Daim Ntawv Qhia Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob Raws Li Dual-Blockchain Architecture Rau Kev Ncig Tebchaws Thoob Ntiaj Teb

Kev siv cov ntawv hla tebchaws tiv thaiv kab mob tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv ntau lub tebchaws, kev ceev ntiag tug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab kev ua txhaum ntawm daim ntawv hla tebchaws. Txawm hais tias qee cov tswv yim uas twb muaj lawm tau mob siab rau kom nrawm rau qhov kev siv zog no, cov teeb meem saum toj no tsis daws tau zoo hauv cov phiaj xwm uas twb muaj lawm. Hauv daim ntawv no, peb nthuav tawm cov phiaj xwm kev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob raws li ob-blockchain architecture, uas tso cov tib neeg los ntawm cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis thaum mus txawv tebchaws. Tshwj xeeb, dual-blockchain architecture yog tsim kom haum nrog cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tiv thaiv daim ntawv hla tebchaws. Nrhiav tau encryption thiab tsis qhia npe authentication yog siv los xyuas kom meej cov neeg siv kev ceev ntiag tug. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ntsuam xyuas kev ruaj ntseg qhia tau hais tias peb lub tswv yim ua tiav cov hom phiaj kev ruaj ntseg thiab tshaj lwm cov txheej txheem kev lees paub hauv kev sib txuas lus thiab kev suav nyiaj siv ua haujlwm.

Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tseem ceeb heev hauv peb lub neej niaj hnub. Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem pab peb tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob sib kis, xws li mob khaub thuas, mob khaub thuas, mob qhua pias, mob ntsws, thiab lwm yam. Thaum lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob qis, nws yooj yim kis tau ntau yam kab mob, yog li kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob yog qhov tseem ceeb. tiv thaiv kab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb kuj yuav tsum tau txhim kho peb txoj kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv peb lub neej niaj hnub, xws li kev noj zaub mov kom zoo thiab kev tawm dag zog txhua hnub.

Hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv, peb pom tias cistanche tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tiv thaiv. Nws muaj ntau yam khoom xyaw, xws li cistanche ketone, cistanche glycoside, cistanchein, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom xyaw no tuaj yeem tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob txawv teb chaws xws li kab mob thiab kab mob. . Tsis tas li ntawd, Cistanche tseem muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation, tiv thaiv qog, tiv thaiv kab mob, tiv thaiv qaug zog, thiab lwm yam, uas tuaj yeem pab lub cev zoo dua nrog ntau yam kev cov nyom thiab txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.

Nyem qhov no kom paub tias thaum twg yuav noj cistanche

1. Taw qhia

Tus Kab Mob Coronavirus 2019 (COVID{1}}) tus kab mob kis thoob qhov txhia chaw yog qhov kev puas tsuaj uas tsis tau muaj dua los rau tib neeg [1–3]. Tus kab mob kis thoob qhov txhia chaw tau kis mus sai thiab hnyav zuj zus hauv ntau lub tebchaws thiab thaj chaw hauv ntiaj teb, uas tau ua rau muaj tus kabmob kis ntau thiab tuag. Cov teb chaws thoob plaws ntiaj teb tab tom ua lawv lub siab tshaj plaws los tiv thaiv kev kis tus kabmob kis thoob ntiaj teb, ua cov cai nruj xws li kev cais tawm rau cov neeg muaj kabmob, txwv tsis pub muaj kev sib sau ua ke, txwv tsis pub nkag-tawm, thiab lwm yam.

Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, ua ke nrog kev tiv thaiv tus kheej, yog qhov ntsuas tau zoo tshaj plaws los tiv thaiv COVID-19 [4]. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua tau zoo ntawm qee cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem muaj teeb meem hauv cov tebchaws vim qhov sib txawv ntawm cov cai, cov qauv kev qhia, thiab kev ntseeg. Raws li tau pom los ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm tsis ntev los no, tsis yog txhua tus muaj tus cwj pwm zoo rau COVID-19 tshuaj tiv thaiv [5, 6]. Tseem muaj kev ntxub ntxaug tawm tsam cov neeg tsis muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qee thaj chaw, uas yog hu ua stigmatization ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj [7, 8].

