Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob Ntawm SARS-CoV-2 Kev Tiv Thaiv Thiab Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Serology: Innate And Adaptive Responses To MRNA, Adenovirus, Inactivated And Protein Subunit Vaccines Part 2

2.3. AstraZeneca COVID-19 Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Oxford-AstraZeneca (AZ) tau tsim los ntawm DNA cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm chimpanzee replication-deficient adenoviral vector, xa cov encoded S protein antigen rau lub hom phiaj SARS-CoV-2 kab mob [18,35]. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob no hu ua ChAdOx1, thiab tom qab ntawd yog AZD1222, thiab tau tsim los ntawm University of Oxford hauv kev koom tes nrog AstraZeneca. AZD1222 muaj ib tug replication-deficient adenovirus vector uas qhia tag nrho-ntev tus mob coronavirus spike protein thiab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm B hlwb los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab T hlwb [81].

Hauv cov qauv piv txwv (n=380), IgG anti-S protein teb rau COVID-19 kab mob tau txaus, nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws IgG tiv thaiv S tshwm sim ntawm 107, 101.5, thiab 70.2 hnub, raws li, hauv cov hnub nyoog ntawm 18–55, 56–69, thiab tshaj 70 xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, AZD1222 / BNT162b2 kev sib xyaw ua ke kuj tau ntsuas los ntawm IgG tsim tawm tsam S1, RBD, tag nrho-ntev spike proteins, thiab T-cell teb, raws li ntsuas los ntawm IFN- ntau lawm [82,83]. Hauv theem 1/2 kev sim tshuaj, nws tau pom tias IgG-specific SARS-CoV-2 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tshwm sim tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv AZD1222, nce siab ntawm 14-28 hnub uas tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm immunogens [82–85]. Theem 2/3 kev sim ntawm AZD1222 tau qhia tag nrho 70.4 feem pua ​​​​kev ua tau zoo, thiab nws tau pib siv raws li kev tso cai siv thaum muaj xwm ceev (EUA) raws li ua ntej [84–86].

Defective adenovirus (defective adenovirus) feem ntau yog hais txog qhov txawv ntawm qee yam adenoviruses uas muaj qhov tsis sib xws lossis tshem tawm thaum lub sijhawm rov ua dua thiab ua rau tus kab mob tsis zoo. Cov kab mob adenoviruses tsis zoo muaj tus lej rov qab qis dua thiab muaj peev xwm kis tau qis dua li cov adenoviruses li niaj zaus, tab sis kuj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kab mob hauv qee kis.

Tsis muaj pov thawj txaus tshawb fawb txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm adenovirus thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias muaj kab mob adenovirus tuaj yeem txhawb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Piv txwv li, ib txoj kev tshawb nrhiav pom tias nyob rau hauv tus qauv nas, tom qab inoculation nrog ib tug tsis zoo adenovirus, ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv tus naj npawb thiab kev ua ntawm ib co lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, uas yuav tsum tau mus tua thiab tshem tawm cov txawv txav hlwb nyob rau hauv lub cev.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab mob adenoviruses tsis zoo kuj tau siv los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem qhia qee yam kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tib neeg lossis tsiaj txhu rau hauv cov kab mob adenovirus uas tsis zoo, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, uas xav tias yuav txhawb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tsim kev tiv thaiv kab mob mus ntev.

Feem ntau, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kab mob adenovirus tsis zoo thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv thiab kev sib tham. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tsum txhim kho peb txoj kev tiv thaiv. Cistanche tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tiv thaiv zoo. Cov polysaccharides hauv cov nqaij tuaj yeem tswj hwm kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tib neeg lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, txhim kho kev ntxhov siab ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab txhim kho cov kab mob bactericidal ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.

