Capsaicin thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua haujlwm qoj ib ce, qaug zog thiab mob

Hu rau:joanna.jia@wecistanche.com/ WhatsApp: 008618081934791

Gaia Giuriato 1,2, Massimo Venturelli 1,3, Alexs Matias 2, Edgard MKVK Soares 2,4, Jessica Gaetgens 5, Kimberley A. Frederick 5 thiab Stephen J. Ives 2,*

Abstract:Capsaicin (CAP) activates lub transient receptor tej zaum vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel onsensory neurons, txhim kho ATP ntau lawm, vascular muaj nuj nqi, qaug zog tiv thaiv, thiab yog li kev tawm dag zog. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem hauv qab ntawm CAP-vim cov teebmeem ergogenic thiab qaug zog-ua haujlwm, tseem tsis pom. Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev qaug zog ntawm CAP, 10 cov tub ntxhais hluas noj qab haus huv tau ua lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua mus rau kev qaug zog (TTE) kev sim (85 feem pua ​​​​ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab tshaj) tom qab noj cov placebo (PL; fiber ntau) lossis CAP capsules nyob rau hauv qhov muag tsis pom kev, counterbalanced, crossoverdesign, thaum cardiorespiratory teb tau saib xyuas. Kev qaug zog tau raug soj ntsuam nrog cov txheej txheem interpolatedtwitch, ua ntej kev tawm dag zog, thaum lub sij hawm isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVC). Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv (p > 0.05) tau kuaj pom hauv cov lus teb ntawm cov hlab ntsws thiab cov lus qhia txog kev qaug zog ntawm tus kheej (RPE scale) thaum lub sijhawm sim lossis hauv TTE (375 ± 26 thiab 327 ± 36 s, ntsig txog). CAP attenuated qhov txo qis hauv potentiated twitch (PL: −52 ± 6 vs. CAP: −42 ± 11 feem pua ​​, p=0.037), thiab tended toattenuate qhov poob siab tshaj plaws so tus nqi (PL: −47 ± 33 vs . CAP: −29 ± 68 feem pua ​​, p=0.057), tab sis tsis yog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim kev quab yuam, MVC, lossis kev yeem ua kom cov leeg nqaij. Yog li, CAPmight attenuate neuromuscular qaug zog los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv afferent signaling lossis neuromuscularrelaxation kinetics, tej zaum kho los ntawm sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2 ntxiv rau ATPase (SERCA) twj tso kua mis, yog li nce tus nqi ntawm Ca2 ntxiv rau reuptake thiab so.

Ntsiab lus: motoneuron; afferent; skeletal leeg; cardiac tso zis; qhov cua; metabolism; perfusion

Cistanche ntxivmuaj ibanti- nkees nyhuv.

1. Taw qhia

Lub ntsiab pungent bioactive ingredient nyob rau hauv kub kua txob, capsaicin (CAP), tau ntev tau suav hais tias rau nws cov peev xwm kho mob. Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-trans-6- tsis muaj nyob hauv nruab nrab) yog classical piav raws li ib tug irritant thiab yog ib tug paub zoo endogenousactivator ntawm transient receptor tej zaum vanilloid hom 1 (TRPV1) ntawm sensory neuronsmodulating signals rau kub thiab/los yog mob. Kev cuam tshuam rau CAP ua rau muaj zog neuronalcalcium influx, feem ntau ua raws li kev tswj hwm ntawm TRPV1 kev ua haujlwm [1–3]. Vim li no, CAP yog cov cuab yeej kho mob pheej hmoo los hloov kho TRPV1-txoj kev cuam tshuam, los ntawm kev nkag siab [1–4], o [5], thiab tiv thaiv kab mob [6], rau feem ntau cov kab mob hnyav xws lischizophrenia [7], kev ntxhov siab, kev nyuaj siab [8], rog [9] thiab mob nkees [10]. Kev noj CAP ua kom cov thermogenesis los ntawm stimulating catecholamine secretion los ntawm adrenal medulla, txo adipogenesis, thiab txhawb zog metabolism [11-15], txhim kho mitochondrial biogenesis thiab adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, thiab evensuggested los txhim kho cov cim kev noj qab haus huv [11-15]. ].

Hauv cov nas tsuag, CAP elicits ib tus cwj pwm nquag nquag, nce tuav lub zog thiab ua luam dej lub sij hawm kom qaug zog nyob rau hauv koob tshuaj [21–24]. Cov kev txhim kho hauv lub cev ua haujlwm tau cuam tshuam rau kev nce hauv cov ntsiab lus glycogen hauv siab [21], zoo li qhov tshwm sim ntawm glycogen sparing [24] thiab nce fatty acid siv vim CAP-induced adrenal catecholamine secretion [22]. Ntxiv mus, cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm nas tau pom tias qhov kev ua kom TRPV1 los ntawm CAP cov thawj coj upregulates PGC -1, txhawb nqa mitochondrialbiogenesis, nce kev koom tes ntawm oxidative ATP ntau lawm, thiab upregulates theexpression ntawm oxidative fibers nyob rau hauv skeletal nqaij [25,26]. Hauv cov qauv murine, CAP-inducedmuscular so yog kho los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov hluav taws xob ua haujlwm Ca2 ntxiv rau hauv lub cell [4]. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib koob tshuaj loj ntawm CAP downregulates theexpression ntawm mitochondrial uncoupling protein UCP3, thiab txo tus nqi ATP ntawm contraction, txawm tias tsis hloov, thiab lub sij hawm nce, hluav taws xob twitch force tiam [25,27]. Txawm hais tias CAP tau kawm dav dav hauv cov qauv ntawm tes thiab murine, nws cov teebmeem acutein vivo physiological thaum ua ke nrog kev tawm dag zog tau txais kev tsis txaus ntseeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau tib neeg.