Kev kho kom rov zoo li qub ntawm tib neeg lub neej nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm tom qab kis kab mob yog ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, uas tshem tawm cov kev txwv ntawm tib neeg txoj kev nkag-tawm yog qhov tseem ceeb. Cov kev txwv rau cov neeg uas tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem txo tau [9]. Yog li ntawd, ntau lub tebchaws thiab cov koom haum tau tshaj tawm daim ntawv hla tebchaws tiv thaiv uas tso cai rau lawv mus ua haujlwm thiab mus txawv tebchaws yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tus kheej lossis kev noj qab haus huv rau pej xeem [8, 10]. Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov teeb meem loj tseem tsis tau daws: (1) Cov ntawv hla tebchaws ib txwm muaj yooj yim rau kev dag. (2) Muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog kev ua tau zoo ntawm qee cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv ntau lub tebchaws. (3) Raws li lub hauv paus ntawm stigmatization, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus kheej tseem muaj kev pheej hmoo.

Txhawm rau kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev ceev ntiag tug ntawm cov neeg taug kev thaum lub sijhawm COVID-19 muaj thoob qhov txhia chaw, peb thov kom muaj kev tiv thaiv daim ntawv hla tebchaws hauv daim ntawv no. Hauv peb lub tswv yim, cov neeg txhaj tshuaj tuaj yeem qhia lawv cov ntawv hla tebchaws rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm kev lis kev cai yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam lawv tus kheej rau kev nkag thiab tawm. Peb cov nyiaj pab tau muab sau tseg raws li hauv qab no:

(1) Txhawm rau hloov peb lub tswv yim rau cov xwm txheej mus ncig thoob ntiaj teb, peb tau tsim ib qho kev tsim ob-blockchain nrog ob hom blockchains sib txawv, hauv tsev thiab thoob ntiaj teb. Ntau lub teb chaws koom nrog kev pom zoo ntawm thoob ntiaj teb blockchain, uas yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev daws teeb meem txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

(2) Peb leveraged kev siv cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm blockchain ua rau kev tiv thaiv daim ntawv hla tebchaws taug qab thiab tsis tuaj yeem thim rov qab. Thiab rau lub hom phiaj uas cov neeg siv tuaj yeem muaj kev tswj hwm lawv cov ntaub ntawv, peb ua ke tshawb nrhiav encryption thiab tsis qhia npe kev lees paub nrog blockchain.

(3) Peb lub tswv yim tso cai rau cov neeg siv koom nrog hauv kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev lees paub, thiab lwm yam txheej txheem uas siv cov npe cuav, uas tuaj yeem daws qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv.

(4) Txhawm rau ua pov thawj qhov ua tau thiab kev ntseeg tau ntawm peb lub tswv yim, peb tau ua tiav kev soj ntsuam kev nyab xeeb thiab simulation kev sim, suav nrog kev suav nyiaj siv ua haujlwm, kev sib txuas lus nyiaj siv ua haujlwm, thiab cov nyiaj siv hluav taws xob.

Cov seem ntawm daim ntawv no yog npaj raws li hauv qab no. Nqe 2 tham txog qee qhov kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua tiav. Tshooj 3 piav qhia txog qhov kev paub ua ntej thiab qhia txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim qauv. Daim ntawv hla tebchaws tiv thaiv kab mob tau npaj tseg hauv Tshooj 4. Tshooj 5 nthuav qhia qhov tseeb thiab kev soj ntsuam kev nyab xeeb. Nqe 6 nthuav qhia qhov kev ntsuas kev ua tau zoo, thiab Tshooj 7 xaus daim ntawv no.

2. Cov hauj lwm cuam tshuam

Vim nws cov yam ntxwv zoo, blockchain thev naus laus zis tau nyiam ntau qhov chaw xws li kev kho mob, kev lees paub tus kheej, thiab nyiaj txiag [11-13]. Tsis ntev los no, muaj qee qhov kev tshawb fawb siv thev naus laus zis blockchain kom tau raws li cov kev cov nyom ntawm COVID-19. Xu et al. [14] tau thov ib qho blockchain-enabled privacy-preserving contact tracing scheme, nyob rau hauv uas cov neeg siv 'privacy yog guaranteed los ntawm lub pseudonym. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov tswv yim muaj kev xav tau siab rau kev suav cov blockchain nodes. Txhawm rau tswj kev sib kis ntawm COVID-19, tus qauv ntiag tug tsis qhia npe IoT siv blockchain tau nthuav tawm hauv [15].

Hauv cov tswv yim no, cov neeg uas hnav RFID cim npe yuav raug ceeb toom yog tias lawv nyob ze ntawm qhov ua tau lossis paub tseeb tias "hotspot" cheeb tsam. Tab sis cov kws sau ntawv tsis tau muab kev soj ntsuam kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov tswv yim hauv daim ntawv no. Nkauj et al. [16] siv Bluetooth thev naus laus zis tsim cov kev taug qab thiab kev ceeb toom raws li blockchain thiab cov ntawv cog lus ntse kom ntseeg tau tias cov neeg siv khoom ntiag tug.

Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov kev xav tsis tsim nyog uas tib neeg ib txwm ua siab ncaj upload lawv cov xwm txheej kev noj qab haus huv mus rau blockchain. Jacob thiab Lawarée [17] tau taw qhia tias cov apps xws li StopCovid (Fabkis), NHS Covid-19 (UK), thiab Coronalert (Belgium) muaj kev ruaj ntseg, kev nom kev tswv, thiab lwm yam teeb meem. Txawm hais tias cov tswv yim thiab cov ntawv thov no tau tsom mus rau cov teeb meem ntawm kev ceev ntiag tug, cov pej xeem tseem tsis kam nthuav tawm lawv cov ntaub ntawv vim li cas tsis pub leej twg paub [18, 19]. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev taug qab kev sib cuag yog kev tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv COVID-19 kis thoob qhov txhia chaw.

Hasan et al. [20] tau thov ib daim ntawv hla tebchaws digital kev noj qab haus huv sib txuas nrog blockchain, npe rov encryption, thiab daim ntawv cog lus ntse. Hauv qhov system no, tus tswv cov ntaub ntawv tso cai nkag mus rau lwm qhov chaw kom tus neeg siv tau tswj hwm nws cov ntaub ntawv. Raws li blockchain, lub moj khaum tau thov nyob rau hauv [21] los xyuas kom meej cov neeg siv kev ceev ntiag tug, uas siv lub zos-rhiab heev hash muaj nuj nqi los tsim ib tug ruaj ntseg identifier. Tus lej cim tuaj yeem tsuas yog muab tau yog tias tus neeg siv muab nws cov ntaub ntawv biometric thiab tus kheej, tab sis, txawm hais tias cov kws sau ntawv muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm pseudo-tus cim tiam, cov lus piav qhia ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj txhaj tshuaj yog luv heev. Angelopoulos et al. [22] nthuav tawm lub moj khaum uas siv cov blockchain ntiag tug los khaws cov ntawv hla tebchaws digital. Tab sis cov kws sau ntawv tsis tau muab cov ntsiab lus hais txog yuav ua li cas kom ntseeg tau cov neeg siv khoom ntiag tug, thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus kheej blockchain tsis siv rau cov xwm txheej uas tib neeg mus ncig ntawm ntau lub tebchaws.

Tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb saum toj no [20–22] hais txog yuav ua li cas tus neeg tuav phau ntawv hla tebchaws tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas qhov raug cai ntawm cov neeg soj ntsuam, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau cov neeg siv. Qee qhov kev lees paub tseeb uas twb muaj lawm yog tsim los rau cov xwm txheej xws li daim phiaj ntse, Internet ntawm Yam, thiab kev kho mob ntse [23–26]. Mahmood et al. [23] tau thov ib daim ntawv cog lus tsis qhia npe tseem ceeb rau cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm ntse los ntawm kev siv tus kheej kos npe. Cov txheej txheem no txhawb nqa cov ntsuas ntse rau cov ntaub ntawv tsis qhia npe sib pauv nrog kev siv hluav taws xob, uas tau ua pov thawj ruaj ntseg raws li tus qauv random oracle. Ib qho kev sib koom ua pov thawj uas tsom mus rau kev sib tw ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes yog npaj los ntawm Jia li al. [24], uas tsuas yog xav tau ib qho kev sib pauv zaws kom ua tiav kev sib tw. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov tswv yim tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav qee yam kev ruaj ntseg. Almadhoun et al. [25] tau thov kom muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab ua kom muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb uas siv cov blockchain-enabled fog nodes nrog kev sib txuas rau Ethereum cov ntawv cog lus ntse, uas muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv cog lus ntse koom nrog. Txawm hais tias tag nrho cov txheej txheem saum toj no muaj qhov zoo thiab qhov tseem ceeb, cov txheej txheem kev lees paub tseeb no tsis haum rau cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tiv thaiv daim ntawv hla tebchaws.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov tswv yim saum toj no muaj qee qhov tsis txaus thaum siv rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis, uas ua rau kev ceev ntiag tug ntawm cov neeg siv tsis tuaj yeem lav zoo. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los tsim kom muaj kev nyab xeeb, txhim khu kev qha, thiab muaj txiaj ntsig kev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob rau tus kab mob COVID-19.

3. Cov Qauv Qauv thiab Lub Hom Phiaj Kev Nyab Xeeb

Nyob rau hauv nqe lus no, peb muab cov lus qhia luv luv rau cov kev paub theoretical tseem ceeb koom nrog hauv daim ntawv no, xws li blockchain, kev tshawb nrhiav encryption, thiab bilinear mapping. Tom qab ntawd, cov qauv qauv thiab cov hom phiaj kev ruaj ntseg tau nthuav tawm. Cov qauv qauv tau piav qhia hauv daim duab 1, thiab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas tshwm sim hauv cov txheej txheem tau teev tseg hauv Table 1.