Nyem qhov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cistanche

Tom qab ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv AZD1222 tau ntsuas hauv cov ntaub ntawv hauv ntiaj teb tiag tiag, thiab nws thawj koob tshuaj tau tshaj tawm los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib npaug thiab cov lus teb T-cell. Yog li ntawd, COVID-19 tus nqi pw hauv tsev kho mob tau txo qis tom qab ib koob tshuaj tiv thaiv AZD1222 [87]. Cov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam tom qab ntawd tau ua nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tiag tiag. Müller et al. tshaj tawm tias AZD1222 txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau evoked antibody isotypes ntawm IgM thiab IgG [88]. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tau tshwm sim ntawm cov lus teb ntawm serum IgG thiab IgA tawm tsam txhua qhov ntawm SARS-CoV-2 subunit domains (S1, S2, RBD, thiab N proteins) ntawm peb SARS-CoV-2 variants (Alpha , Beta, thiab Gamma) thiab pom tias IgG rau txhua ntawm plaub SARS-CoV-2 cov proteins tau nce los ntawm 4 mus rau 12 lub lis piam, nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob S2 muaj qhov txo qis IgA cov lus teb rau txhua qhov sib txawv - uas yog kab nrog lwm cov kev tshawb fawb. kev tshawb fawb ua ntej [89]. Nws kuj tau pom tias thawj koob tshuaj tiv thaiv AZD1222 tau txhim kho cov ntshav IgA ntawm 4 txog 12 lub lis piam [89].

Lwm cov kev tshawb fawb pom tias, tom qab kis kab mob, ib koob tshuaj AZD1222 tau txaus los tiv thaiv SARS-CoV-2 cov neeg mob los ntawm kev rov ua dua thiab ua haujlwm raws li koob tshuaj ntxiv [90–92]. Tom qab thawj koob tshuaj, cov titers nce zuj zus zuj zus ntawm 56 thiab 76 hnub tom qab hauv cov neeg uas twb kis tus kab mob COVID-19 [93]. Raws li kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Hoque et al., IgG anti-RBD / S1 cov lus teb cov protein, elicited tom qab thawj thiab thib ob koob tshuaj tiv thaiv, yog 99.9 feem pua ​​​​thiab 100 feem pua ​​​​, feem, hauv cov neeg tau txais tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib deev, raws li 74 hnub txij li thawj koob tshuaj [94].

Yog li ntawd, qhov ncua sij hawm ncua ntawm ob koob tshuaj tshwm sim zoo dua nyob rau hauv cov neeg tau txais tshuaj tiv thaiv piv rau cov qauv ncua sij hawm [93,95–97]. Kev tshawb xyuas qhia tau hais tias, tom qab thawj koob tshuaj, AZD1222 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj zog, uas tseem yog qhov taw qhia tom qab koob tshuaj thib ob. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, qhov rhiab heev ntawm kev soj ntsuam sib txawv tau muab piv tom qab thawj koob tshuaj AZD1222, uas qhia txog ntau yam ntawm 75.4 feem pua ​​​​rau 89.3 feem pua ​​​​seropositivity [98,99]. Cov lus teb no tsis cuam tshuam nrog hnub nyoog lossis poj niam txiv neej tab sis pom tias muaj kev txo qis hauv nAbs los ntawm 70.1 feem pua ​​(4 lub lis piam) mus rau 49.2 feem pua ​​(8 lub lis piam) [100]. Tom qab koob thib ob AZD1222, IgG anti-S protein ntau nce siab tom qab 21 hnub thiab maj mam txo qis tom qab ntawd. IgG cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau zoo ib yam hauv cov ntshav mus txog rau lub hlis [101–105]. Ib yam li ntawd, nAbs induced los ntawm AZD1222 txhaj tshuaj pib poob [106,107].

Lwm cov kev tshawb fawb pov thawj qhia tias, tom qab thawj koob tshuaj AZD1222, ib koob tshuaj AZD1222 tsis tau ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb poob mus txog 11 lub lis piam [108]. Qhov tsis muaj N protein hauv AZD1222 kuj ua rau tsis muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv N IgG hauv cov ntshav [109]. IgG anti-RBD cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm cov neeg txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog AZD1222 tau dav dav-reactive tiv thaiv ntau VOCs thiab muaj qhov tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv Beta thiab Delta variants [110]. Lwm daim ntawv tshaj tawm qhia tias cov lus teb no tseem tau pom ib hlis tom qab thawj koob tshuaj AZD1222 tab sis tsis tiv thaiv tus mob me lossis nruab nrab ntawm COVID-19 los ntawm Beta variant [111].

Hauv qhov sib piv, AZD1222 txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob SARS-CoV-2 los ntawm Alpha thiab Delta variants [112,113]. Txawm hais tias Omicron variant lub peev xwm los zam nAbs, AZD1222 (n=3513) tau pom tias txo qis txoj hauv kev kis mob ntsws, hauv cov tib neeg uas tau txais ob koob tshuaj tiv thaiv, mus txog 6 lub hlis [114]. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib kis ntawm Alpha thiab Delta variants tau txo qis tom qab tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv AZD1222 [115].