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb fawb txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev noj CAP thiab nws cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua haujlwm sib txawv hauv cov txiv neej noj qab haus huv [28–31]. Yog li muaj qee cov lus ceeb toom ntawm kev txhim kho kev ua tau zoo los ntawm kev noj ntawm ib koob tshuaj 12 mg ntawm purifiedCAP thaum lub sijhawm 1500-m khiav lub sijhawm sim [30], kev siv zog ua haujlwm sib nrug [28], thiab kev cob qhia kev ua haujlwm [29] , tab sis tsis yog thaum lub sijhawm 10 km kev ua haujlwm [31]. Tsis tas li ntawd, CAP txo qhov kev ntsuas ntawm kev pom zoo (RPE) thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm siab thiab ua haujlwm, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm pawg sib txawv hauv lactate concentration, qhia txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm CAP ntawm kev qaug zog lossis kev xav ntawm qaug zog. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, Opheim thiab cov npoj yaig tsis tau soj ntsuam ib qho kev cuam tshuam ntawm 7 hnub ntawm kev noj 28.5 mg ntawm CAP ntawm kev ua haujlwm lossis qib pom kev qaug zog thaum lub sijhawm rov ua dua (15 × 30 m sprints nrog rau 35 s), tab sis qhov kev siv tshuaj no ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj. gastrointestinal ntxhov siab [32], qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev noj tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev tshawb fawb saum toj no ntawm CAP tau tsom mus rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tawm dag zog nkaus xwb, tawm hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm CAP ntawm cov txheej txheem fatiguing ntau yam tsis tau tshawb nrhiav.

Kev tawm dag zog ua kom muaj kev nthuav dav ntawm cov cytokines tshwj xeeb, xws li interleukin -6 (IL-6) thiab interleukin -1 (IL-1) [33,34], uas tau pom zoo aspotential mediators ntawm lub hauv paus paj hlwb qaug zog nyob rau hauv ntau yam kab mob [35]. Kev tawm dag zog siab kuj tseem ua rau cov qaub ncaug -amylase ua haujlwm [36] thiab qib cortisol [37], uas yuav cuam tshuam txog cov lus teb neuroendocrine rau kev tawm dag zog; cortisol tau pom tias muaj cov khoom tiv thaiv kab mob, yog li cov lus teb inflammatory thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab ua ke. Tsis tas li ntawd, CAP tau paub cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, nrog rau lub peev xwm los txo cov kev qhia ntawm ntau yam proinflammatorycytokines thiab chemokines [38,39]. Rau peb txoj kev paub, tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb, txog rau hnub tim, tau tshawb xyuas cov txheej txheem muaj peev xwm ntawm CAP-koom nrog kev txhim kho kev ua tau zoo, tshwj xeeb yog tias CAP tuaj yeem hloov cov lus teb rau qhov mob lossis endocrine rau kev tawm dag zog thiab ua rau muaj kev qaug zog hauv tib neeg.

Raws li, muab cov ntaub ntawv tsis txaus, peb nrhiav kev tshawb nrhiav qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov ncauj qhov ncauj CAP noj ntawm kev tawm dag zog, qaug zog, thiab cov lus teb inflammatory-endocrine siv qhov muag tsis pom, placebo-tswj, counterbalanced crossover tsim.Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm peb txoj kev kawm yog kom nkag siab zoo dua qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev muaj zog ntawm kev tswj hwm capsaicin hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas, noj qab nyob zoo thiab ua kom muaj qhov sib txawv hauv cov ntaub ntawv hais txog ergogenic thiab qaug zog-ua haujlwm ntawm capsaicin hauv tib neeg. Txhawm rau ua kom tiav qhov no, peb siv cov txheej txheem twitch interpolation los qhia txog qhov twg ntawm peripheral fatigue thiab txhais cov paj hlwb hauv nruab nrab (kev yeem ua kom muaj zog) rau qhov kev cog lus siab tshaj plaws. Peb xav tias CAP supplementation yuav txhim kho cyclingperformance thiab / los yog attenuate lub pom neuromuscular qaug zog tom qab ib tug cycling ce lub sij hawm mus sim qaug zog siv cov txheej txheem interpolated twitch, uas tej zaum yuav yog vim anatenuated endocrine thiab inflammatory teb rau kev tawm dag zog.

2. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem

2.1. Cov Ntsiab Lus thiab Cov Txheej Txheem General

Kaum peb cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab lub cev ua haujlwm tau raug xaiv rau txoj kev kawm no los ntawm Skid-more College thiab cov zej zog nyob ib puag ncig. Yuav kom suav nrog, cov neeg koom yuav tsum muaj kev noj qab haus huv yam tsis muaj keeb kwm ntawm cov hlab plawv, neuromuscular, pulmonary, lossis metabolicdisease. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg koom yuav tsis tuaj yeem yog tam sim no lossis tsis ntev los no (tsawg dua 6 lub hlis) cov neeg haus luam yeeb, muaj kev paub txog kev ua xua, thiab / lossis kev xav ntau dhau rau cov zaub mov ntsim (xws li, hotpeppers, jalapenos, paprika, thiab lwm yam) lossis fiber ntau (psyllium husk). Cov neeg koom nrog cov keeb kwm kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev tsim nyog tau raug tshuaj xyuas siv daim ntawv nug txog kev noj qab haus huv los ntsuas kev tsim nyog (AHA/ACSMPre-Participation Screening Questionnaire thiab Physical Activity Questionnaire[PAR-Q]). Cov neeg koom nrog raug hais kom tsis txhob noj cov vitamins lossis ergogenicsupplements (piv txwv li, L-Arginine, Citrulline-Malate, Pre-Workout) tsawg kawg 2 hnub ua ntej mus ntsib kev sim, thiab tsis txhob haus cawv thiab caffeine, 24 teev ua ntej kuaj. Lawv raug nug kom ceeb toom rau lub chaw sim 2 teev ua ntej kev xeem. Txhua tus neeg koom nrog tau sau ntawv tso cai ua ntej kev koom tes hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb. Txoj kev kawm raws tu qauv tau ua tsis raws li qhov kev hloov kho tshiab tshaj plaws ntawm Kev Tshaj Tawm ntawm Helsinki thiab tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb (IRB#1807-733) thiab Institutional Biosafety Committeesof Skidmore College.