3.1. Ua ntej. Blockchain.

Blockchain yog ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qauv uas npaj ntau cov blocks rau hauv cov saw hlau raws sijhawm, qhov twg txhua qhov thaiv yog tsim los ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv [27]. Blockchain yog categorized roughly rau hauv pej xeem blockchain, consortium blockchain, thiab private blockchain raws li qib ntawm decentralization. Peb lub tswv yim tau txais kev koom tes nrog blockchain vim muaj qhov tshwj xeeb zoo: (1) nws tuaj yeem sib koom ua ke los ntawm ntau lub koom haum lossis lub teb chaws, uas tsim nyog rau cov xwm txheej ntawm peb lub tswv yim. (2) Tsuas yog cov tswv cuab ntawm lub koom haum koom nrog kev pom zoo, yog li nws muaj kev ua haujlwm siab. (3) Tsis yog txhua tus tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub koom haum blockchain.

Nrhiav tau Encryption. Searchable encryption yog ib tug cryptographic primitive uas txhawb cov neeg siv los ua ib lo lus tseem ceeb tshawb fawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv encrypted. Nws tsuas yog daws tau li cas kom ua tiav qhov kev tshawb fawb rau cov ntaub ntawv encrypted thaum cov ntaub ntawv yog encrypted thiab khaws cia rau hauv huab, nyob rau hauv qhov kev pom zoo tias huab server tsis ntseeg tag nrho. Zoo ib yam li kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv plaintext, ib txoj hauv kev rau kev tshawb nrhiav encryption yog tsim kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg Performance index rau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv thiab tom qab ntawd siv cov ntaub ntawv ruaj ntseg los ua kom tiav kev tshawb fawb ruaj ntseg rau cov ntaub ntawv encrypted ntawm huab server. Kev tshawb nrhiav tau encryption txhim kho qhov scalability ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav thaum txuag cov neeg siv ntau ntawm tes hauj lwm thiab suav nyiaj siv ua haujlwm.

Bilinear Pairings. Cia G1 thiab G2 yog ob pawg sib txuas sib txuas nrog cov thawj coj raws li p. Cia g yog lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntawm G1, uas txhais tau tias G1=nyob zoo. Peb lees txais e li bilinear khub yog e : G1 × G1⟶G2 txaus siab rau cov khoom hauv qab no [28]:

3.2. Qauv Qauv.

Nyob rau hauv tus qauv ntawm kev tiv thaiv daim ntawv hla tebchaws, nws tau xav tias ntau lub koom haum tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis (EPAs) hauv txhua lub tebchaws tsim kev sib koom ua ke thiab koom ua ke tswj hwm lub koom haum hauv tebchaws, uas yog "Lub Tebchaws Blockchain (DBC). Txhua lub teb chaws xaiv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv uas muaj kev ntseeg siab sawv cev ntawm lub teb chaws los tuav lub koom haum thoob ntiaj teb blockchain, uas yog "International Blockchain (IBC). Txij li thaum peb siv consortium blockchains los tsim cov qauv qauv, cov kev pom zoo nrov tau hloov kho rau cov koom haum blockchains tuaj yeem khiav ntawm peb cov tswv yim, xws li Kev Ua Haujlwm Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) thiab Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) [29, 30]. Yog li, peb lub tswv yim tsom mus rau yuav ua li cas kom paub tseeb tus kheej thiab txheeb xyuas qhov siv tau ntawm daim ntawv hla tebchaws. Xya lub koom haum thiab ob lub qauv ntawm kev sib pauv hauv cov qauv no tau piav qhia hauv qab no:

Key Generate Center (KGC). KGC yog ib lub koom haum uas muaj kev ntseeg siab nyob rau hauv qhov system no, uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem tsis zoo thiab faib cov yuam sij ntiag tug ib nrab rau txhua tus neeg siv.

Cov neeg siv. Tus neeg siv tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm EPA los ntawm txoj cai pseudo-identity. Tus neeg siv tsim lub qhov rooj thiab tus yuam sij decryption rau cov neeg ua haujlwm thaum nws xav tau daim ntawv hla tebchaws tiv thaiv; cov ntawv ciphertext ntawm phau ntawv hla tebchaws yog tshawb nrhiav los ntawm IBC node thiab xa rov qab los ntawm IPFS.

Inter-Planetary File System (IPFS). IPFS yog ib qho kev faib tawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia siv los khaws cov ntawv ciphertext ntawm cov ntawv hla tebchaws tsim los ntawm EPAs.

Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob Sib Kis (EPA). EPAs tuav ib tug DBC nyob rau hauv txhua lub teb chaws, lub luag hauj lwm rau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, tsim kev tiv thaiv passports, thiab uploading lub ciphertext ntawm passports rau IPFS. Thiab EPAs koom nrog kev pom zoo ntawm DBC los tsim cov block tshiab.

Domestic Blockchain (DBC). Muaj ntau DBCs hauv peb cov qauv. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm DBC nodes yog ua si los ntawm EPAs ntawm txhua lub tebchaws thiab kev sib pauv ntawm DBC yog tshaj tawm los ntawm EPAs.

International Blockchain (IBC). Tsuas yog ib qho IBC muaj nyob hauv peb tus qauv. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm IBC nodes yog ua los ntawm cov koom haum sawv cev ntawm lub tebchaws, xws li Ministry of Health.

Kev lis kev cai. Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm kev lis kev cai tau txais cov ntawv ciphertext ntawm phau ntawv hla tebchaws thiab decrypts nws tom qab ua tiav kev sib koom ua ke nrog tus neeg siv, qhov twg tus yuam sij kev sib tham tau sib tham rau kev hloov lub qhov rooj thiab tus yuam sij decryption.

Structure ntawm Kev Lag Luam. Peb tau siv ob hom blockchain hauv peb lub tswv yim, yog li peb tsim cov qauv sib txawv ntawm kev lag luam.

Cov qauv ntawm kev lag luam ntawm DBCs tau pom nyob rau hauv Table 2, suav nrog tus kheej ntawm EPA IDEPA uas ua rau DBC-kev lag luam, pseudo-tus kheej ntawm inoculator ID', lo lus tseem ceeb-index fix, wg, hash ntawm ciphertext ntawm passport hashðCpÞ , thiab kos npe ntawm EPA sigEPA.

Cov qauv ntawm kev lag luam ntawm IBC tau pom nyob rau hauv Table 3, suav nrog tus kheej ntawm lub teb chaws IDctry uas tsim cov IBC-kev lag luam, kos npe ntawm lub teb chaws kos npe, thiab tshawb nrhiav-index ðIDDB, ID', kho, wg, hashðCpÞÞ. Qhov kev tshawb fawb index yog tsim los ntawm tus ID ntawm DBC thaiv, pseudo-tus kheej ntawm lub inoculator, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, thiab cov hash ntawm cov ntawv ciphertext ntawm daim ntawv hla tebchaws.

3.3. Lub hom phiaj kev ruaj ntseg.

Peb xav tias tag nrho cov blockchain nodes thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm kev lis kev cai yog ib nrab ncaj ncees, thiab cov neeg tawm tsam tuaj yeem eavesdrop ntawm cov lus thaum cov neeg siv sib txuas lus nrog lwm lub koom haum. Raws li qhov kev xav no, peb npaj cov hom phiaj kev nyab xeeb hauv qab no.

Tsis pub twg paub thiab tsis pub twg paub. Peb lub tswv yim yog ua raws li blockchain, thiab cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia ntawm blockchain yog sib koom thiab pob tshab. Cov txheej txheem yuav tsum ua kom tau raws li cov neeg siv khoom ntiag tug thiab tsis pub lwm tus paub txog kev tiv thaiv daim ntawv hla tebchaws.

Mutual Authentication. Nyob rau hauv cov tswv yim npaj, cov neeg siv yuav tsum tau sib txuas lus nrog cov neeg ua hauj lwm kev lis kev cai. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau qhov tseeb ntawm ob tog, lawv yuav tsum ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ua ntej kev sib txuas lus.

Traceability thiab Nonrepudiation. EPA yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov neeg siv kev noj qab haus huv tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li ntawd, cov hom phiaj ntawm traceability thiab nonrepudiation yuav tsum tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv peb lub tswv yim.

Lwm yam kev tawm tsam. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb lub tswv yim yuav tsum muaj peev xwm tiv taus lwm yam kev tawm tsam, xws li kev tawm tsam tsis raug thiab kev tawm tsam sab hauv.

4. Txoj Kev Npaj

Txhawm rau pab txhawb cov neeg nyeem kom nkag siab zoo dua ntawm daim ntawv thov scenario, peb tau ua cov ntsiab lus luv luv ntawm lub tswv yim ua ntej piav qhia cov ntsiab lus. Rau qhov yooj yim ntawm kev nthuav qhia, nws xav tias tag nrho cov txheej txheem yuav siv cov neeg siv U1 ua piv txwv, xa mus rau daim duab 1.

