Biomonitoring Ntawm Mycotoxins hauv Plasma Ntawm Cov Neeg Mob Alzheimer's Thiab Parkinson's Disease Ⅱ

2. Cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev sib tham

2.1. LC-MS/MS Analysis

Vim lawv cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev sib txawv, mycotoxins tau muab faib rau chromatographic cais ua ob pawg (saib cov khoom siv thiab cov txheej txheem). Cov duab hauv qab no (Figures 1–4) qhia superposed rho tawm chromatograms ntawm mycotoxins nyob rau hauv calibrators thiab ib tug plasma qauv (codified li cov qauv 1–4), ua ntej thiab tom qab kev kho mob enzymatic. Raws li tuaj yeem pom, OTA tshwm sim hauv cov qauv ua ntej thiab tom qab kev kho mob enzymatic (Daim duab 1; Daim duab 3); whereas STER tshwm tsuas yog tom qab kev kho mob enzymatic (Daim duab 3). Tsis muaj lwm yam mycotoxins txheeb xyuas tau kuaj pom hauv cov plasma kuaj.

Txhua qhov calibration curves ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv mycotoxin quantification ua tiav cov txheej txheem yav tas los tau teev tseg nyob rau hauv txoj kev validation. Piv txwv ntawm qhov tau txais calibration curves rau txhua tus mycotoxin tau nthuav tawm hauv Tables S1 thiab S2. Tus kheej ntawm cov tebchaw kuj tau raug soj ntsuam: kev tsim nyog (q) thiab ntau npaum li cas (Q) kev hloov pauv rau txhua tus mycotoxin kuaj pom tau pom nyob rau hauv txhua tus neeg thiab cov qauv zoo, thiab qhov tau txais txheeb ze yuam kev (RE) ntawm q / Q piv tus nqi rau txhua mycotoxin hauv calibrators thiab hauv cov qauv yog tsawg dua 20 feem pua ​​[32]. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub sijhawm khaws cia tsis txawv ntawm cov qauv thiab ntsuas ntsuas ntau dua 2.5 feem pua ​​[33] (1.3 feem pua ​​​​rau OTA ua ntej thiab 1.6 feem pua ​​​​tom qab kev kho enzymatic; 0.3 feem pua ​​​​rau OTB, thiab 1.8 feem pua ​​​​rau STER).

2.2. Plasma Cov Qauv

Tag nrho ntawm 93 yam kev kawm, suav nrog 25 kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv (CNT) thiab 68 tus neeg mob tau raug xaiv los ntawm kev pabcuam paj hlwb ntawm San Pedro Tsev Kho Mob hauv La Rioja (Spain). Tswj cov neeg pub dawb tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg mob uas tsis muaj qhov pom tseeb lossis kuaj pom cov kab mob neurological. Cov neeg mob tau muab faib los ntawm pathologies: 44 tus neeg mob nrog PD thiab 24 nrog AD.

Nyem rau cistanche tubulosa capsules rau Alzheimer's kab mob thiab Parkinson tus kab mob

Kev kuaj mob thiab kev kis kab mob ntawm cov neeg mob uas tau txais neeg ua haujlwm tau ua los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij neurologists raws li Hoehn thiab Yahr (HY) nplai rau PD (Table S3) thiab Ntiaj Teb Deterioration Scale (GDS) rau AD (Table S4). Tag nrho cov neeg mob AD twb tau pom cov tsos mob ntawm kev paub me me poob qis lossis dementia (los ntawm 3 txog 7, GDS scale). Cov neeg mob PD tau muab faib ua ob pawg raws li qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm tus kab mob sib txawv ntawm cov neeg mob uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev tsis muaj zog (1 thiab 2, HY scale) thiab lwm tus twb tau qhia qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub cev (los ntawm 2.5 txog 3, HY scale).

Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj pes tsawg tus qauv, kev txheeb xyuas cov neeg mob PD tau ua tiav raws li ib pawg. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov kev kawm rau txhua pab pawg thiab pab pawg tau tshaj tawm, suav nrog poj niam txiv neej, thaj tsam hnub nyoog, thiab kev kis tus kab mob, hauv Table 1. Ua kom tiav cov ntaub ntawv tus kheej txog cov kev kawm uas tau txais los rau txoj kev kawm yog muab rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv (Tables S5 thiab S6).

2.3. Muaj Mycotoxins

Los ntawm 19 mycotoxins soj ntsuam, tsuas yog OTA, OTB, thiab STER tau kuaj pom hauv cov qauv. OTA tau tshwm sim ua ntej thiab tom qab kev kho mob nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm glucuronidase / arylsulfatase, thaum OTB tsuas yog kuaj tau ua ntej thiab STER tshwm sim tom qab kev kho enzymatic. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias vim muaj qhov txwv ntim ntawm qee cov qauv, kev soj ntsuam tom qab kev kho enzymatic tsuas yog ua tau rau 74 ntawm 93 cov qauv sau.

Cov txiaj ntsig kev soj ntsuam tau txais rau OTA, OTB, thiab STER tau sau tseg nyob rau hauv Table 2. Vim tias qhov kev lees paub ntawm cov txheej txheem kev txheeb xyuas (q thiab Q kev hloov pauv yuav tsum muaj tam sim no thiab piv nrog cov ntsuas ntsuas RE rau ob qho tib si, q / Q piv thiab lub sijhawm khaws cia, uas yuav tsum muaj. yuav <20 feem pua ​​​​lossis 2.5 feem pua ​​​​, feem), cov qauv uas muaj nuj nqis ntau dua lossis sib npaug LOD tau siv rau kev ntsuas cov ntaub ntawv. Yog li, cov kev suav tau ua raws li txoj kev hloov pauv qis dua [34].

Only OTA (77% of the samples) and OTB (13% of the samples) were detected (>LOD) hauv cov qauv ua tiav ua ntej kev kho enzymatic. Hais txog qhov muaj OTA, cov qauv hauv qab ntawm LOD tau pom thoob plaws txhua pawg. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm OTA (8.81 ng / mL) sib raug rau tus poj niam hnub nyoog 66 xyoo hauv pawg tswj hwm. Hais txog kev tswj cov pej xeem, OTA thiab OTB muaj nyob rau hauv 92 feem pua ​​thiab 24 feem pua ​​ntawm cov qauv raws li.

Cov txiaj ntsig no tau pom zoo nrog kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau ua hauv Navarra, thaj chaw nyob sib ze hauv Spain. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, OTA muaj nyob rau hauv 97.3 feem pua ​​thiab OTB nyob rau hauv 10 feem pua ​​ntawm cov qauv (n=438) [35] ntsuas nrog tib txoj kev raws li ib tug siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no tam sim no [36]. Hauv kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, qhov nruab nrab OTA qib (2.15 ng / mL) yog me ntsis qis dua cov ntsuas hauv Navarra (2.87 ng / mL). OTA qib nyob ntawm LOD mus rau 8.81 ng / mL, thaum nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm Navarra, OTA concentration ranged ntawm LOD thiab 19.9 ng / mL (nrog rau cov qauv mus txog 45.7 ng / mL nyob rau hauv ib tug 66- poj niam hnub nyoog).

Hais txog poj niam los txiv neej, thiab kuj pom zoo nrog Navarra txoj kev tshawb fawb [35], nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias txhais tau tias OTA qhov tseem ceeb ua ntej kev kho enzymatic zoo li cov txiv neej ntau dua li cov poj niam hauv txhua pab pawg. Txawm hais tias feem pua ​​​​ntawm OTA-zoo kuaj tau pom zoo nrog cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los ua hauv Spain, qhov nruab nrab thiab siab tshaj OTA qib hauv CNT cov pej xeem ntawm txoj kev tshawb no thiab kev tshawb fawb Navarra tsis ntev los no [35] yog siab dua cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los los ntawm Spain. .