cistanche extract hmoov

2.2. Kev sim tsim

Cov ntsiab lus tau tshaj tawm rau chav kuaj peb hnub sib txawv, nrog qhov tsawg kawg ntawm 72 teev ntawm kev sib ntsib (Saib daim duab 1). Anthropometric thiab lub cev muaj pes tsawg leeg cov ntaub ntawv tau sau rau thawj zaug kev sib tham siv huab cua hloov chaw plethysmography (Bod Pod, Cosmed, Concord, CA, USA) [40]. Cov neeg koom nrog raug nug kom ua qhov kev sim siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub voj voog sib nqus sib nqus ergometer (828E, Monark, Cosmed, Vansbro, Sweden) pib ntawm 50 W nrog nce ntawm 25 W / min, ntawm tus kheej xaiv cadence uas tau khaws cia rau lub sijhawm. qhov kev sim nce ntxiv ntxiv nrog rau cov kev sim tom ntej.Qhov kev sim txuas ntxiv mus txog rau thaum cov neeg koom tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav cov haujlwm tau teem tseg.Thaum kawg ntawm kev sib kho, cov neeg koom tau paub txog cov isometric maximalvoluntary contractions thiab hluav taws xob evoked leeg nqaij contractions. Nyob rau hauv ib leeg-dig muag, counterbalanced, crossover tsim, nyob rau hnub 2 thiab 3, cov neeg koom tau raug hais kom noj 2 × 390 mg ntawm CAP capsules (Capsicool, Natures Way, Medley FL, USA) lossis 2 × 500mg cov tshuaj placebo (PL; Fiber. , Psyllium Husk, Kirkland Kos Npe, Seattle, WA, USA). Cov tshuaj ntsiav muaj qhov zoo sib xws (xws li, xim, loj, thiab lwm yam), saj (ob qho tib si tau ntim nrog cellulose / hypromellose capsules), thiab tau coded inconspicuously los xyuas kom qhov muag tsis pom. Thedosing tau ua raws li cov chaw tsim khoom pom zoo cov lus qhia thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev sim ntsuas. Lub sij hawm ua kom siab tshaj plaws hauv cov ntshav concentration ntawm CAP tom qab noj qhov ncauj yog ~ 1 h [41]; Vim li no, kev soj ntsuam qaug zog thaum so tau soj ntsuam 50 feeb tom qab noj tshuaj kom paub tseeb tias muaj bioavailability txaus. Qhov no tau ua raws li qhov kev tawm dag zog tas li (85 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab tshaj plaws) rau kev qaug zog (TTE) thiab lwm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas kev qaug zog tam sim tom qab kev tawm dag zog (tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 60 s). Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas neuromuscular muaj 6 qhov kev yeem siab tshaj plaws (MVC) thiab superimposed twitch, ua ntej thiab tom qab-lub sij hawm-rau-shaustion trials.Qhov kev sim tsheb kauj vab tau raug txiav tawm thaum cov kev kawm tsis tuaj yeem tswj tus kheej xaiv pace rau ntau tshaj 10 s. Cov qauv qaub ncaug tau sau peb zaug thaum kev sim sim: ua ntej pib qhov kev ntsuam xyuas neuromuscular thawj zaug, tom qab qhov kev ntsuam xyuas neuromuscular kawg, thiab tom qab 5 feeb ntawm kev rov qab los.

Daim duab 1. Kev sim tsim ntawm kev kawm.

Kev ua pa (VE) thiab pulmonary gas exchange (VO2, VCO2) tau ntsuas ua pa-los ntawm-ua pa ntawm so thiab thaum lub sij hawm ob qhov kev sim los ntawm lub qhov ncauj thiab ib txoj kev tsis ua pa valve (Hans Rudolph 2700, Shawnee, KS, USA), qhov ntswg clip, thiab qhov chaw nres nkoj expiratory txuas rau lub laub metabolic (TrueOne 2400, Parvomedics, Sandy, UT, USA) [42]. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov cim hauv nruab nrab hemodynamic (HR: lub plawv dhia; SV: mob stroke ntim; CO: cardiac output) tau sau los ntawm kev siv cov cardiograph uas tsis yog-invasive thoracic impedance cardiograph (PhysioFlow®, Paris, Fabkis). Kev siv tau thiab kev ntseeg tau ntawm txoj kev no yav dhau los tau tsim [43].

2.4. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm Neuromuscular Function thiab Fatigue

Cov txheej txheem hauv qab no tau ua raws li cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los [44,45]. Raws li, tom qab kev npaj ntawm daim tawv nqaij kom zoo, ob daim tawv nqaij tag nrho cov nplaum hydrogel-stimulating electrodes (qhov loj me: 50 90} hli, Myotrode Plus, Globus G0465) tau siv rau ntawm quadriceps: lub anode tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov sib thooj ntawm tus ncej puab. , thaum lub cathode tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov distal ntawm ceg extensors, 3 cm saum toj no patella. Qhov kev siv dag zog tau txiav txim siab ua ntej kev ntsuas los ntawm 25-mA nce mus txog qhov loj ntawm qhov evoked twitch thiab cov leeg nqaij ua haujlwm muaj peev xwm (M-wave) pom tias tsis muaj kev nce ntxiv. Lub zog twitch lub zog tau ntsuas los ntawm kev ntsuas lub zog ua kom txaus (MLP-300; Transducer Techniques, Temecula, CA, USA) statically txuas nrog lub rooj zaum tsim los ntawm cov pluaj uas tsis ua raws li nyob ib ncig ntawm pob taws ntawm tus kheej. - Qhia txog lub cev ntaj ntsug (sab ceg hauv txhua kis). Cov kev kawm tau zaum nrog 90◦ lub hauv caug flexion thaum lub sij hawm ntsuam xyuas qaug zog. Lub superimposed twitch (SIT) thiab so twitch force (Qtw, lauj kaub) tau ntsuas thaum lub sijhawm 5-s MVC ntawm lub hauv caug extensors thiab tom qab 2-s ntawm cov leeg so. Cov txheej txheem no tau rov ua dua rau lub sijhawm ua ntej thiab tom qab lub sijhawm kom qaug zog caij tsheb kauj vab. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm peb qhov zoo tshaj plaws MVCs tau txheeb xyuas thiab ntsuas qhov nruab nrab. Kev yeem ua kom cov leeg mob siab (VMA feem pua ​​) raug xam raws li VMA feem pua ​​= [1- (SIT/Qtw, pot)x100]. Peak force, maximal rate of force development (MRFD), thiab maximal so rate (MRR) tau soj ntsuam rau tag nrho Qtw, lauj kaub. Peak quab yuam raug xam raws li tus nqi siab tshaj plaws mus txog rau txhua Qtw, lauj kaub, MRFD, thiab ncov MRR ntawm qhov so twitch raug xam raws li qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kab nqes hla ntawm 10-ms ncua sijhawm. Cov ntaub ntawv raug sau los ntawm Biopac system (MP150) thiab kaw siv AcqKnowledge AD acquisition system (v. 4.4, Biopac, Goleta, CA, USA) ntawm ib lub computer. Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv thaum lub sij hawm qaug zog tau txheeb xyuas txhua 30 s. Txhawm rau nkag siab txog qhov muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam ntawm CAP ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm kev qaug zog, peb tau soj ntsuam tag nrho lub cev thiab txhais ceg ntawm kev pom zoo (RPEtot thiab RPEleg, ntsig txog) txhua feeb thaum lub sijhawm sim.