4.1. System Setup thiab User-Registration.

Hauv theem no, KGC tsim cov txheej txheem tsis sib xws thiab nws cov khub tseem ceeb ntawm pej xeem-tus kheej. Tus neeg siv tau txais kev cai lij choj pseudo tus kheej thiab tsim nws tus khub tseem ceeb ntawm pej xeem-private los ntawm ib feem-private key tsim los ntawm KGC (raws li qhia hauv daim duab 2).

4.2. Passport Generation thiab Cia.

Nyob rau theem no, EPA txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tus neeg siv thiab tsim daim ntawv hla tebchaws tiv thaiv kab mob tom qab kuaj xyuas tus neeg siv tus lej pseudo-tus kheej, tom qab ntawd khaws cov ntawv ciphertext ntawm daim ntawv hla tebchaws ntawm IPFS. Tom qab ntawd, ntau hom kev hloov pauv yuav raug xa mus rau IBC thiab DBC.

Tom qab qhov kawg ntawm lub sijhawm no, cov ntawv ciphertext ntawm tus neeg siv phau ntawv hla tebchaws tau muab khaws cia hauv IPFS, thiab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab kev tshawb fawb ntsuas kuj tau muab tso rau hauv blockchain raws li cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv.

4.3. Identity Authentication thiab Key Agreement.

Hauv theem no, tus neeg siv thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm kev lis kev cai ua pov thawj tus kheej kom paub tseeb tias ob qho tib si yog qhov raug cai, thiab qhov kev sib tham ruaj ntseg yog sib tham rau cov ntaub ntawv xa mus, raws li tau piav qhia hauv daim duab 3.

5.2. Kev soj ntsuam kev ruaj ntseg.

Tsis pub twg paub thiab tsis pub twg paub. Hauv peb lub tswv yim, tus neeg siv cuam tshuam nrog lwm lub koom haum los ntawm kev cai lij choj pseudo-tus kheej. Tus neeg tawm tsam tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tus neeg siv tus kheej tiag tiag los ntawm ID' tshwj tsis yog nws tawg tus neeg siv tus yuam sij zais xi lossis tus lej random μ khaws los ntawm KGC. Tus neeg tawm tsam kuj tsis tuaj yeem tau txais cov ntaub ntawv zoo txawm tias IPFS raug nyiag, vim tias IPFS khaws cov ntawv ciphertext ntawm phau ntawv hla tebchaws. Nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam ntawm "Passport-Search," tsuas yog tus neeg siv tuaj yeem tsim lub qhov rooj thiab xa mus rau cov neeg ua haujlwm tshawb nrhiav, thiab tom qab ntawd, IPFS rov qab cov Cp sib raug rau cov neeg ua haujlwm. Yog li, cov neeg siv muaj kev tswj hwm tag nrho lawv cov ntaub ntawv.

Mutual Authentication. Nyob rau theem ntawm "Authentication and Negotiation," tus neeg siv kos npe rau nws tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv nrog tus yuam sij ntiag tug ski=ðxi, di Þ kom tau txais sigi ðUi, Vi Þ, qhov twg Vi=ghixi ntxiv hiui · di . Cov neeg ua hauj lwm kev lis kev cai txheeb xyuas Vi nrog tus neeg siv pej xeem tus yuam sij PKI=ðRi, Xi Þ. Qhov tseeb ntawm cov kauj ruam no tau muab los saum toj no. Yog li ntawd, lub tswv yim ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib koom ua pov thawj.

Traceability thiab Nonrepudiation. Hauv peb lub tswv yim, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm txhua tus neeg siv tshuaj tiv thaiv raug xa mus rau DBC thiab IBC. Txhua qhov kev lag luam muaj tus neeg tsim khoom, hu ua IDEPA lossis IDctry. Thaum tus neeg siv muaj teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nws tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau lub tebchaws sib raug lossis EPA, thiab qhov sib thooj sigEPA thiab bigotry tuaj yeem zam cov neeg tsim khoom rov hais dua.

Kev dag ntxias. Tus neeg tawm tsam tsis tuaj yeem tsim ua tus neeg siv raug cai tshwj tsis yog nws tawg tus neeg siv lub caij ski ntiag tug, thiab tus neeg tawm tsam tsis tuaj yeem ua tus neeg ua haujlwm ib yam nkaus. Piv txwv tias tus neeg tawm tsam xav ua tus neeg raug cai, nws yuav tsum kos npe nrog tus neeg siv tus yuam sij ntiag tug nyob rau theem "Authentication thiab Negotiation", uas nyuaj vim tias tsuas yog tus neeg siv paub tus nqi zais xi.

