua cov ntsiab lus carbohydrate(Table 2).

Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm 48 yam hauvC. tubulosaqhia tias Na, K, Mg, S, Ca,P thiab Fe yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv qia. Zheng thiab Du (2011) soj ntsuamminerals cov ntsiab lus ntawmC. deserticolanyob rau theem kev loj hlob sib txawv thiab covKev faib ua feem ntawm K: Na: P: Ca: Mg yog 12: 3.4: 1.6: 1.4: 1 ntawm qia succulenttheem thiab Fe cov ntsiab lus yog qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab tuaj yeem ncav cuag 97.31 µg g-1.

Tus nqintawm FeC. philypaeatshaj tawm 8.04 ppm (Elwakil li al., 2016) tab sis nyob rau hauvC. tubulosayog 142 ppm nyob rau theem no (Table 3). K/Na piv yog 0.49 tab sis nyob rau hauvC. phelypaa uayog 8. K cov ntsiab lus piv rau Mg, S, Ca, P, thiab Fe hauvC. tubulosatau7.7, 10.0, 15.65, 36.15 thiab 186.35 (Table 3)

Cistanche Benefits

Nyob rau hauv qhuav succulent qia ntawmC. tubulosalos ntawm HPLC/MS tsom xam rau 6phenylethanoid glycosides (Acteoside, Cistanoside A, isoacetoside,

Echinacoside, 2-Acetylacteoside, Tubuloside B) txheeb xyuas. HauvCistanchesalsaCov khoom tseem ceeb yog echinacoside (1097.9 mg 100 g-1)(Kartbaeva, Sakipova, Ibragimova, Kapsalyamova, & Ternynko, 2015).

HauvC. deserticola, C. salsathiab, C.sinesisphenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs)qhia nyob rau hauv uas echinocoside thiab acteoside yog cov khoom tseem ceeb.

Cistanche Benefits

PhGs tuaj yeem txhim kho kev sib deev thiab kev nco ntawm nas (Gao, Wang, &Wu, 2005) thiab nws tuaj yeem kho thiab tiv thaiv kab mob Parkinson (Chen li al.,2007). PhGs tuaj yeem ncua kev laus (Liu, Yang, Dong, Zhang, & Ma, 2018).

Echinacoside tiv thaiv programmed cell tuag nyob rau hauv lub paj hlwbsystem thiab muaj kev tiv thaiv thiab kho cov teebmeem ntawm hluav taws xob-induced daim tawv nqaijkev puas tsuaj (Li, Zheng, Liu, & Jia, 1992; Sui et al., 2011). Echinacoside tuaj yeem ua tautiv thaiv cov hlwb neuronal los ntawm radical scavenging thiab muaj cov nyhuv los tiv thaiv qog(Liu, Li, & Du, 2008)

Table 4 qhia cov koob tshuaj nyob ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm DPPH hauvC. tubulosa. DPPH siv rau kev kuaj radical scavenging muaj peev xwm ntawm cov extracts (Pavithra& Vadivukkarasi, 2015). Cov extracts tau pom cov qib siab ntawm DPPH radicalKev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom pov tseg tshaj li ntawm 50-800 ppm concentration.

cistanche benefits

Table 5. DPPH Dawb Radical Scavenging Assay

3. DTSEEM CEEB

Hauv seem no, txhua yam khoom noj muaj pes tsawg leeg hauv Cistanche yogpiv rau lwm yam khoom noj thiab qee yam zaub. Kuj, nyob rau hauv kev txiav tximtxhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov qauv no, qhov tseem ceebthiab tus nqi ntawm txhua hom zaub mov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog qhia luv luv.

cistanche benefits

3.1. Proximate Composition Cov ntsiab lus

3.1.1. Crude Protein

Raws li lub koom haum tshuaj pom zoo (Tshuaj kho mob, 2005)cov neeg laus yuav tsum tau txais qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 0.8 grams protein rau txhua kilogramntawm lawv lub cev hnyav ib hnub twg. Feem ntau, tus nqi ntawm cov proteinkev pom zoo hais txog cov kev xav tau ntawm cov tib neeg. Hauv qhov muabCov lus hauv qab no, lub hauv paus yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm tsuas yog nyob ntawm lub hauv paus ntawmsib txawv hnub nyoog thiab poj niam txiv neej pawg, uas txawv raws li qhov pom zookev ua ntawm cov neeg noj zaub mov rau ntau yam mob xws li kev ua lub cev,cheeb tsam kub, thiab kab mob.

Raws li pom nyob rau hauv Table 2, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein ntawm no halophyte yog nyob rau hauv ntau yamntawm 9.8 feem pua ntawm qhov hnyav qhuav ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas yog qhov zoo sib pivrau cov khoom muaj protein uas tau nthuav tawm hauv Food Additive Table (USDA, 2016).

Cov nyiaj no tau pom tias muaj ntau nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj txhu tsiaj nrog ntau duazoo thiab lom tus nqi (nrog rau kev nqus ntau dua thiab qhov tseem ceeb duaamino acids rau tib neeg) uas tau ntsuas hauv qe nrog (35.6 feem pua), qe qenrog (15.7 feem pua), nqaij nyuj nrog (15.7 feem pua), nqaij qaib nrog (17.44 feem pua), salmon nrog (22 feem pua)thiab mis nyuj nrog (7.99%). Lentil thiab taum pauv tau paub tias muajcov protein ntau, uas muaj 24.6 feem pua thiab 51.46 feem pua ntawm cov protein,raws. Raws li qhov hnyav ntawm cov nroj tsuag, zaub proteincov ntsiab lus xws li spinach tau tshaj tawm tias muaj 4.01 feem pua ntawm cov protein, thiabdib, qos yaj ywm, leek thiab broccoli tau tshaj tawm tias muaj (0.59 feem pua), (2.38 feem pua),(1.5 feem pua) thiab (4.28 feem pua) cov protein, feem.

Raws li nws pom, proteinCov ntsiab lus hauv halophyte no qis dua li cov khoom siv roj ntsha muaj nuj nqis heevntawm tsiaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov feem pua ntawm cov protein no yog me ntsis qis dua qhovpaub cov khoom noj xws li peas, tab sis nws siab dua qee cov nroj tsuagqhov chaw.

Table 6. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Pom ZooCov nyiaj pub dawb thiab txaus txaus rau cov protein los ntawm cov khoom noj thiab khoom noj khoom hausBoard, Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Tshuaj, National Academies