2.5. Microvascular Oxygenation

Microvascular oxygenation tau soj ntsuam nrog ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev daws teeb meem ze-infrared spectroscopy oximeter (NIRS; Oxiplex TS; ISS, Champaign, IL, USA). Cov txheej txheem NIRS muab kev ntsuas tsis tu ncua thiab tsis tu ncua ntawm oxygenated (HbO2), deoxygenated (HHb), thiab tag nrho (Hbtot) hemoglobin qib, ntawm qhov zaus ntawm 2 Hz. Kev sojntsuam tau ntsuas txhua lub sijhawm ua ntej siv thiab tom qab ntawd muab tso rau ntawm vastus lateralis ntawm cov ceg uas tsis muaj zog (sab laug), thiab ruaj ntseg nrog cov nplaum nplaum thiab ib daim ntaub qhwv kom tsis txhob muaj teeb meem sib kis, xws li hauv kev kawm ua ntej [46–48]. Vim qhov zoo ib yam spectral zoo, hemoglobin thiab myoglobin tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas qhov tshwj xeeb siv NIRS, thiab yog li sawv cev rau cov teeb liab conglomerate.

2.6. Salivary Analysis

Cov qauv ntawm {{0}}mL tag nrho cov qaub ncaug tau sau raws li tau hais los saum toj no, dhau los ntawm cov txheej txheem drooltechnique passive, thiab tam sim ntawd khaws cia ntawm −80 ◦C kom txog thaum kuaj. Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cortisol, IL-1 , IL-6, thiab -amylase tau ua los ntawm kev muag khoom ELISA thiab cov khoom siv enzymatic (Sali-metrics, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Cov kev ntsuam xyuas tau khiav nrog cov qauv / cov qauv hauv qhov sib npaug, tsis sib haum nrog cov chaw tsim khoom cov lus qhia, thiab nyeem nrog lub ntsuas xim xim (iMark, Biorad, Hercules, CA, USA). Lub linearity rau cov kev ntsuam xyuas no yog R2> 0.99, thaum lub coefficient ntawm variation (CV) yog<5% on="" standards="" for="" all="">

2.7. Biochemical Analysis ntawm Capsules

Cov tshuaj Capsaicin (n {{0}}}) thiab tswj cov tshuaj fiber ntau (n=3) tau raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm kev rho tawm nrog ethanol kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm cov tshuaj analytes capsaicin thiab dihydrocapsaicin hauv txhua qhov ntxiv, raws li ob qho tib si ua ntawm TRPV1 . Cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhua qhov ntxiv tau muab tso rau hauv 1.5 mL ntawm ethanol thiab sab laug mus rau rho tawm rau yim teev nyob rau hauv qhov cub ntawm 80 ◦C nrog ntu ntu. Cov qauv tau lim thiab cov extract tau tshuaj xyuas los ntawm HPLC (Thermo Vanquish, Waltham, ma, ec, ec, ec, eptorcapsicin thiab dihydrocapsicip cov ntsiab lus.Txhua cov qauv siv rau calibration nrog ib tug raug intra-assay CV ntawm 3 feem pua ​​thiab linearity ntawm R2 > 0.995.

2.8. Kev txheeb cais

Hauv ib-tailed, khub-tus qauv tsim, qhov loj me ntawm 0.8, thiab alpha ntawm 0.05, qhov loj me ntawm 12 tus neeg koom tau kwv yees los xyuas kom meej tias statistical power of {{10}}.80 (G*Powersoftware, Kiel, Germany). Kev sib piv kev txheeb cais tau ua nrog kev lag luam software (Prism v. 8.0, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Cov ntaub ntawv thaum lub sij hawm TTE (kab mob plawv, ventilatory, inflammatory, thiab RPE variables) tau soj ntsuam siv ib tug ob-txoj kev rov hais dua-measures tsom xam ntawm variance (ANOVA) los soj ntsuam qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sim. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm ib txwm muaj thiab cov kev xav tau ua, yog tias pom muaj kev ua txhaum loj, kev hloov kho kom tsim nyog rau qib kev ywj pheej tau ua. Rau TTE, lub sijhawm kawg taw tes yog lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tsis ua haujlwm. Paired cov qauv t-tests tau siv los ntsuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv kev hloov pauv ua ntej mus rau TTE hauv cov kev ntsuam xyuas theneuromuscular. Kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb tau tshaj tawm thaum p <0.05. cov="" ntaub="" ntawv="" raug="" nthuav="" tawm="" raws="" li="" txhais="" tau="" tias="" ±="" sd="" tshwj="" tsis="" yog="" hais="" tias="" lwm="">

3. Cov txiaj ntsig

3.1. Cov yam ntxwv koom nrog

Kaum tus tub hluas, noj qab nyob zoo, thiab lub cev muaj zog ua tau raws li txhua yam kev suav nrog thiab ua tiav txhua qhov kev sim siab (Table 1). Cov kev ntsuas ua ntej ua haujlwm cardiorespiratory tsis txawv ntawm qhov kev sim (tag nrho p > 0.05, cov ntaub ntawv tsis qhia).