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv no tau txais ua ntej xyoo 2011, peb cov ntaub ntawv txhawb nqa qhov xav tau txuas ntxiv biomonitoring mycotoxin qib hauv cov pej xeem. Raws li yav dhau los tau pom [35], OTB muaj nyob rau hauv ob peb qhov qauv thiab ib txwm ua ke nrog OTA (tshwj tsis yog rau ib tug txiv neej CNT). Kuj ceeb tias, OTB tsis tau kuaj pom hauv pawg AD. OTB yog tus dechlorinated analog ntawm OTA thiab tsis tau ntsuas hauv tib neeg biomonitoring kev tshawb fawb tau ua kom deb li deb.

OTB tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv tib neeg cov qauv raws li nws paub tias muaj nyob hauv qee cov khoom noj khoom haus, xws li cawv [37], tab sis kuj tseem yog tib neeg metabolite ntawm OTA [38]. Hmoov tsis zoo, hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, nws tsis tuaj yeem cais tawm ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm OTB lossis paub yog tias tsis muaj OTB hauv pawg AD tuaj yeem yog vim muaj kev noj zaub mov txawv ntawm cov neeg mob lossis rau cov metabolism sib txawv vim yog kab mob, los yog yog vim muaj pes tsawg tus qauv soj ntsuam. Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tom qab kev kho mob enzymatic qhia tias OTA tseem raug kuaj pom (89 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov qauv).

Ntxiv mus, raws li yav dhau los tau pom nyob rau hauv cov neeg noj qab haus huv pub dawb ntawm Navarra [35], STER tau tshwm sim hauv feem ntau ntawm cov qauv (88 feem pua), thaum OTB tsis raug kuaj pom lawm. Thaum muab piv nrog OTA ua ntej thiab tom qab kev kho mob enzymatic, feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov qauv zoo ua ntej kev kho enzymatic hauv CNT yog siab dua hauv cov neeg mob; whereas, tom qab kev kho mob enzymatic, muaj OTA poob rau CNT thaum nws nce hauv cov neeg mob AD thiab PD. Qee tus kws sau ntawv txhawb qhov kev xav tias OTA conjugates yuav raug tsim thaum tib neeg metabolism [39–41].

However, more data are needed to understand and monitor the human metabolism of OTA. In this study, and again in line with the study conducted in Navarra, STER only appeared after treating the samples with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase and this mycotoxin was found positive (>LOD) hauv 88 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov qauv ntsuas. Cov ntaub ntawv no txhawb cov kev xav tias STER-glucuronides yog tsim thaum tib neeg metabolism [35,42].

2.4. Kev txheeb cais

Raws li kev txheeb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig, cov lej suav tau ua rau OTA thiab STER nkaus xwb. OTB tsis suav nrog hauv kev txheeb cais vim tias tsuas yog 12 tus qauv (13 feem pua) tau ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau LOD. Qhov kev xav ntawm kev faib tawm ib txwm muaj (Shapiro-Wilk test) raug tsis lees paub, yog li cov kev ntsuas tsis yog parametrical, uas tsis txhais tau tias muaj kev faib tawm, tau siv rau kev kho mob. STER tau kuaj pom tsuas yog tom qab kev kho mob enzymatic, yog li ntawd, kev txheeb xyuas kev txheeb xyuas rau STER tau ua tiav ntawm 74 cov txiaj ntsig tau txais tom qab kev zom zaub mov enzymatic. Ntawm qhov tod tes, rau OTA ob cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tau muaj, ib qho tau txais cov ntaub ntawv ua ntej kev kho enzymatic thiab ib qho tau txais tom qab kev kho enzymatic (ie, OTA ua ntej, thiab tom qab).

