Cov txiaj ntsig
Kev sib cais loj ntawm phenylethanoid glycosides thiab iridoids
Phenylethanoid glycosides yog cov tshuaj tseem ceeb ntawm CD. Cov txheej txheem kev daws teeb meem ntawm isoacteoside, cistanoside F, tableside A, echinacoside, acteoside, thiab 2'-actylacteoside raug coj mus, ua raws li kev muab cov qib sib txawv ntawm kev sib tsoo (Table 1), thiab tom qab ntawd tau txais daim ntawv qhia MS2 (Fig. 1) .
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Qhov loj spectrometric tsom xam qhia tau hais tias phenylethanoid glycosides muaj xws li huab hwm coj spectrum fragmentation qauv, txoj kev cleavage nyob rau hauv lub tsis zoo-ion hom feem ntau muaj xws li (1) Ester daim ntawv cog lus cleavage: poob ntawm nruab nrab caffeoyl pawg (C9H3O6, 162.03) thiab nruab nrabC2H2O2 pawg ( 42. 00); (2) Glycosidic cleavage: poob ntawm nruab nrab rhamnose residues (C6H10O4, 146.05) thiab nruab nrab qabzib residue (C6H10O5, 162.05). Los ntawm kev daws teeb meem loj spectrometry, caffeoyl (162.03) thiab qabzib residue (162.05) tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv.
Iridoids ajugol, catalpol, teniposide acid, geniposide, thiab 8-epideoxyloganic acid txheem kev daws teeb meem tau muab coj los ua, ua raws los ntawm kev muab kev sib tsoo sib txawv, thiab tau txais daim ntawv qhia MS2 (Daim duab 2).
Iridoid glycosides muaj cov qauv zoo sib xws ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, txoj hauv kev cleavage hauv hom tsis zoo-ion feem ntau suav nrog (1) Glycosidic cleavage: Poob ntawm nruab nrab qabzib residue (C6H10O5, 162.05); (2) Kev poob ntawm nruab nrab CO2 (43.99) thiab H2O (18.01).
Kev txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus hauv CD, CD-NP, thiab CD-HP rho tawm
UPLC-QTOF-MSE tsom xam
Qhov optimization ntawm chromatographic tej yam kev mob yog nqa tawm. Tom ntej no, cov tebchaw ntawm Cistanche Herba tau soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si tsis zoo thiab zoo ion hom nrog siab thiab qis CEs. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tau tias qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm hom tsis zoo yog siab dua piv rau hom zoo rau cov tebchaw no. Daim duab 3 pom MS Basic Peak ion (BPI) chromatogram taug qab nrog cov lej suav. Qhov kev siv ntawm txhua qhov kev kuaj pom ion nyob rau hauv UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE kev tshuaj xyuas yog normalized hais txog tag nrho cov ion suav rau tiam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv matrix uas suav nrog tus nqi m / z, qhov chaw siab tshaj plaws, thiab lub sijhawm khaws cia.
Kev ntsuam xyuas cov khoom ntawm CD thiab nws cov khoom ua tiav ntawm UNIFI platform
Tag nrho ntawm 97 lub tebchaw tau txheeb xyuas nrog -SEM (n{2}}) hom los ntawm CD thiab nws cov khoom ua tiav (Table 2), suav nrog phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), iridoids, lignans, thiab oligosaccharides. Cov khoom 95, 91, thiab 94 tau kuaj pom hauv CD, CD-NP, thiab CD-HP, raws li. Ntawm lawv, 64 yog phenylethanoids, 13 yog iridoids, thiab 20 lwm hom tshuaj tau txiav txim siab. Muaj qhov zoo sib xws hauv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm CD thiab nws cov khoom ua tiav, txawm li cas los xij, qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom tau pom tias txawv ntawm CD thiab nws cov khoom ua tiav.