3.2. Supplement Analysis

Cov qauv tracing ntawm absorbance spectra rau Capsaicin thiab dihydrocapsaicin siv rau qhov kev txiav txim tom qab tau nthuav tawm hauv daim duab 2. Qhov nruab nrab capsaicin cov ntsiab lus hauv txhua qhov ntxiv yog 0.957 mg / ntsiav tshuaj nrog ntau yam ntawm 0.951–{ {5}}.969 mg/capsule, yog li tag nrho cov koob tshuaj yog 1.914 mg. Rau dihydrocapsaicin, qhov nruab nrab yog 0.329 mg/capsule nrog ntau yam ntawm 0.326–{13}}.332 mg/capsule, yog li tag nrho cov koob tshuaj yog 0. 658mg ib. Cov tshuaj tswj fiber ntau tsis muaj cov tshuaj capsaicin lossis dihydrocapsaicin.

Daim duab 2. Sample Absorbance Signal

3.3. Kev ua tau zoo, Kev ua haujlwm Neuromuscular thiab qaug zog

Ob leeg placebo thiab capsaicin tej yam kev mob tau pom zoo li qaug zog (TTE) lub sij hawm ntawm 375 ± 26 thiab 327 ± 36 s, raws li (p > 0.05, Daim duab 3A). Hais txog lub zog ua ntej kev tawm dag zog, MVCs tsis txawv ntawm ob qho xwm txheej (640 ± 127 vs. 643 ± 161 N, p > 0.05), nrog rau tom qab TTE (479 ± 125 vs. 499 ± 133 N, p > 0.05). Yog li ntawd, lub hauv paus so twitches (Qtw, lauj kaub) pom qhov zoo sib xws (201 64 vs. 205 59 N, p > 0.05), tab sis trended mus rau ib tug ntau dua Qtw, lauj kaub tam sim ntawd tom qab ce nyob rau hauv lub CAP mob raws li piv rau PL mob (100 ± 28 vs. 116 ± 37 N, p=0.07, Daim duab 4F). Qhov no kuj pom nyob rau hauv feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov kev hloov pauv hauv kev poob qis hauv Qtw, lauj kaub hauv ob qho xwm txheej, uas tau mus txog qhov tseem ceeb (52 ± 6 vs. 42 ± 11%), p=0.037, Daim duab 4E). Thaum lub potentiated twitch (Qtw, lauj kaub feem pua ​​) tau npaj ua haujlwm ntawm TTE, kev sib raug zoo tseem ceeb nrog PL (r=0.7, p=0.04) thiab CAP (r {{42) }}.7, p=0.04) tau pom (Daim duab 3B). VMA feem pua ​​tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tawm dag zog lossis kev ntxiv (p > 0.05). Saib ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv nqaij ua haujlwm, MRR thiab MRFD tau pom tias muaj kev txo qis hauv TTE ua ntej (p <0.000). tsis="" tas="" li="" ntawd,="" cap="" tau="" txo="" qhov="" kev="" tawm="" dag="" zog="" vim="" qhov="" poob="" qis="" hauv="" mrr="" (p="0.01;" daim="" duab="" 4c).="" tshwj="" xeeb,="" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" pl="" mob,="" mrr="" raug="" txo="" los="" ntawm="" 57="" ±="" 22="" feem="" pua,="" thaum="" tsuas="" yog="" attenuated="" los="" ntawm="" 41="" ±="" 19="" feem="" pua="" ​​​​hauv="" cap.="" hauv="" qhov="" sib="" piv,="" mrfd="" poob="" zoo="" ib="" yam="" hauv="" ob="" qho="" xwm="" txheej,="" uas="" yog,="" los="" ntawm="" 55="" ±="" 16="" feem="" pua="" ​​​​thiab="" 49="" ±="" 21="" feem="" pua="" ​​​​hauv="" pl="" thiab="" cap,="" raws="" li="" (daim="" duab="">

Daim duab 3. Lub sij hawm ua kom qaug zog

3.4. Microvascular Oxygenation thaum lub sij hawm TTE

Tom qab CAP lossis PL ingestion, cov qib ua ntej ntawm cov leeg nqaij oxygenation (StO2 feem pua; 64 ± 3 vs. 68 ± 8 feem pua), Tag nrho hemoglobin Cov ntsiab lus (THC; 63 ± 23 vs. 66 ± 20 μM) , Oxygenated Hemoglobin (HbO; 40 ± 14 vs. 44 ± 11 μM), thiab Deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb; 23 ± 10 vs. 22 ± 10 μM) tsis txawv ntawm cov xwm txheej (p> 0.05). Qhov pib ntawm TTE tau hloov kho cov microvascular leeg oxygenation indexes, tab sis cov kev hloov pauv tsis txawv nrog kev kho CAP. Txawm li cas los xij, cov leeg nqaij ncig tau pom cov qauv dav dav rau cov txiaj ntsig siab dua nrog CAP, uas thim rov qab thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, nrog THC (77.5 ± 28.1 vs. 80.2 ± 30.9 μM) thiab Hb (36.2 ± 20.3 vs. 40.2 ± 19.4 μM) siab dua hauv cov mob. Thaum peb saib cov hyperemia thaum lub sij hawm rov qab, CAP tau pom ntau dua ntawm StO2 feem pua ​​​​piv rau PL (71.6 ± 1.6 vs. 69.5 ± 2.8 feem pua, p=0.02), tab sis tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov xwm txheej sib txawv rau [THC] (90.1 ± 29.7 vs. 88.9 ± 31.8 μM), [HbO] (64.7 ± 22.0 vs. 62.3 ± 23.1 μM), thiab [Hb] (25.4 ± 7.9 vs. 26.7 μM 9.

Daim duab 4. Neuromuscular Function Parameters tau qhia raws li qhov kev tawm dag zog uas cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv tom qab lub sijhawm ua kom qaug zog (TTE) hauv cov txiv neej hluas (n=10).