Vim qhov ua tsis tiav ntawm OTA tom qab cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg (74 cov ntaub ntawv), nws tau txiav txim siab ua cov lej suav suav suav nrog tsuas yog OTA ua ntej cov ntaub ntawv (93 cov ntaub ntawv). Txhawm rau kom paub meej qhov kev txiav txim siab tsis suav nrog OTA tom qab cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg, Wilcoxon matched-pairs kos npe-qib xeem tau ua los tshawb nrhiav qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm OTA ua ntej thiab tom qab datasets.

Qhov kev xeem tsis tau hais txog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb thaum siv rau OTAbefore thiab OTAafter qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov pej xeem pawg (n=74, z=−1.438, p-value=0.1503), lees paub tias qhov ua tiav OTAbefore dataset haum rau cov kev ntsuas ntsuas. Raws li tau hais ua ntej, tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los saib xyuas mycotoxins hauv cov qauv ntshav ntshav los ntawm cov neeg mob PD lossis AD. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau ntes txhua qhov sib txawv thiab cov koom haum ntawm OTA thiab STER concentration ntawm cov pab pawg thiab cov pab pawg, Wilcoxon rank-sum test los yog Kruskal-Wallis test rau ntau qhov sib piv tau khiav.

Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tau tshawb pom los ntawm kev faib cov pab pawg los ntawm kev sib deev, thiab kab mob (cov neeg mob PD thiab AD), kuj tau txiav txim siab txog theem kab mob (HY lossis GDS scale). Cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhua qhov sib txawv, uas tau txheeb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb (p-tus nqi < 0.050) thaum sib piv OTA lossis STER kev faib tawm ntawm pawg, nruab nrab ntawm CNT thiab pab pawg neeg mob (tag nrho thiab raws li PD thiab AD pawg), nruab nrab ntawm poj niam txiv neej thiab cov pab pawg hauv txhua tus poj niam txiv neej thiab poj niam sib txawv, muaj nyob rau hauv Table 3.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm qib kev faib tawm ntawm OTA tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thaum muab piv rau CNT pawg, PD, thiab AD, tab sis qhov sib txawv no (p-value=0.0447) yog coj los ntawm kev sib piv PD/AD (p- tus nqi=0.0114), yog PD pawg neeg mob uas muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua. Thaum xav txog theem kab mob, piv rau PD sub-group 1 thiab PD sub-group 2 kev faib tawm, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv, qhia tau hais tias hauv pawg PD, theem kab mob tsis cuam tshuam qhov sib txawv ntawm kev faib khoom. Hauv kev sib piv poj niam txiv neej, cov txiv neej thiab poj niam OTA qib piv tau muab qhov sib txawv ntawm txhua qhov kev kawm lossis hauv cov neeg mob pawg (PD ntxiv rau AD), nrog rau cov txiv neej qhia ib txwm siab dua cov poj niam.

Li no, kev faib tawm ntawm OTA tsis txawv piv rau CNT thiab cov neeg mob pawg tab sis zoo li poj niam txiv neej yuav ua tus tsav tsheb rau qhov sib txawv ntawm OTA theem faib ntau dua li kev kuaj mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv kev ntsuam xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm OTA faib rau cov txiv neej thiab poj niam sib cais, ntawm cov pab pawg (CNT, PD, AD) qhov kev xeem tsis qhia qhov txawv.

Kev txheeb cais ntawm STER theem ntawm CNT thiab pab pawg neeg mob tau pom kev faib tawm sib txawv (p-value < 0.0001), nrog CNT qhov tseem ceeb qis dua. Pab pawg CNT/PD/AD tau pom cov kev faib tawm sib txawv (p-tus nqi=0.0001) thiab qhov sib txawv kuj tau lees paub tias piv CNT/PD thiab CNT/AD (p-value <0.0001 hauv ob qho tib si), nrog rau tus nqi nruab nrab qis hauv pawg AD.