Sab hauv Attack. KGC tsis tuaj yeem nthuav tawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev caij ski ntawm cov neeg siv vim tias nws tsuas yog lub luag haujlwm tsim cov yuam sij ntiag tug ib nrab hauv theem ntawm "User-Registration." Tsis tas li ntawd, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav raug xa mus rau blockchain, thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev taug qab thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua kom ntseeg tau tias blockchain nodes yuav tsis xa cov ntaub ntawv cuav.

6. Kev ntsuas kev ua haujlwm

Hauv seem no, peb ua qhov kev sib piv ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm cov tswv yim thiab cov phiaj xwm kev tiv thaiv kab mob uas twb muaj lawm [20–22]. Tom qab ntawd, cov phiaj xwm npaj tau muab piv nrog cov txheej txheem kev lees paub uas twb muaj lawm [23, 24] hais txog kev suav nyiaj siv ua haujlwm, kev sib txuas lus nyiaj siv ua haujlwm, thiab cov nyiaj siv hluav taws xob.

6.1. Kev sib piv ua haujlwm.

Table 4 qhia txog kev sib piv ntawm cov khoom ua haujlwm ntawm peb cov tswv yim nrog rau lwm cov txheej txheem kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Los ntawm Table 4, peb tuaj yeem pom tias tag nrho plaub lub tswv yim ua tiav kev tswj xyuas cov neeg siv cov ntaub ntawv. Hasan li al.'s scheme [20] tsis tuaj yeem muab tsis qhia npe, txawm hais tias blockchain siv hauv lawv cov tswv yim. Cov txheej txheem hauv [21, 22] tsis tau xav txog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib koom tes ntawm cov tuam tsev sib txawv hauv ntau lub teb chaws hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tiv thaiv daim ntawv hla tebchaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov phiaj xwm hauv [20–22] tsis tuaj yeem muab kev sib koom ua pov thawj ntawm tus neeg siv thiab tus neeg kuaj xyuas phau ntawv hla tebchaws. Peb lub tswv yim ua tiav cov haujlwm no zoo.

6.2. Kev sib piv ntawm cov nyiaj siv ua haujlwm.

Kev sib piv ntawm kev sib piv ntawm peb cov tswv yim thiab cov tswv yim [23, 24] nyob rau theem ntawm kev lees paub yog qhia nyob rau hauv Table 5. Ntawm lawv, Th, Tm, Te, Ta, thiab Tp, raws li, sawv cev rau lub sij hawm ntawm hash muaj nuj nqi, point multiplication. , modular exponentiation, point ntxiv, thiab bilinear mappings.

Rau kev sib piv cov nyiaj siv ua haujlwm, peb tau ua simulation ntawm PC nrog Intel Core i{{0}}HQ CPU ntawm 2.50 GHz thiab 8 GB RAM, khiav Windows 1{{1{{12} }}}} Tsev (64-ntsis). Simulations qhia tias lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm Th, Tm, Te, Ta, thiab Tp, yog hais txog 0.0018 ms, 0.0012 ms, 0.0021 ms, 0.0127 ms, thiab 2.7737 ms, feem. Kev sib piv ntawm cov nyiaj siv ua haujlwm ntawm tus neeg siv, lwm yam khoom siv, thiab tag nrho yog qhia hauv Daim duab 4, 5, thiab 6.

Raws li kev suav cov neeg siv, tus neeg siv hauv peb lub tswv yim yuav tsum suav fUi ', hi ', Vi ', kj, hj, eðVj, gÞ, Kg, uas yog 4 Th plus 3Tm plus 3Te plus Tp (2.7908 ms). Ib yam li ntawd, Mahmood et al.'s scheme [23] xav kom 3Th plus 2Tm plus 1Te plus Tp (2.7838 ms), thiab Jia li al.'s scheme [24] xav kom 5Th plus 4Tm plus 1Te plus Tp (2.7908 ms). Daim duab 4 qhia tau hais tias peb cov tswv yim zoo ib yam li lwm cov tswv yim hais txog cov neeg siv kev suav nyiaj siv ua haujlwm. Muab piv cov nyiaj siv ua haujlwm ntawm lwm cov khoom siv, peb lub tswv yim xav tau suav fki, hi ',e ðVi ', gÞ, Uj, hj, Vj, K, Confirg, uas yog 4Th ntxiv rau 3Tm ntxiv rau 3Te ntxiv Tp (2.7908 ms). Ib yam li ntawd, lub tswv yim [23] xav tau 4Th ntxiv rau 2Tm ntxiv rau 1 Te ntxiv 2Tp (5.5591 ms), thiab cov tswv yim [24] xav tau 5Th ntxiv rau 5Tm ntxiv rau 3Ta ntxiv Tp (22.8268 ms). Raws li pom tau los ntawm daim duab 5, peb lub tswv yim thiab cov tswv yim [24] yog qhov zoo dua li cov tswv yim [23], vim tias cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm bilinear mappings raug txo, uas yog siv sijhawm ntev. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias kev suav nyiaj siv ua haujlwm ntawm peb cov tswv yim sib npaug ntawm cov neeg siv thiab lwm yam khoom siv. Raws li rau tag nrho kev suav nyiaj siv ua haujlwm, peb lub tswv yim ua tau zoo ib yam li lub tswv yim [24], nrog rau 33.10 feem pua ​​​​txo qis piv rau cov tswv yim [23], uas tuaj yeem pom hauv daim duab 6.