3.5. Central Hemodynamics, Ventilation thiab Perceived Exertion thaum lub sij hawm TTE

Qhov ntsuas ntawm lub hauv paus hemodynamic (HR, SV, thiab CO) tsis cuam tshuam qhov sib txawv ntawm ob qho xwm txheej (Daim duab 5). Tsis muaj qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam x lub sijhawm sib cuam tshuam (p > 0.05) tau pom zoo rau HR, SV, thiab CO thaum lub hauv paus thiab kev tawm dag zog. Raws li qhov xav tau, muaj cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm rau tag nrho cov cim hauv nruab nrab hemodynamic (p < 0.00),="" tab="" sis="" tsis="" muaj="" txiaj="" ntsig="" ntawm="" cap="" lossis="" pl="" kev="" tswj="" hwm.="" nrog="" cap,="" hr="" ncov="" thaum="" lub="" sijhawm="" ua="" haujlwm="">

180 ± 7 bpm, SV yog 212 ± 48 mL / min, thiab CO yog 36 ± 8 L / min. Raws li, nrog PL lub ncov ntawm HR yog 181 ± 9 bpm, SV yog 225 ± 49 mL / min, thiab CO yog 38 ± 9 L / min. Lub sij hawm tseem ceeb tau pom muaj txiaj ntsig rau lub tshuab ua pa rau kev tawm dag zog (p < {{30}}}.05)="" hauv="" vo2,="" ve,="" thiab="" rer="" (cov="" ntaub="" ntawv="" tsis="" qhia),="" tab="" sis="" tsis="" muaj="" kev="" cuam="" tshuam="" lossis="" kev="" mob="" tshwm="" sim.="" .="" tsis="" tas="" li="" ntawd,="" qhov="" kev="" ntsuam="" xyuas="" pom="" kev="" ua="" haujlwm="" (daim="" duab="" 5d)="" ntawm="" tag="" nrho="" lub="" cev="" thiab="" ceg="" tau="" nce="" raws="" li="" qhov="" ua="" ntej="" ntawm="" kev="" tawm="" dag="" zog="" thiab="" tsis="" hais="" txog="" kev="" kho="" mob="" (rpetot:="" 7.8="" ±="" 2.2="" vs.="" 6.9="" ±="" 2.8;="" rpeleg:="" 9.3="" ±="" 1.3="" vs.="" 9.0="" ±="" 1.1;="" tag="" nrho="" p=""> 0.05).

3.6. Kev ntxhov siab thiab Proinflammatory Biomarkers

CAP tsis cuam tshuam rau salivary cortisol secretion ntawm lub hauv paus, thaum, thiab tom qab kev tawm dag zog. Tseeb tiag, muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm (p {{0}}}002) nrog rau kev nce hauv salivary cortisol concentration thaum rov qab los; Txawm li cas los xij, CAP tsis cuam tshuam tag nrho cov kinetics (p > 0.05, Table 2). Cov kev ua ntawm salivary -amylase tended yuav txo tau nrog CAP (p=0.07), thiab nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si tej yam kev mob qhia ib tug tseem ceeb ntawm lub sij hawm (p <0.001, table="" 2).="" saib="" ntawm="" cov="" interleukins,="" cap="" nce="" qhov="" nruab="" nrab="" salivary="" il-6="" concentration="" (p="0.009)" nyob="" rau="" hauv="" lub="" hauv="" paus="" thiab="" thaum="" lub="" sij="" hawm="" ib="" ce,="" ces="" theem="" txo="" mus="" rau="" pl="" concentrations="" tom="" qab="" qoj="" ib="" ce.="" ntxiv="" mus,="" cap="" tau="" ua="" rau="" txo="" qis="" qhov="" kev="" tawm="" dag="" zog="" tom="" qab="" kev="" tawm="" dag="" zog="" hauv="" il-1="" (p="0.053," table="">

4. Kev sib tham

Txoj kev tshawb no nrhiav kev txiav txim siab txog qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam ntawm qhov ncauj qhov ncauj capsaicin (CAP) kev tswj hwm ntawm kev caij tsheb kauj vab kev ua tau zoo rau kev qaug zog thiab txheeb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev muaj zog hauv qab neuromuscular qaug zog. Txawm hais tias tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm CAP thiab PL hauv kev caij tsheb kauj vab ua haujlwm rau lub sijhawm ua kom qaug zog, CAP tau txo qis qhov kev tawm dag zog tom qab poob rau hauv lub zog twitch. Nws ib feem cuam tshuam cov contractile kinetics ntawm cov leeg, muab ib tug ntau dua tus nqi ntawm so tab sis tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm tus nqi ntawm contraction. CAP tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov hlab plawv, kev nkag siab ntawm kev qaug zog, lossis cov lus teb microvascular rau TTE sim. Qhov no qhia txog qhov muaj peev xwm txhim kho ntawm sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2 ntxiv rau ATPase (SERCA) twj tso kua mis, yog li khaws cov leeg nqaij. Ntxiv mus, CAP tau hloov pauv hloov pauv hauv cov pro-inflammatory interleukins, txo qis qhov nce ntawm IL-1 thaum rov zoo. Ib feem raws li peb qhov kev xav, CAP tsis tau txhim kho lub sij hawm kom qaug zog tab sis zoo li ua rau txo qis peripheral neuromuscular qaug zog, ua kom cov leeg so kom txaus, thiab hloov pauv cov lus teb inflammatory, tsis muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov kab mob plawv lossis microvascular teb.

4.1. CAP thiab Exercise Performance

Txog rau tam sim no, tsuas yog ob peb tus kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb xyuas lub luag haujlwm ntawm capsaicin thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm hauv tib neeg [28–32]. Rau peb txoj kev paub, qhov no yog thawj txoj kev tshawb fawb los tshawb xyuas seb CAP cuam tshuam li cas neuromuscular qaug zog hauv tib neeg hauv cov ntsiab lus physiological thiab tsis yog nrog kev nkag siab qhov ntsuas. Tseeb tiag, kev noj CAP mob hnyav zoo li yuav ua rau kom muaj kev ua tau zoo lossis qaug zog-ua haujlwm thaum lub sijhawm khiav haujlwm [30], kev siv zog sib zog ua haujlwm [29], thiab kev cob qhia tsis kam [28]. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, peb tsis tau pom ib qho kev txhim kho kev ua tau zoo (Daim duab 3), uas pom zoo nrog qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Opheim thiab cov npoj yaig [32]. Kev ua haujlwm yav dhau los hauv cov nas pom tau tias CAP nce kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev siv tshuaj ntau npaum li cas [21–24], yog li nws muaj peev xwm hais tias cov koob tshuaj uas siv hauv txoj kev tshawb no tsis txaus los txhawb kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm; Txawm li cas los xij, peb yuav yog thawj zaug los txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb capsaicin / dihydrocapsaicin cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj ntxiv thiab, qhov tseem ceeb, peb zam tsis muaj teeb meem loj hauv plab hnyuv uas yuav cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tawm dag zog.