Variations nyob rau hauv chemical Cheebtsam ntawm cov khoom tiav
Te Simca-P 13.0 software tau ua haujlwm rau kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntau yam. Ua ntej PCA, txhua qhov sib txawv tau nruab nrab nruab nrab thiab Pareto-scaled, tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov muaj peev xwm sib txawv. Hauv PCA cov qhab nia, txhua qhov taw qhia tau pom ib tus qauv. Cov qauv uas qhia tau hais tias zoo sib xws hauv lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg tau tawg ua ke nyob ib puag ncig, thaum cov uas pom qhov txawv ntawm lawv cov khoom tau muab faib. Raws li pom hauv PCA (Fig. 4), pawg CD-HP raug cais tawm ntawm pawg CD thiab CD-NP.
To distinguish CD from CD-HP and CD-NP, OPLS-DA, permutation test, S-plot, and VIP value were developed. (Figs. 5, 6, 7) The obtained results revealed that many components were key characteristic components of each product. The screening condition was the VIP>1 thiab P<0.05. From the date of the S-plot, the characteristic components evaluated, which were commonly existing in the three groups were.
Los ntawm daim duab 8, peb pom qhov kev siv ntawm acteoside (54), cistanoside C (74), campneoside II (43), osmanthuside (75), thiab 2'-actylacteoside (80) muaj 4'-O-cafeoyl pawg hauv qhov 8-O- -d-glucopyranosyl ib feem (saib daim duab 9) poob qis tom qab ua tiav los ntawm cov nplej-wine, thaum lub zog ntawm isoacetoside (60), isocistanoside (71), isocampneoside I (69) , isomartynoside (86) muaj 6'-O-cafeoyl pawg (saib daim duab 9) nce, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau pawg CD-NP. Nyuaj tubuloside B (72) muaj 6'-O-cafeoyl pawg, tib yam li isoacteoside, qhov kev siv zog poob vim nws 2'-actyl pawg. Qhov kev siv ntawm echinacoside (38) thiab cistanoside B muaj 6'-O- -d-glucopyranosyl moiety pawg tau nce, tab sis qhov kev siv ntawm tubuloside A (55) kuj txo qis vim nws 2'-actyl pawg.
Peb pab neeg tshawb fawb kuj tau kawm txog thermal stability ntawm acteoside thiab isoacteoside thiab pom tias acteoside tsis ruaj tsis khov hauv dej, methanol, thiab daj nplej caw, thiab tuaj yeem hloov mus rau isoacteoside ib nrab nyob rau hauv cov cua sov. Tab sis qhov thermostability ntawm isoacteoside tau zoo dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov hmoov nplej daj. Daim duab 10 tau qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm PhGs hauv CD thaum ua:
Kev txheeb xyuas cov metabolites hauv nas
Los ntawm high-resolution mass spectrometry cov ntaub ntawv, qhov tseeb molecular hnyav thiab lub ntsiab muaj pes tsawg leeg rau metabolites thiab proto-molecule tebchaw raug soj ntsuam thiab muab piv. Raws li tib yam ntawm cov tebchaw hauv TCM pom zoo sib xws hauv kev hloov pauv hauv metabolic, kev sib raug zoo ntawm phytochemical constituents hauv vitro tuaj yeem txuas mus rau lawv cov metabolites hauv vivo. Meanwhile, raws li cov pa biotransformation pathways, ib tug tsim nyog hloov nyob rau hauv molecular hnyav tau inferred. Thaum kawg, cov metabolites tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas MSE pawg spectrum ntawm cov metabolites thiab proto-compounds fragmentation txoj hauv kev loj spectrum [21, 22]. Piv nrog rau cov qauv dawb paug, nws cov khoom raug txheeb xyuas hauv vivo raws li cov ntaub ntawv muab los ntawm chromatogram-mass spectrum, muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv metabolic, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv sib xyaw, thiab txoj cai fragmentation ntawm nws cov huab hwm coj spectrum. Saib Table 3.
