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Antioxidant nyhuv ntawm cov complex ua ntawm vitamin E thiab Ethylthiosulfаnylate nyob rau hauv lub siab thiab raum ntawm nas nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm Chrome (VI)-Induced Oxidative Stress

Mar 25, 2022

Bohdan Koj1,*, Ruslana Ib1, Vira Lubunets2


Abstract:Lub hom phiaj ntawm peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yog los tshawb xyuas qhov ua tau zoo thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov txiaj ntsig nyuaj ntawm vitamin E thiab ethylthiosulfanylate (ETS) ntawm lub xeev ntawm cov pro / antioxidant system hauv daim siab thiablub raumntawm nas nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm Cr (VI)-induced oxidative kev nyuaj siab. Cov nas tau muab faib ua 8 pawg.

Cov pab pawg tau txais: Kuv (tswj) - physiological tov (150 ul) rau 7 hnub; II - roj tov (1 ml) rau 14 hnub; III, IV, VII, VIII - K2Cr2O7 (2.5 mg Cr (VI) / kg lub cev hnyav (bw)) rau 7 (III, IV) thiab rau 14 (VII, VIII); V - vitamin E (20 mg / kg bw) rau 14 hnub; VI, VII, VIII - vitamin E hauv complex nrog ETS (100 mg / kg bw) rau 14 hnub. Cov txiaj ntsig tau tshaj tawm tias K2Cr2O7 ua rau Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress vim yog ua kom cov txheej txheem lipid peroxidation (LP). Cr(VI) kev txiav txim rau 7 hnub ua rau kom them nyiaj ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant (AOS) hauv ob daim ntaub so ntswg. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov ntev ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Cr (VI) tau nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm AOS enzyme depletion thiab GSH cov ntsiab lus. Cov nyhuv complex ntawm vitamin E thiab ETS txo qhov kev siv ntawm Cr (VI)-vim oxidative kev nyuaj siab nyob rau hauv ob leeg nas. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo antioxidant ntawm vitamin E thiab ETS nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm Cr (VI) toxicity.

Ntsiab lus:nas; antioxidant system; oxidative kev nyuaj siab; vitamin E; ethylthiosulfаnylate; poov tshuaj bichromate; peroxidation.

Hu rau: ali.ma@wecistanche.com

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1. Taw qhia

Kev siv cov chromium rau kev lag luam thiab kev ua liaj ua teb ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj ntawm Cr-muaj cov tebchaw hauv ib puag ncig [1-3]. Chromium compounds yog ib qho ntawm cov pa phem tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv dej thiab av ecosystems [4-6]. Cov kev lag luam tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau siv cov Cr-muaj cov sib txuas yog tawv tanning, ntoo preservatives, industrial vuam ntawm hlau, chrome plating, chromate, thiab Ferro chromate ntau lawm [1]. Chromium yog ib yam hlau, feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv ob hom: trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) thiab hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). Cr (III) yog theem kawg ntawm chromium oxidation. Daim ntawv trivalent ntawm chromium muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kab mob lom, thermodynamically ruaj khov, thiab nthuav tawm cov khoom muaj zog rau kev sib koom ua ke. Daim ntawv hexavalent (Cr(VI)) nthuav tawm muaj zog tshuaj lom thiab carcinogenic zog thiab feem ntau yog nthuav tawm raws li cov pa oxygen uas muaj cov chromates (CrO42-) thiab dichromates (Cr2O72-) ​​[1,7]. Lub siab toxicity ntawm Cr(VI) tebchaw yog txuam nrog lub peev xwm kom tau yooj yim absorbed thiab sai thauj mus rau hauv lub hlwb los ntawm cov sulfate channels [8,9]. Tom qab ntawd Cr(VI) raug txo mus rau Cr(III) nyob rau hauv ob peb theem tom qab nkag mus rau hauv lub cell. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm reactive oxygen hom (ROS) yog generated thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem ntawm Cr(VI) txo [10,11]. Kev ua kom ROS tsim ua, tig mus rau kev txhim kho oxidative kev nyuaj siab thiab cov ntaub so ntswg puas. Cr(VI) cov txheej txheem txo qis kuj tseem nrog cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, thiab apoptosis los ntawm p53 tswj gene modulation [12- 15]. AOS system yog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress counteraction [9]. Enzymatic thiab non-enzymatic Cheebtsam ntawm AOS system, xws li GSH thiab NADPH-raws li flavoenzymes, txhawb thiab ua kom txo tau cov tshuaj lom Cr(VI) kom tsawg dua Cr(III). Nyob rau hauv lem, enzymes xws li SOD, CAT, GP, thiab non-enzymatic GSH tripeptide neutralize ntau ROS, uas yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm txo ntawm Cr(VI) [16,17]. Txawm li cas los xij, ntev Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress ua rau depletion ntawm AOS system cov kev pab cuam thiab provokes cell, ntaub so ntswg, thiab oxidative organ puas vim muaj zog pro-oxidant txheej txheem [9,18]. Cr(VI)-muaj cov khoom sib txuas, xws li potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) ntawm ib koob ntawm 8 mg / kg lub cev qhov hnyav ua rau mob hepatotoxicity hauv cov nas vim ua rau cov txheej txheem necrotic thiab inflammatory thiab depletion ntawm AOS system peev txheej hauv daim siab nqaij ntawm cov tsiaj [19 ]. Ib qho kev txhaj tshuaj subcutaneous ntawm K2Cr2O7 ntawm ib koob ntawm 10 mg / kg kuj ua rau Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress thiab kev puas tsuaj rau nas daim siab, tom qab los ntawm degenerative hloov nyob rau hauv histoarchitecture thiab dilatation ntawm hepatic sinusoids. Ib koob tshuaj zoo sib xws ntawm Cr (VI) ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv tubular epithelial hlwb, cystic dilatation ntawm tubules, congestion ntawm cov hlab ntsha, hyaline casts, thiab dilatation ntawm Bowman qhov chaw hauvlub raumlos ntawm rats [14]. Hepato- thiab nephrotoxicity tshwm sim los ntawm K2Cr2O7 yog nrog rau mob Cr(VI) -induced oxidative stress. Cr(VI)-induced toxicity stimulates, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, tsim ROS, hyperactivation ntawm peroxidation txheej txheem, inhibition ntawm antioxidant enzymes kev ua, txo ntawm cellular GSH, raws li zoo raws li depletion ntawm non-protein sulfhydryl pawg thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm Cr(VI) lub siab thiablub raumntawm nas thiab nas [14,20,21]. Nws ntseeg tau tias kev saib xyuas ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txo qis thiab tiv thaiv qhov tsis zoo ntawm Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress [14,22,23]. Neutralization ntawm Cr(VI) yog ua los ntawm enzymatic txo rau Cr(V) thiab tom qab hloov mus rau Cr-muaj ntsev nrog kev koom tes ntawm GR thiab NADPH. Non-enzymatic antioxidants xws li vitamin E, ascorbic acid, N-acetylcysteine, qej hmoov, thiab GSH muaj peev xwm txo oxidative puas los ntawm K2Cr2O7 [24,25]. Vitamin E yog suav hais tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws roj-soluble non-enzymatic antioxidant, uas tiv thaiv cov cell membrane ntawm radical-induced peroxidation, nkoos lub activation ntawm antioxidant enzymes, thiab txo cov kev siv ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab los ntawm hnyav hlau-induced toxicity. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm vitamin E ntawm ib koob ntawm 100 thiab 125 mg / kg lub cev hnyav rau 2 thiab 6 lub lis piam, raws li, txo cov qib ntawm K2Cr2O7- induced peroxidation txheej txheem thiab restores GSH cov ntsiab lus thiab SOD kev ua nyob rau hauv lub siab thiablub raumntawm nas [14,19,22]. Vitamin E ntawm ib koob ntawm 125 mg / kg lub cev hnyav kuj muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant thiab tiv thaiv kab mob thiab txo cov kev siv ntawm Cr (VI)-induced toxicity hauv daim siab thiablub raumlos ntawm rats [22].