4.2. CAP thiab qoj ib ce-Induced Neuromuscular Fatigue

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no tam sim no, tom qab kev sib tw caij tsheb kauj vab, qhov ntsuas ntawm locomotor nqaij leeg tau cuam tshuam tag nrho, raws li xav tau. Qhov tseeb, ob qho tib si quab yuam thiab kev yeem ua rau cov leeg mob tau txo qis rau qhov zoo sib xws tsis hais txog CAP supplementation (Daim duab 4). Interestingly, qhov kev tawm dag zog-vim txo qis hauv qhov ntsuas ntawm peripheral fatigueweedly zoo li attenuated nrog CAP, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lawv, qhov siab tshaj plaws so npaum li cas thiab qhov loj ntawm lub zog twitch. Mechanistically, ib qho laj thawj rau qhov sib txawv no tuaj yeem ua rau hloov pauv Ca2 ntxiv rau kev tuav. Nws twb tau sau tseg tias thaum lub sij hawm qoj ib ce, Ca2 ntxiv tso tawm los ntawm sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) yog txo nyob rau hauv cov lus teb rau ib tug cim depletion ntawm cellular ATP [49,50], uas tej zaum yuav ua rau txo lub zog tawm ntawm lub ce thiab tiv thaiv peripheral. Kev qaug zog los ntawm kev hla qhov tseem ceeb [51].Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau tshawb xyuas capsaicin, uas ua rau TRPV1 channel kev ua si uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase (SERCA) twj tso kua mis [52] hauv cov leeg. Kev ua haujlwm siab SERCA twj tso kua mis nrog CAP-induced activation ntawm TRPV1 nyob rau hauv cov leeg thiaj li txhim kho lub kinetics ntawm SR Ca2 ntxiv rau reuptake [49,50,53], tej zaum piav qhia qhov zoo dua khaws cia qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev so tom qab qoj ib ce. Tsis tas li ntawd, capsaicin tuaj yeem txhawb nqa mitochondrial depolarization thiab reactive oxygen hom (ROS) ntau lawm, tsawg kawg yog cov koob tshuaj siab [52], tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes kuj tseem pom tias muaj cov tshuaj antioxidant zoo kawg li [54], tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qis dua. Reactive oxygen hom nce ntau thaum lub sij hawm mob siab rau cov leeg nqaij [51] thiab paub tias ua rau qaug zog, tab sis kev sib raug zoo ntawm redox tshuav nyiaj li cas thiab kev ua tau zoo yog complex [55]. Nws yog tenable tias CAP tuaj yeem, inan antioxidant muaj peev xwm, tiv thaiv kev qaug zog ntawm kev nce ROS, tej zaum zoo dua ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm neuromuscular tom qab qoj ib ce, tab sis lav kev tshawb nrhiav ntxiv.

Cov txiaj ntsig no tau hais txog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm CAP hauv kev txo qis kev loj hlob ntawm kev qaug zog peripheral, tej zaum los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm Ca2 ntxiv rau kev tuav thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig antioxidant.Cov kev tshawb pom no kuj tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam lwm yam antioxidants xws li ascorbateduring ce rau cov neeg noj qab haus huv [55,56] thiab hauv kab mob [57,58]. Ntxiv mus, yog tias peb sib xyaw ua ke cov txiaj ntsig microcirculation, txawm tias peb pom qhov kev nyiam rau siab dua StO2 feem pua ​​​​thiab HbO thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm hnyav, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm O2 tus me nyuam thaum rov qab los hauv CAP tuaj yeem ua pov thawj peripheral vascular function [59]. Yog vim li cas tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb thaum kev tawm dag zog tuaj yeem yog CAP tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov leeg nqaij vasculature hauv cov koob tshuaj ntau dua li peb tau muab. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, peb tsom kom txo qis cov kev mob tshwm sim ntawm kev noj cov tshuaj capsaicin, uas yog kev mob plab hnyuv. Peb tsis tau pom qhov txawv ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm lub hauv paus qaug zog, txawm hais tias yav dhau los kev tshawb fawb hauv nas pom tias CAP ua kom cov pab pawg ntawm cov metabosensitive pab pawg IV cov leeg nqaij receptors [60], uas nws qhov kev xav tau nce siab hauv nruab nrab tsav [61]. Perceptually, nws tau pom yav dhau los tias mob CAP supplementation tuaj yeem txo qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev pom zoo thaum lub sij hawm endurance [28], txawm hais tias qhov no tsis yog qhov teeb meem hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, vim RPE nce sib npaug thaum lub sij hawm qaug zog hauv ob qho tib si CAP thiab PL.