Kev txheeb xyuas ntawm phenylethanoid glycosides ntsig txog metabolites
UNIFI platform tau siv rau kev ua haujlwm. Daim duab 11 tau qhia TIC chromatograph ntawm cov zis, quav, thiab ntshav rau CD thiab nws cov khoom ua tiav. Piv nrog rau cov qauv dawb paug, tag nrho ntawm 54 metabolites tau txheeb pom hauv nas, suav nrog 10 tus qauv qauv thiab 44 metabolites, ntawm 24, 49, thiab 6 yog nyob hauv quav, zis, thiab ntshav, raws li.
Raws li qhov tseeb huab hwm coj, fragmentation cascade, thiab kwv yees nruab nrab poob los ntawm biotransformation, tag nrho ntawm 35 phenylethanoid glycosides-koom nrog metabolites tau soj ntsuam xyuas. Te ntsig txog cov metabolites ntawm phenylethanoid glycosides muaj cov qauv zoo sib xws ntawm cov khoom tawg, zoo li cov caffeoyl fragment m/z 461.1605, tom qab ntawd ntxiv hydrolyzed los ntawm glycosidic thiab ester bonds hauv vivo, thiab metabolized rau hauv hydroxytyrosol (HT) (m/ z 153.0504, C8H10O3, 4.73 min) thiab cafes acid (CA)(m/z 179.0389, C9H7O4, 0.77 min), saib daim duab 12A.
M11 qhia [M–H]− ntawm m/z 153.0504 nrog mis ie, C8H10O3, thiab txheeb xyuas raws li HT. M16 nthuav tawm [M–H]- ntawm m/z 329.0851, uas yog 176 Da siab dua li ntawm HT, qhia tias nws yuav yog glucuronidated metabolite ntawm HT. Lub [M–H]− ntawm M26 yog ntawm m/z 343.1037, 14 Da siab dua li ntawm HT-glucuronide. Yog li, M26 tau txheeb xyuas tias yog HT-methylated glucuronide. M17 raug txheeb xyuas raws li HT-sulfate raws li nws [M–H]- ntawm m/z 233.0112, 80 Da tshaj HT, uas tuaj yeem ua tau ntxiv methylated, tom qab ntawd tsim M22, uas qhia tau hais tias m/z 247.0278, qhia tias nws yog HT-methylated sulfated metabolite. M7 (m/z 167.0335) thiab M5 (m/z 167.0762) raug suav hais tias yog cov khoom oxidation thiab methylated HT, raws li (Fig. 12B).
M1 qhia [M–H]− ntawm m/z 179.0389, elucidated molecular mis yog C9H7O4 thiab txheeb xyuas tias caffeic acid (CA). M25 qhia [M–H]- ntawm m/z 355.0704, uas yog 176 Da siab dua li ntawm CA, qhia tias nws yuav yog glucuronidated metabolite ntawm CA. M27 muaj m/z 258.994, uas yog 80 Da siab tshaj li ntawm CA, yog li peb elucidated nws li CA sulfate, thiab nws yuav ua tau M35 (m/z 273.0064). Raws li M4 muab [M–H]- ntawm m/z 193.0524, 14 Da siab dua CA, nws tau txheeb xyuas tias CA methylated metabolite. M39 yog CA dehydroxylation metabolite, nrog m / z 163.04, thiab nws tuaj yeem ua sulfated rau hauv M32 (m / z 242.9951).
M33 (m/z 181. 195.0623, C10H12O4, 0.93 min). M33 tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev qhuav dej rau hauv M43, uas yog 3-HPP (m/z 165.0558, C9H10O3, 11.29 min), thiab M31 (m/z 341.0942, C15H17O9, 8.90 min) thiab M29 (m.0.09,245) 8.52 min) yog cov khoom glucuronidated thiab sulfated (Fig. 12C).
Rau cov phenylethanoid glycosides-uas cuam tshuam cov metabolites, cov metabolic cascades tseem ceeb yog theem II metabolic tshua, piv txwv li, glucuronidation, methylation, thiab sulfation. Cov txheej txheem metabolic cascades ntawm phenylethanoids tau piav qhia hauv daim duab 13.