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Ethylthiosulfanylate belongs rau chav kawm ntawm thiosulfonate compounds. Thiosulfonates yog cov khoom sib txuas ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo nkauj uas tau txais los ntawm qej, dos, zaub paj, thiab zaub paj. Thiosulfonates muaj kev ruaj khov dua li lawv cov tshuaj analogues, nthuav tawm ntau yam khoom siv lom neeg, thiab muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg tsawg. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau kawm txog tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm thiosulfonates hauv xyoo tas los. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb txaus txog cov tshuaj antioxidant ntawm thiosulfonates. Nws paub tias thiosulfonates muaj peev xwm hloov pauv hloov pauv hloov pauv, uas tau koom nrog hauv kev ua kom AOS system noob [26,27]. Cov nyhuv antioxidant ntawm cov tebchaw no tau tshwm sim hauv lub peev xwm los txo qhov kev siv ntawm GSH pas dej ua ke depletion thiab thiobarbituric acid reactive tshuaj (TBARS) tsim nyob rau hauv nas daim siab nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab [28]. Tsis tshua muaj neeg paub txog cov khoom antioxidant ntawm thiosulfonates nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj lom ntawm cov hlau hnyav. Txawm li cas los xij, natural organosulfur tebchaw tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo antioxidant tiv thaiv Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress [23,29-31]. Peb cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los kuj qhia tau hais tias ethylthiosulfanylate muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob antioxidant thiab ib nrab tshem tawm cov teebmeem tsis zoo ntawm K2Cr2O7-induced oxidative stress nyob rau hauv nas daim siab [32].

Yog li ntawd, muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo antioxidant ntawm vitamin E, nrog rau thiosulfonates thiab lawv cov analogues ntuj, peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tsom los tshawb xyuas qhov ua tau zoo thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov nyhuv nyuaj ntawm vitamin E thiab ethylthiosulfanylate ntawm lub xeev ntawm pro / antioxidant system hauv daim siab. thiablub raumntawm nas nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm Cr (VI)-induced oxidative kev nyuaj siab.

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2. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem

Tshooj «Cov Khoom thiab Cov Txheej Txheem» tau npaj los ntawm kev sib piv nrog peb cov ntawv tshaj tawm yav dhau los [32].

2.1. Kev sim tsim.

Hauv peb txoj haujlwm, peb siv 40 Wistar txiv neej nas hnyav 130- 140g. Peb tsim 8 pawg tsiaj (5 nas rau ib pawg): 1 pawg tswj thiab 7 pawg sim. Txhua tus nas tau nyob hauv cov xwm txheej txheem thiab tau txais cov qauv pub noj thiab dej haus ad libitum.

Intact control nas nyob rau hauv pab pawg kuv tau txais ib qho intraperitoneally txhaj tshuaj physiological saline (150 µl) ib hnub ib zaug rau 7 hnub. Cov tsiaj ntawm kev sim pab pawg III thiab IV tau kho intraperitoneally nrog K2Cr2O7 yaj hauv 150 µl ntawm physiological saline (Cr (VI) concentration 2.5 mg / kg lub cev qhov hnyav) rau 7 thiab 14 hnub, raws li.

Pawg II tau txais intragastrically 1000 µl ntawm sunflower roj tov (trademark «Oleina»; DSTU 4492: ISO 14024) ib hnub ib zaug rau 14 hnub thiab tam sim ntawd tom qab ntawd, physiological saline (150 µl) tau muab intraperitoneally ib hnub ib zaug rau 7 hnub.

Pawg V: tau txhaj tshuaj txhua hnub intragastrically nrog cov roj tov ntawm vitamin E ntawm ib koob ntawm 20 mg / kg lub cev qhov hnyav rau 14 hnub thiab tom qab ntawd tam sim ntawd, physiological saline (150 μl) tau muab tshuaj intraperitoneally ib hnub ib zaug rau 7 hnub.

Pawg VI: tau txhaj tshuaj txhua hnub intragastrically nrog cov roj tov ntawm vitamin E [20 mg / kg lub cev qhov hnyav] thiab ethylthiosulfanylate (ETS) [100 mg / kg lub cev hnyav] rau 14 hnub thiab tom qab ntawd tam sim ntawd tom qab txhaj tshuaj txhua hnub intraperitoneally nrog 150 µl ntawm physiological saline daws rau 7 hnub.