yog 1280 bits. Ib yam li ntawd, lub tswv yim [23] yuav tsum xa 1312 khoom thaum muaj kev lees paub; tswvyim [24] yuav tsum xa 1472 ntsis. Peb tuaj yeem pom los ntawm daim duab 7 tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib txuas lus nyiaj siv ua haujlwm ntawm peb lub tswv yim txawv me ntsis ntawm cov tswv yim [23]. Txawm li cas los xij, peb lub tswv yim tsuas yog yuav tsum muaj ob qhov kev sib pauv ntawm kev zaws, thaum lub tswv yim [23] yuav tsum tau peb zaug. Thiab peb lub tswv yim txo qis 13.04 feem pua ​​​​piv rau cov tswv yim [24] vim tias kev xa cov ntaub ntawv tsis tsim nyog raug txo qis hauv peb cov tswv yim, xws li cov ntawv teev sijhawm.

Zog nyiaj siv ua haujlwm kuj yog qhov ntsuas ntsuas tseem ceeb. Peb siv qhov voltage thiab tam sim no ntawm PC siv nyob rau hauv lub simulations rau kev sib piv lub zog overheads, uas yog 1: 2 V thiab 54: 2 A, feem. A hash muaj nuj nqi noj 1:2 V ∗ 54:2 A ∗ 0:0018 ms {{10}}:1171 mj, ib qho taw tes sib npaug siv 1:2 V ∗ 54:2 A ∗ 0:0012 ms=0:0780 mj, modular exponentiation consumes 1:2 V ∗ 54:2 A ∗ 0:0021 ms = 0:1366 mj, a point ntxiv consumes 1:2 V ∗ 54:2 A ∗ 0:0127 ms=0:8260 mj, thiab daim ntawv qhia bilinear siv 1:2 V ∗ 54:2 A ∗ 2:7737 ms=180 : 4014 mj. Tag nrho lub zog overheads kev sib piv tuaj yeem pom hauv daim duab 8, uas qhia tau hais tias lub zog overheads ntawm peb lub tswv yim yuav luag sib npaug ntawm cov tswv yim [24] thiab tseem zoo dua li cov tswv yim [23].

7. Cov lus xaus

Hauv daim ntawv no, peb thov kom muaj kev tiv thaiv daim ntawv hla tebchaws los txo qhov cuam tshuam ntawm COVID-19. Cov tswv yim no pab tib neeg mus ncig ntawm ntau lub teb chaws yam tsis tau dhau los ntawm cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis nyob rau lub sijhawm no tom qab kis mob. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tswv yim no yog tias nws muab kev tshawb nrhiav encryption thiab authentication nrog blockchain, uas ua kom cov neeg siv kev ceev ntiag tug thiab tso cai rau lawv tswj hwm lawv cov ntaub ntawv. Raws li kev soj ntsuam kev ruaj ntseg, peb cov tswv yim tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv passport scenarios. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txiaj ntsig kev ntsuam xyuas qhia tau hais tias piv nrog rau lwm cov tswv yim, peb cov tswv yim muaj kev sib txuas lus zoo dua thiab kev ua haujlwm suav nrog thaum ua tiav cov khoom ua haujlwm. Tom ntej no, tsim kom muaj kev pom zoo siv tau zoo thiab cov lus cog lus ntse rau cov tswv yim no yog peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej.

Cov ntaub ntawv muaj

Tsis muaj ntaub ntawv siv los txhawb txoj kev tshawb fawb no.

Kev tsis sib haum xeeb

Cov kws sau ntawv tshaj tawm tias lawv tsis paub txog kev sib tw nyiaj txiag lossis kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kheej uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim los cuam tshuam cov haujlwm tau tshaj tawm hauv daim ntawv no.

Cov kws sau ntawv koom tes

Hancheng Gao thiab Haoyu Ji yog thawj tus kws sau ntawv.

Kev lees paub

Txoj haujlwm no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm National Natural Science Foundation ntawm Tuam Tshoj (tus lej nyiaj 62072252 thiab 61872194).

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