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv STER theem kev faib ntawm pawg CNT yog ib txwm sib txawv hauv kev sib piv nrog cov neeg mob thiab pab pawg kab mob. Txawm hais tias kev sib piv kev sib faib ntawm poj niam txiv neej, ntawm cov txiv neej thiab poj niam, txhua qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txheeb cais tau qhia meej, STER theem ntawm cov txiv neej thiab poj niam ib pawg neeg sib txawv hauv txhua qhov kev sib piv (CNT / PD / AD, CNT / pab pawg neeg mob, CNT / PD, CNT / AD), thiab cov txiv neej thiab poj niam hauv pawg CNT yeej ib txwm qis dua hauv pawg neeg mob.

Qhov no qhia tau hais tias qhov kev kuaj mob ntawm tus kab mob tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau STER theem kev faib tawm. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qib concentration ntawm OTA thiab STER kuj tau tshawb xyuas los ntawm kev sib piv ob pawg neeg mob (PD thiab AD) kev faib tawm hauv txhua tus poj niam txiv neej (hauv txiv neej thiab poj niam) thiab sib piv cov kab mob, GDS hauv pawg neeg mob AD, thiab HY nplai hauv pawg neeg mob AD, thiab tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg. Tsis yog OTA lossis STER kev faib tawm tsis pom qhov sib txawv kuj tseem muab piv rau HY nplai raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm binary HY_d=0 (PD Sub-group 1, HY nplai hauv thaj tsam 1–2) thiab HY{{6 }}d=1 (PD Sub-group 2, HY nplai hauv thaj tsam 2.5–3).

Yog li, sib piv OTA thiab STER tus cwj pwm kev faib tawm, nws tau pom tias qhov sib txawv ntawm OTA yog nyob rau hauv poj niam txiv neej (nrog M> W) thiab hauv cov neeg mob cov pab pawg (PD> AD), thiab cov cim kev sib txawv tau tshwm sim hauv txhua qhov kev sib piv. Raws li rau STER, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kev faib tawm tau sau npe los sib piv CNT thiab cov neeg mob cov pab pawg (cov neeg mob ' pab pawg> CNT), thiab txhua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas yeej ib txwm sim qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv. Ntawm qhov tod tes, ob lub mycotoxins tshawb xyuas tsis hais txog qhov sib txawv los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav hauv cov neeg mob cov pab pawg thiab / lossis theem kab mob.

Rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev paub, tsis muaj lwm yam kev tshawb fawb los sib piv cov qib mycotoxins hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj kab mob neurodegenerative. Txawm li cas los xij, qee tus kws sau ntawv tau hais tias yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam ntxiv lub luag haujlwm ntawm mycotoxins hauv kev ua tsis zoo ntawm kev kho mob ntawm cov kab mob autism spectrum mob [43,44].

Tseeb tiag, cov kws sau ntawv tau hais txog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib piv cov tshuaj mycotoxins (DON, DOM-1 hauv cov zis thiab AFM1, OTA, thiab FB1 hauv ntshav) ntawm cov pab pawg neeg autistic thiab tswj cov menyuam yaus. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no kuj yog raws li kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no los ntawm peb pab pawg [45], nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej OTA thiab cov ntshav ntshav tau pom tias muaj kev tswj hwm cov menyuam yaus ntau dua li cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws lossis kev xav tsis txaus ntseeg siab.

Hais txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib deev, thiab raws li cov txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm txoj kev tshawb no, feem ntau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb luam tawm, plasma OTA txiv neej qib siab dua cov poj niam [46]; Txawm hais tias Warensjö et al. (2020) hauv Swedish cov tub ntxhais hluas [47], thiab Coronel et al. (2011) [48] tsis pom qhov sib txawv ntawm OTA plasma qib ntawm txiv neej thiab poj niam. Thaum kawg, txhawm rau ntsuas qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm OTA thiab STER qib hauv cov ntshav ntshav thiab lub hnub nyoog sib txawv, Spearman tus qhab nia sib txheeb coefficient (rho) raug xam.