Pab pawg VII / Pab Pawg VIII: tau txais cov tshuaj intragastrically complex roj ntawm vitamin E [20 mg / kg lub cev qhov hnyav] thiab ETS [100 mg / kg lub cev hnyav] rau 14 hnub thiab tom qab ntawd tam sim ntawd tau txais K2Cr2O7 intraperitoneally txhua hnub ntawm koob tshuaj 2.5 mg. Cr (VI) / kg lub cev hnyav ib hnub rau 7 hnub / 14 hnub.

Tag nrho cov kev ua haujlwm nrog cov tsiaj hauv peb txoj haujlwm tau ua raws li cov cai ntawm European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Tsiaj Siv rau Kev sim thiab lwm yam kev tshawb fawb (Strasbourg, 1986) thiab "Common Ethical Principles for Animal Experiments" (Ukraine, 2001). Tso cai rau kev tshawb fawb tau txais los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Bioethics ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Tsiaj Biology NAAS ntawm Lviv (Txoj Cai № 80).

Figure 1. Groups of animals: Note: ETS (ethylthiosulfanylate), i.p. (intraperitoneally), i.g. (intragastrically), b.w. (body weight).

Kev ua haujlwm tau kawm txog cov teebmeem ntawm ETS tshiab (ethyl 4-} aminobenzenethiosulfonate) compound hauv complex nrog vitamin E ntawm lub cev nas. ETS tau tsim los ntawm lub tuam tsev thev naus laus zis ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg, chaw muag tshuaj, thiab biotechnology ntawm National University "Lviv Polytechnic" raws li cov txheej txheem tau piav qhia hauv daim ntawv [33, 34].

Tom qab decapitation ntawm cov tsiaj, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thiopental tshuaj loog, lublub raumtau sau. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem raulub raumtau ua ntawm 4 degree. Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb yog lub raum homogenates ntawm nas, uas tau npaj rau ntawm 0.05 M Tris-HCl tsis nrog pH 7.4 hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 1 g ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab 9 ml ntawm tsis (1: 9, qhov hnyav / ntim ) thiab ces centrifuged rau 15 feeb ntawm 1000 g. Tom qab centrifugation nyob rau hauv tau txais supernatants, cov ntsiab lus ntawm GSH, peroxidation cov khoom theem, thiab antioxidant enzyme kev ua tau raug txiav txim.

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2.1.1. Pawg tsiaj.

Cov pab pawg tsiaj raug muab piv raws li cov qauv hauv qab no (Daim duab 1). Pab pawg I yog kev tswj tsis tau zoo nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau pawg III thiab IV, uas tsis tau txais kev daws teeb meem roj. Pawg II tswj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov pab pawg sim V, VI, VII, thiab VIII, uas tau txais cov roj tov. Peb tau sau qhov feem pua ​​​​(feem pua) hloov pauv hauv cov ntsuas rau III thiab IV kev sim pab pawg txheeb ze rau pawg I (kev tswj tsis tau). Peb kuj tau sau tseg qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov ntsuas rau V, VI, VII, thiab VIII qhov kev sim cov pab pawg txheeb ze rau pawg II (roj tswj). Nyob rau theem kawg, peb txheeb xyuas feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov kev hloov pauv hauv cov ntsuas ntawm III / IV kev sim pab pawg txheeb ze rau pawg I (tsis muaj kev tswj hwm) thiab muab piv nrog cov feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov kev hloov pauv hauv cov ntsuas ntawm VII / VIII kev sim cov pab pawg txheeb ze rau pawg II (roj tswj).


2.2. Kev ua haujlwm.

2.1.1. Concentration ntawm LHP.

Kev ntsuas ntawm LHP (lipid hydroperoxides) qib tau ua tsis raug nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm trichloroacetic acid-induced proteins los nag thiab ethanol-induced lipid

kev txiav txim [35]. Ammonium thiocyanate cuam tshuam nrog lipid ethanol rho tawm thiab pib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xim. Kev nqus cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom xim tau ua spectrophotometrically (λ 480 nm). LHP qib (SU/g cov ntaub so ntswg) raug xam raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tswj thiab kev sim kuaj.

2.2.2 Concentration of TBARS.

Kev ntsuas qhov concentration ntawm TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive tshuaj) yog raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm malondialdehyde thiab thiobarbituric acid kev sib cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv cov kev mob ntawm acidity thiab kub siab [35]. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm malondialdehyde thiab thiobarbituric acid kev sib cuam tshuam yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xim. Cov khoom xim xim absorbance kaw tau ua spectrophotometrically (λ 535 nm, thiab λ 580 nm) thiab qib TBARS raug xam raws li nmol MDA / g cov ntaub so ntswg.

2.2.3. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm GP.

Kev ntsuas ntawm GP (glutathione peroxidase) enzymatic kev ua haujlwm yog ua nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm GSH ua ntej thiab tom qab ntxiv tertiary butyl hydroperoxide [35]. Kev ntsuas

GP kev ua haujlwm yog raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm GSH oxidation tus nqi. SH-pawg ntawm GSH molecule yog oxidized nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm 2-Nitrobenzoic acid. Dinitrophenyl anion yog tsim los ntawm GSH oxidation. Kev nqus cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom xim tau ua spectrophotometrically (λ 412 nm) thiab GP kev ua haujlwm tau suav hauv nmol GSH / min. × mg protein.

2.2.4. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm GR.

Kev ntsuas ntawm GR (glutathione reductase) enzymatic kev ua haujlwm tau ua nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxidized glutathione thiab NADPH [35]. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm GR kev ua haujlwm yog ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm oxidized glutathione txo tus nqi. Cov ntaub ntawv absorbance tau ua spectrophotometrically (λ 340 nm) rau 1 feeb ntawm 37 degree. Tus nqi ntawm extinction txo qis yog qhov qhia txog kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv. Kev ua GR tau suav nrog hauv µmol NADPH / min. × mg protein.

2.2.5. Concentration ntawm GSH.

Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm GSH (txo glutathione) qib yog raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm dinitrophenyl anion tsim (cov khoom xim) tom qab khi ntawm 2-Nitrobenzoic acid rau SH-pawg ntawm GSH molecule [36]. Tus nqi ntawm GSH concentration nyob ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xim. Cov khoom xim xim absorbance kaw tau ua spectrophotometrically (λ 412 nm) thiab GSH cov ntsiab lus raug xam raws li mmol GSH / g cov ntaub so ntswg.