2.4. Sinopharm COVID-19 Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob

Qhov thib peb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19 yuav muab piv rau hauv daim ntawv no yog Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV), tus kab mob uas tsis muaj zog ua ke nrog cov tshuaj alum adjuvant ua los ntawm cov kab mob thiab loj hlob hauv kab lis kev cai thiab yog li txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob [18]. BBIBP-CorV yog tsim los ntawm Beijing Institute of Biological Products thiab muaj 79 feem pua ​​​​kev ua tau zoo [116]. Txij li thaum BBIBP-CorV siv tus kab mob tsis ua haujlwm tag nrho, nws tau kwv yees tias yuav ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv tag nrho SARS-CoV-2 cov proteins: nucleocapsid (N), daim nyias nyias (M), hnab ntawv (E) cov proteins, thiab cov protein ntau ( S) [117].

Raws li cov kab zoo sib xws, BBIBP-CorV tau ua tiav daim ntawv cog lus nrog WHO cov lus qhia tshiab rau kev siv hloov kho thaum Lub Rau Hli 2022. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm nAbs tau tsim los ntawm BBIBP-CorV hauv kev tshawb fawb ua ntej, nrog 100 feem pua ​​​​seroconversion tshwm sim ntawm 21 hnub [118]. Hauv theem 1/2, nws tau pom tias cov tib neeg noj qab haus huv zam thiab teb tau zoo rau BBIBP-CorV 4 hnub tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thawj zaug, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tshwj xeeb tau kuaj pom [119,120]. Hnub 42, nws tau pom tias koob tshuaj tiv thaiv qis dua muaj qib nAb ntau dua [120].

Tom qab kev pom zoo, kev tshawb fawb hauv ntiaj teb no tau pom qhov qis dua seroconversion dua li theem 1/2; Txawm hais tias qhov no poob qis hauv seroconversion, BBIBPCorV tau tiv thaiv kab mob SARS-CoV-2 [121,122]. Ib qho kev tshawb pom zoo sib xws kuj tau tshaj tawm hauv pawg hnub nyoog qis dua -18 [119]. Kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias kev tswj hwm ntawm BBIBP-CorV txhawb nqa IgG cov lus teb, txo qis kev tuag, thiab tiv thaiv kab mob [123]. BBIBPCorV tau pom tias ua rau nAbs thiab IgG tawm tsam RBD tom qab ob koob tshuaj tiv thaiv; piv rau cov txiv neej, poj niam muaj cov lus teb ntau dua [124]. Ib qho tseem ceeb sib txawv ntawm cov nAbs titers nyob rau hauv ntau lub hnub nyoog sib txawv yog lawv txoj kev xav pom nyob rau hauv qis dua hauv cov hnub nyoog laus. IgG thiab IgM spike-specific antibody concentrations tau piv rau nAbs qib, uas tau nce siab ntawm 14 hnub tom qab koob thib ob, tom qab nyob rau theem qis tom qab thawj koob tshuaj [124,125].

Thaum sib piv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov neeg koom nrog ua ntej SARS-CoV-2 (n=126) thiab kab mob tsis zoo, nws tau pom tias IgG anti-RBD thiab nAbs tau kuaj pom hauv 87.06 feem pua ​​thiab 78.82 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov neeg koom. Tom qab ob koob tshuaj, nrog T hlwb waning tom qab 1 koob tshuaj tshwj xeeb rau S, M thiab N proteins [124]. Hauv txoj kev tshawb no (n=126), Li et al., ntsuas T cell cytokine ntau lawm los ntawm IFN- , IL-2, thiab TNF- los ntawm kev txhawb nqa T hlwb nrog peptides los ntawm S, M, thiab N proteins antigens. Lawv xaus lus tias T cell teb tau tshwm sim hauv T pab hlwb (CD4 ntxiv) thiab cytotoxic T hlwb (CD8 ntxiv) ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm 95.83 feem pua: 54.16 feem pua ​​​​hauv ib pawg ntawm cov neeg koom nrog txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ob zaug kom tau txais kev txhawb nqa [124]. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog tias T-cell teb tau qis dua hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog tom qab ib koob tab sis tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tom qab ob koob [124,126–129].