Kev txheeb xyuas ntawm iridoids ntsig txog metabolites
Los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov metabolites, MSE fragmentation, thiab cov ntaub ntawv cuam tshuam, tag nrho ntawm 19 iridoid-sociated metabolites tau tentatively.
ntsuas. Iridoid glycosides tau hydrolyzed los ntawm glycosidic bonds los tsim lawv cov aglycones sib raug. Te m/z 185.117 yog rau M8, 162 Da tsawg dua ajugol, uas yog yielded los ntawm kev poob qabzib residue. M40 (m / z 199.0641, Rt 10.91 min) yog cov khoom deglycosylated ntawm catalpol. M45 m / z 169.0487, Rt 12.15 min) tsawg dua 30 Da ntawm catalpol deglycosylated metabolite, thiab tau txheeb xyuas tias yog tshem tawm cov molecule ntawm CH2O metabolite. M34 (m/z 151.0352, Rt 9.08 min), yog ntxiv poob ntawm H2O metabolite.
M44 (m/z 211.0665, Rt 11.31 min) yog ib qho deglycosylated metabolite ntawm geniposide, thiab M37 (m/z 197.0833, Rt 15.03 min) yog deglycosylation ntawm 8-epideoxyloganic acid. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv metabolic rau iridoids tuaj yeem tshwm sim raws li theem I metabolism ntawm deglycosylation (Fig. 12D).
Kev sib piv ntawm metabolic profiling hauv ntshav, zis, thiab quav ntawm CD thiab nws cov khoom ua tiav
2 cov qauv hauv cov ntshav, 7 hauv cov zis, thiab 3 hauv cov quav tau muab piv. Muaj 7 tus qauv absorbed hauv CD, 7 prototypes absorbed hauv CD-NP, thiab 8 prototypes hauv CD-HP. M21 tsuas yog kuaj pom hauv cov quav ntawm CD-NP, thiab M38 thiab M51 tsuas yog kuaj pom hauv cov zis ntawm CD-HP. Piv nrog cov metabolites, cov metabolites zoo tib yam hauv cov ntshav plasma, zis, thiab quav yog 4, 42, thiab 21, feem. Muaj 34 metabolites absorbed hauv CD pawg, 39 hauv CD-NP, thiab 40 hauv CD-HP pawg. M5, M7, M40, thiab M52 tsuas yog kuaj pom hauv CD-NP pawg, thaum M24, M41, thiab M48 tsuas yog kuaj pom hauv CD-HP pawg.
Kev hloov pauv tau pom nyob rau hauv kev nqus nrog rau cov metabolism ntawm cov tshuaj nquag hauv cov khoom lag luam sib txawv ntawm CD. Los ntawm daim duab 14, peb pom tias qhov kev siv ntawm HT-sulfate conjugation (M17) yog qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv cov zis, ua raws li 3-HPP sulfate conjugation (M29), methylated HT sulfate conjugation (M22), dehydroxylated CA sulfate. conjugation (M32), thiab 3, 4-dihydroxy benzene propionic acid sulfate conjugation (M19). Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom metabolic hauv pab pawg ua haujlwm tau siab dua hauv pawg CD, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau M22, M29, M27, M16, M19, M1, thiab M2. Lawv cov precursor tebchaw, xws li hydroxytyrosol muaj anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, thiab antifungal zog [23]. Cafeic acid muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tiv thaiv qog noj ntshav, thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob [24]. Nws tau ua raws li kev kho mob siv CD thiab nws cov khoom ua tiav.
Kev sib tham
CD yog TCM, thiab nws cov khoom siv bioactive tseem ceeb, suav nrog PhGs, iridoids, thiab polysaccharides tau sau tseg los ntawm ntau yam kev tshawb fawb. Hauv TCM kev kho mob, cov khoom lag luam ua tiav ntawm CD tau siv dav rau cov khoom nyoos. Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav raug hloov thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, uas yuav ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj (Daim duab 14).