2.2.6. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm SOD.

Kev ntsuas ntawm SOD (superoxide dismutase) enzymatic kev ua haujlwm tau ua nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm NADH thiab phenazinemethosulfate [36]. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm SOD kev ua haujlwm yog ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm nitroblue tetrazolium txo. Qhov kev siv ntawm inhibition ntawm nitroblue tetrazolium txo cov txheej txheem qhia txog kev siv enzyme. Cov ntaub ntawv absorbance tau ua spectrophotometrically (λ 540 nm) thiab SOD kev ua tau suav nrog hauv cov qauv ntsuas ib 1 mg ntawm cov protein.


2.2.7. Kev ua ntawm CAT.

Kev ntsuas ntawm CAT (catalase) enzymatic kev ua haujlwm tau ua nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm molybdenum ntsev, uas cuam tshuam nrog hydrogen peroxide [36]. Cov khoom xim xim tau tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov xim ntawm cov khoom absorbance cov ntaub ntawv tau ua spectrophotometrically (λ 410 nm) thiab CAT cov dej num raug xam hauv mmol / feeb × 1 mg ntawm cov protein.

2.2.8 ib. Protein concentration.

Qhov concentration ntawm tag nrho cov protein nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg homogenates yog ntsuas los ntawm Lowry Method [37] los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv "Simko LTD" (Ukraine, Lviv). Kev ntsuas ntawm tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig absorbance tau ua los ntawm spectrophotometer, "Unico" 1205 (USA).

2.3. Kev txheeb cais.

Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv sim tau raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm Microsoft Excel software siv ib txoj kev tsom xam ntawm qhov sib txawv (ANOVA) thiab Tukey-Kramer xeem. Txhua qhov kev sim ntsuas tau suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb (M) ± tus qauv yuam kev (SEM) thiab raug suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm P <>

3. Cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev sib tham

Tshooj «Tshaj Tawm thiab Kev Sib Tham» tau npaj los ntawm kev sib piv nrog peb cov ntawv tshaj tawm dhau los [32].

3.1. Oxidative stress markers.

Peb pom tias kev tswj hwm ntawm cov poov tshuaj dichromate nyob rau hauv intraperitoneal rau 7 thiab 14 hnub ua rau muaj kev nce hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm oxidative stress markers nyob rau hauv daim siab thiab raum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm txiv neej nas. Kev raug K2Cr2O7 ntawm ib koob ntawm 2.5 mg Cr(VI) / kg lub cev hnyav rau 7 (III pab pawg) thiab 14 hnub (IV pawg) ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm TBARS cov ntsiab lus hauv daim siab ntawm cov tsiaj hauv kev sib piv nrog pawg I (tswj) los ntawm 69 thiab 75 feem pua, ntsig txog (Table 1). Qib TBARS kuj tseem nce siab nyob rau hauv lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm nas ntawm III thiab IV kev sim pab pawg txheeb ze rau kev tswj hwm los ntawm 41 thiab 46 feem pua, raws li. Ib koob tshuaj zoo sib xws ntawm Cr (VI) ua rau muaj qhov nce ntxiv ntawm LHP concentration hauv nas lub siab ntawm III thiab IV kev sim pab pawg piv rau pawg I los ntawm 112 thiab 127 feem pua, raws li. Qib LHP kuj tseem nce ntxiv hauv cov ntaub so ntswg raum tom qab 7 (III pab pawg) thiab 14 hnub (IV pawg) ntawm Cr(VI) kev ua piv nrog rau pawg tswj hwm los ntawm 39 thiab 56 feem pua.

Yog vim li cas rau qhov nce hauv cov txheej txheem peroxidation siv nyob rau hauv daim siab thiab ob lub raum ntawm nas yog Cr (VI) -induced hyperactivation ntawm hydroxyl thiab superoxide radicals tiam. Cr(VI) - induced ROS tsim ua rau kev puas tsuaj rau cov qauv ntawm lipid Cheebtsam ntawm cell membrane thiab, raws li tau zoo raws li, provokes ib tug nce ntawm TBARS cov ntsiab lus [19,20,38]. Intermediates ntawm Cr(VI) txo qis nkag mus rau hauv Fenton zoo li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cuam tshuam nrog hydrogen peroxide, thiab pib hydroxyl radicals [19]. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv, Cr(VI) txhim khu kev siv ntawm superoxide radicals tiam los ntawm activating NADPH-oxidase [39] thiab xanthine-xanthine oxidase enzymatic complexes [40].

Table 1. The content of indicators of oxidative stress in the liver and kidneys of rats (M±S.E.M., n=5).

Kev tswj hwm intragastric ntawm vitamin E (pab pawg V) thiab vitamin E nyob rau hauv complex nrog ETS (pab pawg VI) nyob rau hauv 14 hnub ua rau muaj kev txo qis hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm TBARS hauv lub siab ntawm cov tsiaj uas txheeb ze rau pawg II los ntawm 13 thiab 16 feem pua, raws li (Table 1). Kev txo qis me ntsis ntawm qib TBARS kuj tau sau tseg hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub raum ntawm nas ntawm V thiab VI kev sim pab pawg piv nrog pawg II los ntawm 5 thiab 3 feem pua, raws li. Cov ntsiab lus LHP tau txo qis hauv pawg V thiab VI kev sim hauv cov nas lub siab piv rau pawg II los ntawm 12 thiab 16 feem pua, raws li. Kuj tseem muaj qhov txo qis ntawm LHP qib hauv cov nas lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov kev sim zoo sib xws nrog rau pawg II los ntawm 10 thiab 8 feem pua.