Txawm hais tias tag nrho thiab zoo ib yam waning ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov lus teb, nco B cell teb tseem khaws cia thiab muab kev tiv thaiv [130,131]. Piv nrog rau tus thawj SARS-CoV-2 hom kab mob, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv BBIBPCorV tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev ua kom tsis zoo rau lwm yam sib txawv, uas tau ua raws li cov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej [132,133]. Kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm tias qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv thib peb BBIBP-CorV tau nce cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntau ntxiv piv rau lub sijhawm tshuaj tiv thaiv ob zaug thiab tau them nyiaj rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo [134]. Tsis tas li ntawd, koob tshuaj txhawb zog tau pom tias ua rau nAbs tawm tsam lwm yam SARS-CoV-2 variants, nrog rau cov kev hloov pauv no tau pom ntawm Alpha thiab Beta variants, nrog rau Beta variant nthuav tawm ntau qhov kev tawm tsam rau IgG-evoked cov lus teb dua li ob koob tshuaj tiv thaiv [133,135] . Tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv BBIBP-CorV, qib tshuaj tiv thaiv tau pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm poj niam txiv neej thiab hnub nyoog, nrog rau cov poj niam thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau dua [128,136,137].

2.5. Novavax NVX-CoV2373 COVID-19 Vaccine Antibody Responses

Cov txheej txheem kev pom zoo thawj zaug ntawm Novavax Nuvaxovid (NVX-CoV2373), tom qab hu ua Covovax, kuj tau pib xyoo 2020 nrog cov kab zoo sib xws; no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob subunit platform ua haujlwm los ntawm Novavax sawv cev rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib txwm siv los ntseeg tau ntau xyoo lawm, nrog rau thawj zaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv subunit recombinant tshwm sim tawm tsam kab mob siab B hauv nruab nrab -1980s [138].

Similarly, approval occurred under the emergency use listing in December 2021. NVX-CoV2373 consists of recombinant baculovirus production and stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from the ancestral strain. This protein is embedded in a buffered polysorbate 80 micelle and is adjuvanted with Matrix-M, which is saponin based [139]. Clinical evaluation of NVX-CoV2373 found it to be safe and immunogenic in adults [140]. It showed a high vaccine efficacy against severe COVID-19 (>90 feem pua ​​) hauv kev tshawb fawb suav nrog 29949 tus neeg koom tau nthuav tawm ntau yam kev txhawj xeeb (VOC) ncig hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab Mexico thaum lub sijhawm ntawd [141]. Qhov kev sim tshuaj ntsuam xyuas no tau ua rau kev txiav txim siab tias kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv yog 90.4 feem pua ​​(95 feem pua ​​CI, 82.9 txog 94.6; p < 0.001).

Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nyob rau theem 1-2 kev sim ua ntej, nws tau pom tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv NVX-CoV2373 elicited CD4 ntxiv rau T-cell teb, nrog lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob coj mus rau TH1 phenotype. Antibody titers tau ntsuas ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab rau kev siv tshuaj sib txawv raws li ua ntej. Nws tau pom tias ob koob tshuaj 5-µg kev tswj hwm tau zoo rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab kev tshuaj xyuas hnub 35 tau qhia tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob IgG thiab cov lus teb tsis zoo tshaj qhov pom hauv cov ntshav qabzib los ntawm COVID{{11} }} cov neeg mob (63,160 vs. 8344 thiab 3906 vs. 983 ELISA units, ntsig txog) [140]. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no kuj tau soj ntsuam qhov induction ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas muaj peev xwm ua rau tsis zoo Omicron sub-lineages (xws li BA.2, BA.4, BA.5, BA.2.12.1) tom qab ob lossis peb koob ntawm NVX-CoV2373. Cov kws sau ntawv tau tshaj tawm tias tom qab ob koob tshuaj, Omicron sub-lineages BA.1 thiab BA.4/BA.5 tau tiv taus qhov nruab nrab hauv 72 feem pua ​​(21/29) thiab 59 feem pua ​​(17/29) ntawm cov qauv.