PhGs yog ib hom phenolic compound tsim los ntawm -glucopyranoside qauv bearing ib hydroxyphenylethyl moiety li aglycone. Cov tebchaw no feem ntau suav nrog caffein acid thiab rhamnose txuas rau cov piam thaj residue los ntawm ester lossis glycosidic linkages feem. Hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, kev soj ntsuam zoo ntawm CD, CD-NP, thiab CD-HP tau ua tiav, thiab tag nrho ntawm 97 cov tshuaj, suav nrog phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), iridoids, thiab lwm yam. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom qhov txawv ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ua ntej thiab tom qab ua tiav. Qhov kev siv ntawm PhGs muaj 4'-O-caffeoyl pawg hauv 8-O- -d-glucopyranosyl ib feem, xws li acteoside, cistanoside C, campneoside II, osmanthuside poob qis tom qab ua tiav, thaum PhGs nrog rau 6'-O-cafeoyl pawg hauv 8-O- -d-glucopyranosyl ib feem, xws li isoacetoside, isocistanoside, isocampneoside I, isomartynoside nce, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv CD-NP pawg. Te siv ntawm echinacoside thiab cistanoside B uas nws cov qauv muaj 6'-O- -d-glucopyranosyl moiety kuj nce. PhGs uas muaj 2'-actyl pawg feem ntau txo qis vim yog hydrosis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, xws li tubuloside B, thiab 2-acetylacteoside.
Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov metabolites absorbed hauv vivo tau ua tiav tom qab kev tswj hwm qhov ncauj ntawm CD thiab nws cov khoom ua tiav. Cov txheej txheem metabolic ntawm theem II yog qhov tseem ceeb cascades thiab feem ntau ntawm cov metabolites yog sulfate, glucuronide, thiab methylated conjugates. Phenylethanol glycosides muaj tsawg qhov ncauj nqus thiab siv. Tey yog ib qho nyuaj rau absorbed rau hauv cov ntshav, thiab ua raws li progenitors ua si lawv lub luag hauj lwm tom qab metabolic activation nyob rau hauv vivo. Phenylethanoids tsim rau hauv phenylethanolaglycone, zoo li hydroxytyrosine (HT) thiab caffein acid (CA) thiab nws cov derivative 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (3-HPP), cov metabolites no yuav yooj yim absorbed rau hauv cov ntshav thiab muaj cov tshuaj zoo dua. nyhuv.
Feem ntau ntawm cov metabolites tau pom nyob rau hauv lawv qhov qis dua los yog tsis pom nyob rau hauv nas plasma, txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev pom ntau dua hauv cov zis, qhia tias cov metabolites yuav tshem tawm yooj yim ntawm cov zis. Raws li tau piav qhia hauv Table 3, tib lub tebchaw tau txiav txim siab hauv ntau pawg, thaum muaj kev hloov pauv loj heev tau pom nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov metabolites uas yuav cuam tshuam nrog qhov tsis sib xws ntawm CD thiab nws cov khoom ua tiav. HT-sulfate conjugation (M17) muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv cov zis, ua raws li 3-HPP sulfate conjugation (M29), methylated HT sulfate conjugation (M22), dehydroxylated CA sulfate conjugation (M32), thiab 3, {{ 8}}dihydroxy benzene propionic acid sulfate conjugation (M19). Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom metabolic hauv pab pawg ua haujlwm tau siab dua hauv pawg CD, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau M22, M29, M27, M16, M19, M1, thiab M2.