Cov ntsiab lus TBARS nyob rau hauv nas daim siab tseem nyob rau theem ntawm cov ntsuas ntawm pab pawg II tom qab 14 hnub ntawm complex pretreatment nrog vitamin E thiab ETS los ntawm cov tom ntej actin ntawm Cr(VI) rau 7 hnub (paub VII). Cov kev cuam tshuam yav dhau los ntawm cov vitamin E thiab ETS los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tom ntej ntawm Cr(VI) rau 14 hnub ua rau nce TBARS qib hauv daim siab ntawm pawg VIII piv rau pawg II los ntawm 23 feem pua. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov nce ntawm TBARS cov ntsiab lus hauv daim siab nqaij ntawm cov tsiaj ntawm pawg VIII (23 feem pua) piv rau pawg II yog 52 feem pua ​​​​qis dua qhov feem pua ​​​​nce ntawm TBARS cov ntsiab lus hauv cov nas mob siab ntawm pawg IV (75 feem pua) piv rau pawg I. .

Qhov concentration ntawm TBARS tau nce hauv nas raum cov ntaub so ntswg tom qab 14 hnub ntawm kev kho mob nyuaj nrog vitamin E thiab ETS los ntawm kev ua tom ntej ntawm Cr(VI) rau 7 (VII pawg) thiab 14 hnub (VIII pawg) piv rau pawg II los ntawm 21 thiab 31 feem pua. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv zog ntawm TBARS hauv cov nas nas ntawm cov pab pawg VII (21 feem pua) thiab VIII (31 feem pua) txheeb ze rau pawg II yog 25 thiab 21 feem pua ​​qis dua qhov feem pua ​​​​nce ntawm TBARS theem hauv raum homogenates ntawm pawg. III (46 feem pua) thiab IV (52 feem pua) piv rau pawg I.

Complex pretreatment nrog vitamin E thiab ETS los ntawm lub tom ntej actin ntawm Cr(VI) rau 7 hnub (paub VII) thiab 14 hnub (paub VIII) ua rau kom nce LHP cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv daim siab cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm nas piv rau pawg II los ntawm 17 thiab 52 feem pua. , raws. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov nce ntawm LHP qib hauv nas daim siab ntawm pawg VII (17 feem pua) thiab VIII (52 feem pua) txheeb ze rau pawg II yog los ntawm 97 thiab 75 feem pua ​​qis dua qhov feem pua ​​​​nce LHP cov ntsiab lus hauv siab homogenates ntawm pawg III (114 feem pua. ) thiab IV (127 feem pua) piv rau pawg I.

Qhov concentration ntawm LHP nce siab nyob rau hauv ob lub raum ntawm cov tsiaj ntawm pawg VII thiab VIII txheeb ze rau pawg II los ntawm 16 thiab 31 feem pua, feem.


Txawm li cas los xij, qhov nce ntawm LHP cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv nas raum ntawm pawg VII (16 feem pua) thiab VIII (31 feem pua) piv rau pawg II yog los ntawm 23 thiab 25 feem pua ​​qis dua qhov feem pua ​​​​nce ntawm LHP qib hauv raum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm pawg III (39 feem pua. ) thiab IV (56 feem pua) txheeb ze rau pawg I.

Cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv qhia tias vitamin E yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo antioxidant, inhibits lipid peroxidation txheej txheem, thiab txo ROS qib hauv vitro thiab hauv vivo [22]. Kev tswj hwm qhov ncauj ntawm vitamin E attenuates Cr(VI)-induced hepatotoxicity thiab txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm TBARS hauv daim siab ntawm nas [19]. Yog vim li cas rau qhov txo qis ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem peroxidation hauv nas daim siab cov ntaub so ntswg kuj yog cov khoom antioxidant ntawm cov sulf lwm pab pawg, uas yog cov qauv ntawm ETS molecule [32,42,43]. Cov pab pawg ua haujlwm no muaj peev xwm txo qis LHP cov ntsiab lus [41]. S-alkylthiosulfonates, uas yog cov synthetic structural analogs ntawm ETS, inhibit lub xanthine-xanthine oxidase system kev ua si thiab ROS tiam [27]. Vitamin E yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov cytoplasm thiab cell membrane. Cov nyhuv antioxidant ntawm vitamin E tiv thaiv kev ua kom cov kab mob sib txuas ntawm lipid autoxidation vim qhov nruab nrab ntawm peroxyl thiab alkoxide radicals. Peroxyl radicals kuj hnov ​​​​mob sai dua nrog cov vitamin E dua li ntawm cov cell membrane lipids [14].

Yog li, cov nyhuv tshuaj lom ntawm Cr (VI) ua rau nce siab ntawm TBARS thiab LHP cov ntsiab lus hauv daim siab thiab lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov tsiaj. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov cuam tshuam yav dhau los ntawm cov vitamin E nrog ETS txo qhov kev siv ntawm cov txheej txheem peroxidation hauv daim siab thiab ob lub raum ntawm cov nas nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim Cr (VI)-induced oxidative stress.



3.2. Glutathione antioxidant system.

Muaj kev nce hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm GP hauv daim siab cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm nas nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Cr (VI) rau 7 (III pab pawg) thiab 14 hnub (IV pawg) txheeb ze rau pawg I los ntawm 55 thiab 15 feem pua, raws li (Table 2).

Table 2. Indicators of glutathione antioxidant system in liver and kidneys of rats (M±S.E.M., n=5).

Intraperitoneal kev tswj hwm ntawm poov tshuaj dichromate rau 7 hnub (pab pawg III) ua rau muaj kev nce hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cellular GSH hauv nas daim siab cov ntaub so ntswg los ntawm 12 feem pua ​​​​piv nrog kev tswj hwm (pab pawg I). GSH qib tsis txawv ntawm kev tswj hwm qhov tseem ceeb hauv lub raum ntawm cov tsiaj ntawm pawg III (K2Cr2O7 14 hnub). Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov txo qis hauv GSH pas dej hauv lub siab thiab lub raum ntawm nas tom qab 14 hnub ntawm Cr(VI) kev ua (pab pawg IV) txheeb ze rau pawg I los ntawm 34 feem pua ​​thiab 36 feem pua. Nyob rau hauv lem, lub siab rhiab heev ntawm lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg rau Cr(VI)-induced toxicity tej zaum yuav yog vim li cas rau lub GP inactivation nyob rau hauv lub raum ntawm pab pawg neeg IV tsiaj [1, 16].

Cov kws sau ntawv kuj qhia tias cov txheej txheem ntawm GP inactivation nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm Cr(VI) toxicity yog nqa tawm los ntawm kev txuas Cr(VI) mus rau lub active site ntawm lub enzyme thiab ncaj qha hloov chaw ntawm cofactors-hlau los ntawm lub active site [25].