4.3. CAP thiab Physiological Response to Exercise

Raws li capsaicin tau pom zoo los txhim kho kev tawm dag zog thiab kev qaug zog, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias nws yuav hloov pauv lub cev lub cev rau kev tawm dag zog thiab thaum kawg txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntau dua. Txog qhov kawg no, kev ua haujlwm yav dhau los hauv cov qauv tsiaj qhia tias CAP-vim kev txhim kho hauv kev ua haujlwm tau cuam tshuam nrog nce siab glycogen cov ntsiab lus [21], tej zaum vim yog glycogen sparing [24], thiab nce kev siv fattyacid los ntawm catecholamine secretion thiab / lossis kev ua haujlwm. [22]. Ntxiv mus, asingle siab koob tshuaj CAP tau pom los txo qis kev qhia ntawm mitochondriauncoupling protein UCP3, uas txo cov nqi hluav taws xob rau ib qho hluav taws xob-inducedcontraction [25,27]. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv tib neeg, tsis muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov leeg nqaij oxidation tau pom nrog mob CAP ntxiv thaum lub sijhawm rov ua haujlwm rov qab [62]. Hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, cov lus teb ntawm cov metabolic tau zoo ib yam thoob plaws hauv kev tawm dag zog, qhia tias kev mob hnyav ntxiv hauv tib neeg tsis cuam tshuam rau kev siv hluav taws xob, ntsuas los ntawm VO2 (Daim duab 5), orenergy substrate xaiv thaum lub sij hawm qoj ib ce, raws li kev soj ntsuam los ntawm RER, tsawg kawg ntawm qhov no kuj tseem. siab siv zog paradigm. Yog li ntawd, lub hauv paus hemodynamic thiab ventilatory teb kuj zoo ib yam ntawm cov kev sim, nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog ib tug zoo xws li metabolic nqi. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov microcirculation ntawm cov leeg leeg kuj tsis txawv txav thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, qhia tias CAP, yam tsawg kawg ntawm qhov koob tshuaj no, ua rau muaj cov nyhuv vasodilatory tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov leeg. Tseeb, thaum lub sij hawm thawj zaug so, cov nqaij ntshiv ncig pom ib qho kev qhia dav dav rau qhov ntsuas siab dua ntawm microvascular perfusion nrog CAP, uas thim rov qab thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm nrog THC thiab Hb siab dua nrog PL. Sib sau ua ke, kev xa thiab kev siv cov pa oxygen zoo li tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm CAP supplementation thiab tsis zoo li cov neeg sib tw ua kom muaj zog neuromuscular qaug zog.

4.4. CAP thiab Neuroinflammatory Indices

Hauv cov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj, cortisol concentration tom qab kev tawm dag zog hnyav yog qhov sib zog-dependent [63] thiab nce mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 20-30 min tom qab qhov kawg ntawm lub cev ua si [64].Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau lees paub qhov nce cortisol sib txawv tom qab kawg ntawm TTE, tab sis CAP tsis tau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau nws. Tseeb tiag, nws tau pom tias rov qab CAP cov thawj coj inrats nce thiab ncua qhov kev ntxhov siab teb [65], tej zaum mus rau qib piv rau cov kev tawm dag zog, txawm tias qhov no feem ntau pom nrog cov koob tshuaj loj. Saib ntawm othersalivary stressor biomarkers, CAP tended txo qis cov salivary -amylase enzyme kev ua si, tej zaum qhia tau hais tias qis sympathetic kev ua si [66], tej zaum ntawm altered TRPV1 afferentactivity. Txawm hais tias cov kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro tau pom cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws, pom tias cov tshuaj capsaicin-derived muaj peev xwm -amylase inhibitors [67], yog li txhawb peb qhov kev tshawb pom.Lwm yam tseem ceeb yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm CAP. Hauv peb cov txiaj ntsig, CAPattenuates qhov kev tawm dag zog tom qab nce hauv IL-1 , tej zaum blunting proinflammatory cytokineproduction [39]. Ntawm qhov tod tes, peb pom muaj cov qaub ncaug ntau ntxiv ntawm IL-6 tom qab kev tawm dag zog uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm CAP [68,69], uas tuaj yeem yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav [32,70], lossis capsaicin- induced TRPV1 activation hauv adipose [71], lossis lwm qhov. IL-6, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tej zaum yuav muaj metabolic txim [11,72] es tsis yog inflammatory muab lub divergence ntawm IL-6 thiab IL{28}} . Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm ntxiv yog xav tau nyob rau hauv tib neeg los txiav txim siab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov ncauj capsaicin rau qhov mob ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj zog thiab muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam rau lub cev thiab / lossis qaug zog. Ntxiv mus, kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav tsum tau saib rau hauv qhov loj dua thiab / lossis ntau npaum li cas ntawm capsaicin thiab lawv cuam tshuam li cas nrog cov qib lactate thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm.

4.5. Kev txwv ntawm Kev Kawm

Txoj kev tshawb no tsis tau ua yam tsis muaj kev txwv. Thawj zaug tsuas yog cov tub ntxhais hluas nquag nrhiav haujlwm los ntawm cov zej zog hauv tsev kawm qib siab tau suav nrog, yog li kev ua haujlwm yav tom ntej hauv cov laus thiab / menyuam yaus yog xav tau. Qhov thib ob, kev siv hluav taws xob stimulation ntawm cov leeg nqaij thiab tsis yog cov hlab ntsha femoral tuaj yeem ua rau qis dua cov lus teb neuromuscular. Thaum kawg, kev ntsuas ntau dua ntawm cov metabolism, suav nrog lactate thiab cov leeg nqaij VO2, tuaj yeem yog qhov txaus siab los tshawb xyuas thaum thiab tom qab kev tawm dag zog nrog CAP hauv kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej.

Cistanche tshuaj ntsuab muaj kev tiv thaiv qaug zog.

Yog xav paub ntxiv, thov nyem qhov no.

5. Cov lus xaus

Rau peb txoj kev paub, qhov no yog thawj txoj kev tshawb fawb los tshawb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm capsaicin ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm, neuromuscular qaug zog, thiab salivary indicators of stress and proinflammatorybiomarkers in humans. Contrarily rau yav dhau los kev tshawb pom nyob rau hauv tib neeg, mob capsaicinadministration tsis tau txhim kho kev tawm dag zog kev ua tau zoo los yog kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm perceived exertion. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau qhia lub peev xwm los txo qis kev qaug zog peripheral, uas tsis tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrab hemodynamics, cov leeg nqaij oxygen xa mus, lossis qhov loj ntawm lub hauv paus tsav tsheb tom qab kev tawm dag zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, CAPmodulated cov qaub ncaug biomarkers, qhia txog qhov muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab sympathetic kev ua ub no thiab tiv thaiv kev mob tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm ncov siab nrog kev txo qis hauv cov cim proinflammatory. Sib sau ua ke, capsaicin muaj peev xwm hloov pauv periph-eral Cheebtsam ntawm neuromuscular qaug zog, ua rau muaj peev xwm txhim kho kev tawm dag zog.