Ib koob thib peb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv NVX-CoV2373, txawm li cas los xij, tau pom cov titers siab tiv thaiv Omicron BA.1 (GMT: 1197) thiab BA.4/BA.5 (GMT: 582), nrog titers piv rau cov uas tshwm sim los ntawm peb koob tshuaj mRNA tshuaj tiv thaiv. Vim muaj kev tswj hwm ntawm BA.4/BA.5 nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw, cov txiaj ntsig no tseem ceeb heev thiab qhia txog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv NVX-CoV2373 raws li kev txhawb nqa hauv cov chaw muaj peev xwm txwv tsis pub [142]. Kev sib piv ntawm lub taub hau ntawm BioNTech/Pfizer thiab Novavax tau qhia tias ob koob ntawm NVX-CoV2373 tau ua rau muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob IgG, txawm hais tias IgGlevels qis dua tom qab txhaj tshuaj nrog ob koob ntawm BNT162b2 lossis mRNA-1273 (p=0.006). Txawm hais tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv twg tau siv, thiab tsis hais txog qhov sib txawv IgG-theem, kev ua haujlwm nruab nrab ntawm VOCs tau pom tias yog qhov siab tshaj plaws rau Delta, thiab tom qab ntawd yog BA.2 ua raws li BA.1. Hauv NVX-CoV2373 subunit vaccine, induction ntawm ib qho kab mob tshwj xeeb CD8 ntxiv rau T-cells tsuas yog kuaj tau hauv 3/22 (14 feem pua) cov qauv.

Contrastingly, induction ntawm spike-specific CD4 ntxiv rau T-hlwb tau kuaj pom thiab tam sim no nyob rau hauv 18/22 (82 feem pua) cov tib neeg, txawm hais tias mus rau ib tug qis dua nruab nrab theem (p < 0.001). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lus qhia theem ntawm CTLA-4 tau qis dua (p < 0.0001), nrog tsawg dua cov hlwb sib koom ua ke qhia IFN- , TNF- , thiab IL-2 (p=0.0007) qhia. Ntxiv nrog rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo, NVX-CoV2373-induced CD4 plus tab sis kuj CD8 plus T-cells zoo ib yam lees paub tag nrho cov VOCs uas tau sim los ntawm Alpha mus rau Omicron. Tsis tas li ntawd, rau cov tib neeg uas muaj tus kab mob SARS-CoV-2 ua ntej, ib koob ntawm NVX-CoV2373 tau pom tias muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob rau qib zoo sib xws piv rau ob koob tshuaj hauv cov neeg tsis muaj kab mob [143].

2.6. Pfizer vs. AstraZeneca vs. Sinopharm Vaccines Antibody Responses

Hauv kev sib piv rau ntuj SARS-CoV-2 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm BNT162b2 tshwm sim siab dua, qhov uas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm BBIBP-CorV zoo li qis dua, tom qab ib koob tshuaj [144,145]. Yog li ntawd, lwm cov kev tshawb fawb pej xeem thiab kev tshawb fawb serology tau piav qhia txog qhov ntev thiab dav ntawm IgG anti-S protein cov lus teb nrog nrog kev txheeb xyuas txheeb cais (n=7256). Cov kev kwv yees thiab cov qauv no qhia tias 24 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov neeg tuaj koom yuav tsis tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv S protein, thiab lawv kwv yees tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv S protein IgG tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev rov ua dua tshiab thiab muaj ib nrab neej ntawm 184 hnub thiab 1.5-2 xyoo [146]. Whilst lwm cov kev tshawb fawb pej xeem (n=212,102) piv cov qauv kuaj raws li kev soj ntsuam (ELISA) nrog cov tswv cuab ntawm lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) - qhov sib piv ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm cov kev ntsuas tus kheej no (n=5000) qhia rhiab heev thiab qhov tshwj xeeb piv ntawm 82.1 feem pua ​​/ 97.8 feem pua, ntsig txog-kev ntsuas ntawm S1 protein antigens yuav undoubtedly yuav pab tau rau yav tom ntej thiab yuav tsum tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv [146]. Yog li ntawd, tau txiav txim siab tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv (saum toj no) ntawm B cell-produced IgG antibodies nyob rau hauv SARS-CoV 2 kab mob thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, nws yuav tsum tau qhia meej txog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ntau lwm yam cell sub-types nyob rau hauv peb tsab xov xwm nram qab no tos cov neeg saib xyuas. [147]; cov no tseem yuav suav nrog B cell subsets, thiab T cells (raws li kev faib tawm tam sim no) lub luag haujlwm rau kev hloov pauv hauv kev kis kab mob lossis kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.