Cov haujlwm ntawm GR tsis hloov pauv hauv daim siab ntawm cov tsiaj ntawm pawg III txheeb ze rau kev tswj hwm. Tab sis 14 hnub ntawm Cr (VI) raug coj mus rau qhov txo qis hauv GR kev ua haujlwm hauv nas daim siab cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov tsiaj los ntawm 17 feem pua ​​​​hauv kev sib piv rau pawg I. GR kev ua haujlwm inhibition kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov tsiaj tom qab 7 (III pawg) thiab 14 (IV pawg) hnub ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj K2Cr2O7 piv rau pawg I los ntawm 45 thiab 43 feem pua, raws li.

Peb xav tias Cr(VI)-ib qho kev txo qis ntawm GSH cov ntsiab lus yuav yog vim li cas rau GR tsub kom nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si ntaub so ntswg ofrats [44-46]. GSH molecules muab ncaj qha neutralization ntawm dawb radicals, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tiv thaiv antioxidant ntawm cov hlwb [47], thiab koom nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm Cr(VI) txo [19]. Yog li ntawd, qhov txo qis hauv GSH cov ntsiab lus hauv daim siab ntawm cov nas cuam tshuam los ntawm Cr(VI) yuav yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev siv GSH molecules hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm ROS thiab dawb radicals neutralization nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm K2Cr2O7- induced oxidative stress.

Cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kuj piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem ncaj qha ntawm GR kev ua haujlwm inhibition vim yog qhov tshwj xeeb khi ntawm cov hlau hnyav rau thiol / thiolate redox khub thiab histidine residue hauv qhov chaw catalytic ntawm qhov txo qis ntawm cov enzyme. Tom qab ntawd cov hlau ion khi ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev khoov ntawm isoalloxazine nplhaib ntawm FAD thiab hydrophobicity ntawm nws cov microenvironment. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov haujlwm enzymatic ntawm GR yog inhibited [48].

Kev tswj hwm ntawm vitamin E (pab pawg V) thiab vitamin E nyob rau hauv complex nrog ETS (pab pawg VI) ua rau muaj kev nce hauv GSH qib hauv daim siab ntawm nas txheeb ze rau pawg II los ntawm 15 thiab 21 feem pua, raws li. Cov kev cuam tshuam yav dhau los ntawm cov vitamin E thiab ETS los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tom ntej ntawm Cr(VI) rau 7 (pab pawg VII) thiab 14 hnub (paub VIII) ua rau nce GSH cov ntsiab lus hauv daim siab piv rau pawg II los ntawm 21 thiab 23 feem pua. , raws.

Peb tsis pom qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm GSH cov ntsiab lus hauv cov ntaub so ntswg tsiaj tom qab kev tswj hwm ntawm vitamin E thiab vitamin E hauv complex nrog ETS. Peb pom tsuas yog ib qho kev nyiam kom nce GSH qib hauv ob lub raum ntawm cov tsiaj tom qab kev kho mob rau 14 hnub nrog vitamin E thiab vitamin E hauv complex nrog ETS.

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv, vitamin E nthuav tawm hepato- thiab nephroprotective zog tiv thaiv Cr(VI)-induced toxicity, restores GSH cov ntsiab lus, thiab txhawb cov kev ua ntawm AOS enzymes [14, 19]. Cov kws sau ntawv kuj tau tshaj tawm tias thiosulfonates yog lub luag haujlwm rau Nrf2- nyob ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant (ARE), uas ua rau kev ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant enzymes thiab dawb radicals scavenging. Thiosulfonate-mediated ARE activation txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov noob encoding -GCS. Tej zaum cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws tau koom nrog hauv kev nce GSH cov ntsiab lus raws li kev ua ntawm ETS [26]. Cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kuj qhia tau hais tias YOG stimulation induces GR thiab GS gene qhia. Cov enzymes no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txuas thiab txo cov GSH molecules [49].

Thiosulfonate molecules kuj muaj peev xwm hloov mus rau mono-, di- thiab trisulfides. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias sulfur-muaj cov khoom hloov pauv ntawm thiosulfonates tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv biosynthesis ntawm GSH molecules tshiab [29].

Complex pretreatment nrog vitamin E thiab ETS los ntawm lub tom ntej actin ntawm Cr (VI) rau 7 hnub (paub VII) thiab 14 hnub (paub VIII) pom tsuas yog ib tug nyiam rau cov restoration ntawm GP thiab GR kev ua nyob rau hauv nas lub siab. Txawm li cas los xij, peb tsis pom qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv qhov xwm txheej no.

Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov vitamin E tshwj xeeb (pab pawg V) thiab ua ke nrog ETS (pab pawg VI) rau 14 hnub ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm GP hauv lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov tsiaj txheeb ze rau pawg II los ntawm 19 thiab 22 feem pua. Cov teebmeem yav dhau los ntawm cov vitamin E thiab ETS los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tom ntej ntawm Cr (VI) rau 7 hnub ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv GP los ntawm 38 feem pua ​​​​hauv cov nas raum ntawm pawg VII piv rau pawg II (Table 2). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov nce ntawm GP kev ua haujlwm hauv nas raum ntawm pab pawg VII (38 feem pua) piv rau pawg II yog 47 feem pua ​​​​qis dua qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov kab mob GP hauv nas raum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm pawg III (85 feem pua) txheeb ze rau pawg I.

Nyob rau hauv lem, GP kev ua si raug txwv los ntawm 16 feem pua ​​​​hauv raum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm nas tom qab qhov kev cuam tshuam yav dhau los ntawm cov vitamin E hauv complex nrog ETS rau 14 hnub los ntawm kev ua tom ntej ntawm Cr(VI) rau 14 hnub (paub VIII) piv rau pawg II. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov txo qis ntawm GP kev ua hauv lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov tsiaj ntawm pawg VIII (16 feem pua) piv rau pawg II yog 11 feem pua ​​​​tsawg dua qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm GP inactivation hauv nas raum ntawm pawg III (27 feem pua) txheeb ze rau pawg I. nce hauv GR kev ua si (8 feem pua) tau pom tom qab 14 hnub ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau cov vitamin E thiab ETS hauv lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov tsiaj ntawm pawg VI txheeb ze rau pawg II.

Cov kev cuam tshuam yav dhau los ntawm cov vitamin E thiab ETS los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tom ntej ntawm Cr(VI) rau 7 (pab pawg VII) thiab 14 hnub (pab pawg VIII) ua rau txo qis ntawm GR kev ua haujlwm hauv nas raum txheeb ze rau pawg II los ntawm 17 thiab 36 feem pua, raws.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev siv ntawm kev txo qis ntawm GR kev ua haujlwm hauv nas raum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm pawg VII (17 feem pua) thiab VIII (36 feem pua) txheeb ze rau pawg II yog los ntawm 28 thiab 7 feem pua ​​qis dua qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm kev ua haujlwm GR hauv raum homogenates ntawm pawg III. (45 feem pua) thiab IV (43 feem pua) piv rau pawg I.

Peb xav tias ib nrab stabilization ntawm GP kev ua si thiab txo qhov kev siv ntawm GR tsub kom nyob rau hauv nas ob lub raum nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Cr(VI) yog kho los ntawm cov antioxidant nyhuv ntawm cov vitamin E thiab ETS complex. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tau piav qhia saum toj no qhia tau hais tias yav dhau los raug rau cov vitamin E thiab ETS txo qhov kev siv ntawm Cr(VI)-induced LP txheej txheem hauv ob lub raum ntawm nas. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv, ib qho kev nce ntxiv ntawm TBARS, LHP, thiab protein peroxidation cov ntsiab lus yog nrog los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm GSH-txog AOS enzymes [50]. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias cov nyhuv antioxidant complex ntawm vitamin E thiab ETS stabilizes cov enzymatic kev ua si ntawm GP thiab GR los ntawm kev txo LHP thiab TBARS cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov tsiaj.

Yog li, kev txhaj tshuaj intraperitoneal ntawm K2Cr2O7 rau 7 hnub ua rau me ntsis kev ua haujlwm ntawm GP thiab nce GSH cov ntsiab lus hauv daim siab ntawm nas. Me ntsis GP stimulation kuj tau pom tom qab 14 hnub ntawm Cr(VI) ua. Txawm li cas los xij, 14 hnub ntawm K2Cr2O7 raug cuam tshuam ua rau lub siab ntawm GSH pas dej ua ke thiab inhibition ntawm GR kev ua. Cr(VI)-induced depletion ntawm GSH cov ntsiab lus tshem tawm hauv daim siab cov ntaub so ntswg los ntawm complex intragastric pretreatment ntawm vitamin E thiab ETS. Cr (VI) kev txiav txim rau 7 hnub ua rau kev them nyiaj ua haujlwm ntawm GP thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm GR hauv ob lub raum ntawm nas. Nyob rau hauv lem, 14 hnub ntawm K2Cr2O7 raug ua rau inactivation ntawm GP, GR, thiab depletion ntawm lub raum GSH cov ntsiab lus. Cov kev cuam tshuam yav dhau los ntawm vitamin E thiab ETS txo qhov kev siv ntawm GR inactivation thiab stabilizes cov kev ua ntawm GP nyob rau hauv nas raum cov ntaub so ntswg nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm K2Cr2O7-induced oxidative kev nyuaj siab.


3.3. Antioxidant enzymes.

Intraperitoneal txhaj tshuaj ntawm poov tshuaj dichromate rau 7 thiab 14 hnub ua rau txo qis hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm SOD hauv daim siab nqaij ntawm cov tsiaj ntawm pawg III thiab IV txheeb ze rau pawg I los ntawm 17 thiab 33 feem pua, raws li (Table 3). Kev ua kom SOD tau pom tom qab 7 hnub ntawm Cr(VI) kev kho mob hauv nas raum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm pab pawg III (21 feem pua), tab sis 14 hnub ntawm Cr(VI) kev txiav txim ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm SOD enzymatic kev ua haujlwm hauv ob lub raum ntawm cov tsiaj ntawm pawg IV (18 feem pua. ) piv rau pawg I.

Qhov kev ua ntawm CAT nce 11 feem pua ​​​​tom qab 7 hnub ntawm Cr (VI) raug, tab sis 14 hnub ntawm K2Cr2O7 kev tswj hwm tau nrog los ntawm kev txo qis ntawm CAT kev ua los ntawm 13 feem pua ​​​​hauv nas daim siab ntawm pawg IV txheeb ze rau pawg I. Cr(VI. ) toxicity rau 7 hnub ua rau ua kom CAT (los ntawm 15 feem pua), tab sis K2Cr2O7 toxicity rau 14 hnub ua rau txo qis hauv CAT enzymatic kev ua haujlwm hauv lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov tsiaj ntawm pawg IV piv rau pawg I.

Table 3. Indicators of antioxidant enzyme activity in liver and kidneys of rats (M±S.E.M., n=5).

Cov kws sau ntawv tau tshaj tawm tias yog vim li cas rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm SOD (lub siab thiab lub raum) thiab CAT (lub siab) hauv cov ntaub so ntswg nas ntawm pawg III tuaj yeem yog cov tshuaj antioxidant gene overexpression lossis cov txheej txheem them nyiaj ntawm AOS system tiv thaiv Cr (VI)-induced oxidative stress [51 , 52] ib.

Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kuj qhia tau hais tias Cr (VI) yog ib qho muaj zog inhibitor ntawm SOD enzymatic kev ua si. Tej zaum, cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem piav qhia txog qhov inhibition ntawm SOD kev ua haujlwm tom qab ntev dua toxic actin ntawm Cr(VI) hauv nas cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm pawg IV (Cr(VI) rau 14 hnub). Cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm Cr (VI) ua rau inhibition ntawm SOD enzymatic kev ua haujlwm thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm SOD molecular qauv vim muaj zog ntawm cov txheej txheem peroxidation [53]. Cov hlau hnyav, suav nrog Cr (VI), muaj peev xwm ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm AOS enzymes tom qab kev khi ncaj qha mus rau qhov chaw nquag ntawm cov enzymes sib xws [54]. Tom qab SOD inactivation yog suppressed, dismutation txheej txheem O2- rau H2O2. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Cr(VI)-induced stimulation ntawm O2- tsim, thiab inhibition ntawm O2- cov txheej txheem siv tej zaum yuav ua rau AOS enzyme inactivation, nrog rau CAT [55].

Vitamin E tshwj xeeb (pab pawg V) thiab ua ke nrog ETS (pab pawg VI) txhawb nqa CAT kev ua haujlwm hauv daim siab nqaij ntawm cov tsiaj uas txheeb ze rau pawg I los ntawm 15 thiab 33 feem pua, raws li. Kuj tseem muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm CAT hauv nas raum ntawm pawg V thiab VI kev sim piv rau pawg II los ntawm 23 thiab 28 feem pua, raws li (Table 3).

Complex pretreatment nrog vitamin E thiab ETS los ntawm lub tom ntej actin ntawm Cr(VI) rau 7 hnub (paub VII) thiab 14 hnub (paub VIII) ua rau muaj kev nce ntawm CAT kev ua si nyob rau hauv nas daim siab cov ntaub so ntswg txheeb ze rau pawg II los ntawm 17 thiab 9 feem pua, raws. Kev ua kom CAT kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv nas raum ntawm pawg VII (13 feem pua) txheeb ze rau pawg II. Txawm li cas los xij, CAT enzymatic kev ua haujlwm hauv lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov tsiaj ntawm pawg VIII tseem nyob rau theem ntawm cov ntsuas ntawm pawg II.

Cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv qhia tias vitamin E tiv thaiv depletion ntawm enzymatic kev ua si ntawm SOD, CAT, thiab lwm yam AOS enzymes nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm nas thiab nas nyob rau hauv lub mob ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab [56,57]. Vitamin E kuj txo qis Cr(VI)-vim oxidative kev nyuaj siab nyob rau hauv nas testes vim yog rov qab kho SOD thiab CAT kev ua thiab txo LP cov txheej txheem siv [58].

Thiosulfonates koom nrog hauv Nrf2- nyob ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm AOS gene stimulation [26]. Kev txhawb nqa ntawm Nrf2 ua, tig mus rau kev nthuav qhia ntau ntxiv ntawm cov noob encoding CAT [59]. Allicin, ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj analogues ntawm thiosulfonates, koom nrog hauv kev ua kom cov noob muaj lub luag haujlwm rau kev qhia ntawm SOD, CAT, thiab Nrf2 [60]. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias saum toj no antioxidant zog ntawm vitamin E, thiosulfonates, thiab lawv tej yam ntuj tso analogs tej zaum yuav yog vim li cas rau restore CAT enzymatic kev ua si nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Cr (VI) induced oxidative kev nyuaj siab.

4. Cov lus xaus

Nws tsis paub me ntsis txog cov khoom antioxidant ntawm thiosulfonates. Kuj tseem muaj cov ntaub ntawv txaus piav qhia txog kev tiv thaiv cov khoom ntawm thiosulfonates tiv thaiv hnyav hlau-induced toxicity nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov tsiaj kab mob. Peb cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los qhia tau hais tias ETS pretreatment yuav ua tau zoo los kho Cr(VI)-vim lub siab toxicity hauv cov kab mob nas. Peb xav tias cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv ntawm cov khoom antioxidant ntawm ETS ua ke nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant thiab cov cellular reductants yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab zoo txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm thiosulfonates hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov hlau hnyav-induced oxidative kev nyuaj siab tiv thaiv.

Generalization ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tau hais tias K2Cr2O7 qhov kev txiav txim ua rau Cr(VI) - induced hepato- thiab nephrotoxicity vim qhov kev siv zog ntawm LP txheej txheem thiab nce LHP thiab TBARS tsim nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si tsiaj cov ntaub so ntswg. AOS system suav nrog cov txheej txheem them nyiaj los tiv thaiv Cr (VI)-vim oxidative kev nyuaj siab. Cov txheej txheem no tau nrog los ntawm kev ua kom SOD, CAT, thiab GP hauv lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg, nrog rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm CAT, GP, thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm GSH hauv daim siab ntawm nas tom qab 7 hnub ntawm Cr (VI) raug. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm ntev dua ntawm Cr (VI) rau 14 hnub ua rau kev txo qis ntawm AOS cov peev txheej vim tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes antioxidant (SOD, CAT, GR, GP) thiab depletion ntawm GSH pas dej hauv daim siab thiab lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov tsiaj. Cov complex ntawm vitamin E thiab ETS nthuav tawm cov nyhuv antioxidant tiv thaiv Cr (VI)-vim toxicity. Intragastric pretreatment ntawm no complex rau 14 hnub yog manifested nrog ib tug txo ntawm Cr (VI) induced LP txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub siab thiab ob lub raum ntawm nas. Cov kev cuam tshuam yav dhau los ntawm vitamin E thiab ETS kuj tseem tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj CAT thiab GSH hauv daim siab, nrog rau tshem tawm kev siv CAT inactivation, stabilizes GP thiab GR kev ua haujlwm hauv lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov tsiaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm K2Cr2O7-induced oxidative kev ntxhov siab. Vitamin E tshwj xeeb thiab nyuaj nrog ETS suppresses LHP nce thiab txhawb nqa CAT hauv ob leeg nas. Cov nyhuv antioxidant ntawm cov tebchaw no tseem ua rau lub siab GSH tsub zuj zuj thiab lub raum GP ua kom.

Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tau hais tias vitamin E thiab ETS pretreatment ib nrab stabilized Cr (VI)-vim cuam tshuam hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant hauv cov nas raum. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem dhau los ua ib feem ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los tsim txoj hauv kev zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv thiab kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant thiab pro-oxidant xeev hauv ob lub raum cuam tshuam los ntawm kev ua ntawm Сr (VI)-induced oxidative stress.

1 Department of Biochemistry Adaptation and Ontogenesis of Tsiaj; Lub koom haum ntawm Tsiaj Biology ntawm NAAS; Lviv; Ukraine

2 Department of Technology of Biologically Active Compounds; Pharmacy thiab Biotechnology ntawm Lviv Polytechnic National University; Ukraine

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Koj Tseem Yuav Zoo Li