Feem ntau, cov khoom uas muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau hauv lub cev tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau zoo. Ib qho txaus ntawm phenylethanoids thiab lawv cov derivatives tau raug soj ntsuam thiab txiav txim siab hauv vitro. Acteoside yog cov yam ntxwv sib xyaw, nws cov ntsiab lus poob qis tom qab ua tiav los ntawm cov cawv txiv hmab, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm isoacteoside, isocistanoside C, thiab isocampneoside I nce ntxiv. Cov khoom degradation ntawm PhGs, zoo li CA thiab HT derivatives, tuaj yeem raug soj ntsuam hauv bio-samples, thiab kev ua mov-wine tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov nqus ntawm cov metabolites hauv vivo.
Xaus
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, 97 tebchaw tau kuaj pom nyob rau hauv cov extracts ntawm CD thiab nws cov khoom ua tiav. Qhov degradation ntawm ob peb glycosides tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias, vim li ntawd, qee cov isomers tshiab thiab complexes tau ua ke. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav vivo, cov qauv qauv (10) thiab cov metabolites (44) tau txiav txim siab los yog ntsuas ntsuas hauv cov ntshav plasma nas, quav, thiab zis. Phase II cov txheej txheem metabolic yog qhov tseem ceeb cascades, feem ntau ntawm cov metabolites tau txuam nrog echinacoside lossis acteoside, zoo li HT, CA, thiab lawv cov derivatives 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid 3-HPP. Cov metabolites no tuaj yeem nqus tau yooj yim dua rau hauv cov ntshav thiab muaj cov nyhuv tshuaj zoo dua. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tau tias cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm CD sib txawv thiab cuam tshuam rau cov khoom siv hauv vitro thiab hauv vivo.
Cov ntawv luv
PhGs: Phenylethanoid glycosides; CD: Cistanche deserticola; CMM: Suav Materia Medica; TCM: Tshuaj suav tshuaj; CD-NP: Cistanche deserticola Ua los ntawm steaming nrog mov caw nyob rau hauv ib txwm siab; CD-HP: Cistanche deserticola Ua los ntawm steaming nrog mov-wine nyob rau hauv siab siab; UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE: Ultra-siab ua kua chromatography ua ke nrog TOF-MSE; PCA: Kev txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb; VIP: Qhov tseem ceeb sib txawv rau qhov projection; CA: caféic acid; HA: Hydroxytyrosol.
Kev lees paub
Tsis siv tau.
Cov neeg sau ntawv pab txhawb
LZ, LBN, thiab SJ tau koom nrog kev sau ntawv, thiab sau cov ntawv sau. RJ, LPP pab nrog cov tsiaj sim thiab tsim thiab ua tiav tag nrho cov duab thiab cov ntxhuav. ZC, HY, thiab JTZ tau pab tsim thiab ua haujlwm ntawm txoj kev tshawb no thiab tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv sau. Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau nyeem thiab pom zoo cov ntawv sau kawg.
Nyiaj txiag
Txoj haujlwm no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm National Natural Science Foundation ntawm Tuam Tshoj (Grant No: 81874345) thiab Natural Science Foundation ntawm Liaoning Province (Grant No: 2020-MS-223).
Muaj cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv
Cov ntaub ntawv siv thiab/lossis tshuaj xyuas thaum lub sijhawm kawm tam sim no muaj los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv raws li qhov kev thov tsim nyog.
Cov lus tshaj tawm
Kev pom zoo ntawm kev ncaj ncees thiab kev tso cai los koom
Kev pom zoo rau kev siv tsiaj sim rau txoj kev tshawb fawb no tau txais los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv ntawm Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (pom zoo: 2018YS(DW)-044-01). Tag nrho cov txheej txheem kev sim hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no yog nyob rau hauv cov qauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv ntawm Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Tso cai rau kev tshaj tawm
Tsis siv tau.
Kev nyiam sib tw
Cov kws sau ntawv tshaj tawm tias lawv tsis muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb los nthuav tawm.
Sau Paub meej
1 Pharmaceutic Department, Liaoning University of Traditional suav tshuaj, Dalian, Liaoning, Suav. 2Drug Research Institute ntawm Monos Group, Ulaanbaatar 14250, Mongolia.
Cov ntaub ntawv
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