3. Kev txwv

Txhua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas siv hauv cov kev tshawb fawb saum toj no-RT-PCR, ELISA, LFIA, CLIA, thiab lwm yam.-yuav raug lees paub rau qhov raug, tshwj xeeb, thiab rhiab heev. Kev ntsuas tam sim no ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov lus teb antibody yog cov lus qhia. Qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib txawv thiab yog raws li kev tsim qauv lossis cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb tau tshaj tawm raws li ng/mL, IU/mL (nAbs), lossis BAU/mL rau kev txheeb xyuas [148–151]. SARS-CoV-2 variants muaj cov epitope sib txawv los ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv. Tam sim no lub ntiaj teb no epitope tsom xam ntawm SARS-CoV-2 variants nyob rau hauv tus kab mob los yog tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav undoubtedly ua rau to taub yuav ua li cas epitopes nyob rau hauv txawv pathogens, raws li zoo raws li SARSCoV-2, cuam tshuam tag nrho innate thiab adaptive immune teb ( Raws li ntsuas los ntawm B thiab T cell subsets thiab cytokine ntau lawm). Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yog xav tau kom nkag siab tias vim li cas cov kab mob sib txawv ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob (cov neeg laus noj qab haus huv thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ob koob tau suav nrog hauv qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no) [152–154].

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas lwm cov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hesitancy (n=460) tau qhia tias qhov kev tsis txaus siab ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tau kwv yees li ntawm 42.2 feem pua ​​​​rau COVID-19 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv piv rau 10.9 feem pua ​​​​ntawm lwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv menyuam yaus; qhov no yuav nthuav los piv rau lwm yam kev tshawb fawb kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej [155]. Tsis tas li ntawd, tam sim no muaj ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv kev txhim kho, suav nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob dendritic cell, CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptors-T) cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tes, thiab lwm yam tsis tau tham txog ntawm no, uas tej zaum yuav muaj kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lwm yam kev kho mob hauv lub cev. xyoo tom ntej [156]. Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv raws li saum toj no hauv qab no ntawm tag nrho cov ntawv sau los yog kev txheeb xyuas txheeb cais tau hais.

4. Cov lus xaus

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub cev thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob ntsig txog kev tshawb fawb txog kev lom zem thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tes tam sim no tau piav qhia ntxaws los tshuaj xyuas cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov kab mob hauv lub cev lossis tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob serological teb rau SARS-CoV-2 immunogens thoob plaws tib neeg. Ib qho tshwj xeeb SARS-CoV-2 thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob tshwm sim uas tshwj xeeb rau cov kab mob epitopes uas ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yog yuav tsum tau ua kom paub meej cov lus teb T cell hauv kev kis kab mob thiab / lossis tshuaj tiv thaiv cov lus teb rau SARS-CoV-2, uas qhia txog kev kis tus kab mob ntau dua li lwm cov kab mob sib piv HCoV.

Tus sau kev koom tes:

Conceptualization, SAA-S.; methodology, SAA-S., YS, IF, thiab BB; kev soj ntsuam, SAA-S., IF, thiab BB; data curation, SAA-S., BB, IF, thiab YS; sau ntawv—kev npaj ua ntej, SAA-S., YS, BB, IF, CI; kev sau ntawv—kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kho, BB, SAA-S., IF thiab KHA; kev nrhiav nyiaj txiag, tsis tau thov nyiaj. Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau nyeem thiab pom zoo rau cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm cov ntawv sau.

Nyiaj txiag:

Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau txais nyiaj los ntawm Suhaila Al-Sheboul.

Institutional Review Board Statement:

Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tsis xav tau kev pom zoo rau kev ncaj ncees.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Pom Zoo:

Raws li cov kws sau ntawv paub, cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg tau txais kev pom zoo pom zoo los ntawm txhua tus neeg koom.

Cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob:

Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv muaj feem cuam tshuam tau nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv no. Cov lus nug ntxiv yuav tsum raug xa mus rau cov neeg sau ntawv uas txuas nrog saum toj lossis hauv qab cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv. Brent Brown (BB); ORCiD (0000-0001-5238-6943), Ingo Fricke ORCiD (0000-0001-7638-3181). Chinua Imarogbe ORCiD (0000-0002-8200-0885); Suhaila A. Al-Sheboul ORCiD (0000-00019001-3232).

Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev txaus siab:

Cov kws sau ntawv tshaj tawm tsis muaj kev sib cav txog kev txaus siab.

Tsis lees paub:

Cov nqe lus uas muaj nyob rau hauv tsis sawv cev rau cov kev xav lossis kev xav ntawm cov kws sau ntawv thiab raug rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb cov kev paub raws li kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb thiab ua raws li kev txiav txim siab hauv zos lossis cov lus qhia los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm lossis cov kws kho mob lossis cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob hauv.

Cov ntaub ntawv

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