Tag nrho cov rho nrog qhov tseem ceeb (p-values ​​< 0.050) yog cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv Table 4. Feem ntau, cov kev sib raug zoo tsis muaj zog thiab qhov zoo tau pom: OTA thiab STER tsis muaj zog cuam tshuam nrog lub hnub nyoog. Tshwj xeeb, OTA qib txo qis nrog lub hnub nyoog (kev sib raug zoo tsis zoo, rho <0), thiab tus nqi rho nce thaum PD pawg lossis pawg txiv neej raug xaiv; Tsis tas li ntawd, tus nqi rho yog ntau dua thaum cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov txiv neej hauv pawg PD raug xaiv. Hloov pauv, STER kev sib raug zoo yog qhov zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thaum cov poj niam pawg raug xaiv.

Txhawm rau sawv cev rau cov kev sib raug zoo tau pom, cov phiaj xwm tawg OTA / txiv neej hauv PD tus neeg mob pab pawg thiab STER / poj niam hauv txhua qhov kev kawm tau tshaj tawm hauv daim duab 5. Lawv qhia ob qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab sib txawv rau cov co toxins thiab hnub nyoog, thiab cov kab haum pab kom pom. kev sib raug zoo.

Cov txheej txheem ntawm Cistanche's kho Parkinson's disease thiab Alzheimer's disease

Cistanche yog ib hom tshuaj suav tshuaj uas tau siv ntau xyoo rau nws cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv. Hauv kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no, nws tau pom tias Cistanche tuaj yeem muaj cov teebmeem neuroprotective thiab tej zaum yuav zoo rau kev kho Alzheimer's disease (AD) thiab Parkinson's disease (PD).

Cov txheej txheem ntawm Cistanche hauv kev kho AD thiab PD zoo yog vim nws cov khoom nquag, xws li echinacoside, acteoside, thiab cistanosides. Cov tebchaw no ntseeg tau tias muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant thiab tiv thaiv kab mob uas tuaj yeem txo oxidative kev nyuaj siab thiab mob hauv lub hlwb, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob neurodegenerative.

Cistanche tseem tuaj yeem txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov paj hlwb thiab txhim kho kev txawj ntse los ntawm kev nce qib ntawm lub hlwb-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cov protein uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm neurons. Tsis tas li ntawd, Cistanche tau pom tias yuav txo tau -amyloid plaques, uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Alzheimer's kab mob, thiab txo cov tsub zuj zuj ntawm -synuclein nyob rau hauv lub hlwb, uas yog txuam nrog Parkinson tus kab mob.

Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov txiaj ntsig kev kho mob muaj peev xwm ntawm Cistanche hauv kev kho AD thiab PD tau cog lus tseg, tab sis xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv los piav qhia nws cov txheej txheem tseeb ntawm kev ua thiab lees paub nws cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev nyab xeeb hauv chaw kho mob.

mus txuas ntxiv...

Beatriz Arce-López 1 , Lydia Alvarez-Erviti 2 , Barbara De Santis 3 , María Izco 2 , Silvia López-Calvo 4 , Maria Eugenia Marzo-Sola 4 , Francesca Debegnach 3 , Elena Lizarraga de6 Ceó , Elena González-Peñas 1,† thiab Ariane Vettorazzi 5,6,* ,†

1 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, ​​Spain; barce@alumni.unav.es (BA-L.); elizarraga@unav.es (EL); mgpenas@unav.es (EG-P.)

2 Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006 Logroño, Spain; laerviti@riojasalud.es (LA-E.); mizco@riojasalud.es (MI)

3 National Reference Laboratory for Mycotoxins and Plant Toxins, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Ltalis; barbara.desantis@iss.it (BDS); francesca.debegnach@iss.it (FD)

4 Servicio de Neurología, Tsev Kho Mob San Pedro, Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; slcalvo@riojasalud.es (SL-C.); memarzo@riojasalud.es (MEM-S.)

5 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; acerain@unav.es 6 IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain