Hloov Cov Kev Tiv Thaiv Cov Menyuam Yaus hauv Cov Poj Niam Parasitic Infections

Lisa C. Gibbs thiab Keke C. Fairfax

Cov kab mob ntawm leej niam thaum cev xeeb tub paub tias yuav hloov txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis tsim nyog rau cov kab mob me me thiab kev txhaj tshuaj. Txawm hais tias qhov no yog qhov nthuav dav, cov kab mob parasitic ntawm niam txiv tseem tsis tau kawm. Ntau lab tus poj niam ntawm lub hnub nyoog yug me nyuam tam sim no muaj kev pheej hmoo rau tus kab mob parasitic, thaum ntau tus poj niam cev xeeb tub, cov poj niam muaj mob ntev raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev tswj hwm tshuaj ntau vim ib feem ntawm qhov tsis muaj peev txheej, nrog rau kev ntshai ntawm qhov tsis paub txog qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab.

Thaum lub sij hawm embryonic txoj kev loj hlob, lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob kuj tsim ib kauj ruam. Thaum pib, muaj qee lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub embryo, xws li primitive hematopoietic qia hlwb thiab monocytes. Raws li lub embryo tsim, cov hlwb no sib txawv rau ntau hom kev tiv thaiv kab mob, nrog rau cov lymphocytes (xws li B hlwb thiab T hlwb), macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, thiab ntau dua.

Los ntawm qhov kev xav no, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm peb txoj kev tiv thaiv kab mob kuj tseem ceeb hauv peb lub neej txhua hnub. Piv txwv li, cistanche noj cov zaub mov tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tiv thaiv. Cistanche muaj ntau yam khoom xyaw, xws li polysaccharides, daj tones, lom txo qis, thiab lwm yam, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub cev. Feem ntau, peb yuav tsum tau xyuam xim rau kev noj zaub mov kom zoo: kev noj zaub mov kom zoo tuaj yeem ua kom lub cev tau txais cov as-ham txaus, xws li cov vitamins, minerals, thiab protein, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim thiab ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom noj thiab kev noj zaub mov muaj fiber ntau thiab cov khoom noj phytochemical tuaj yeem pab txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.

Nyem cistanche tubulosa cov txiaj ntsig

Hauv thaj chaw muaj kev sib kis rau ntau tus kab mob parasitic, xws li sub-Saharan Africa, muaj ntau tus neeg mob thiab kev tuag rau ntau yam kab mob thaum yau nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog cov cheeb tsam uas tsis muaj kab mob. Txawm hais tias muaj pov thawj txhawb kev tiv thaiv kab mob zoo sib xws ntawm ntau hom kab mob parasite, tsis muaj kev nkag siab meej txog yuav ua li cas niam txiv kab mob reprograms xeeb tub. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas luv luv no yuav sib piv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev xaiv niam txiv kab mob kab mob ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv tiv thaiv kab mob. Phau ntawv Journal of Immunology, 2022, 208: 221 226.

Thaum cev xeeb tub, leej niam lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob yuav tsum ua kom meej thiab sib npaug ntawm ob qho tib si txhawb nqa lub neej ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab thiab tiv thaiv niam thiab menyuam hauv plab los ntawm kev kis kab mob (1). Thaum qhov nyiaj tshuav no cuam tshuam, xws li thaum muaj kab mob leej niam, kev loj hlob ntawm cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam thiab kev tiv thaiv cov xeeb ntxwv cuam tshuam tsis zoo thoob plaws hauv lawv lub neej (2). Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, dysregulation ntawm cytokine milieu nyob rau hauv lub placenta yog xav tias yuav pab kom nchuav menyuam thiab yug ntxov ntxov (3), raws li yuav tsum tau ceev faj cytokine tshuav nyiaj li cas los tswj homeostasis thiab txhawb fetal ciaj sia taus (4).

Txawm hais tias tau muaj kev txaus siab dua tshiab hauv kev kis tus kab mob leej niam, feem ntau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tsom mus rau kev kis kab mob thiab kab mob. Qhov no tau ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev paub txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm niam txiv kab mob kab mob ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob, txawm tias muaj pov thawj ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob vim muaj kab mob niam txiv kab mob txij li xyoo 1960s (5).

Ntau lab tus poj niam muaj kev pheej hmoo kis tus kab mob parasitic; kwv yees li ntawm 668 lab tus poj niam ntawm lub hnub nyoog yug me nyuam yog tam sim no muaj kev pheej hmoo kis kab mob los ntawm cov av-hloov helminths (6) thiab 30 lab cev xeeb tub tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam malaria-ib xyoos (7). Cov cheeb tsam uas muaj kab mob no kuj tseem muaj qhov nce ntawm cov menyuam mos thiab tuag ua ntej 5 xyoos (8).

Txawm hais tias muaj ntau qhov sib txawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov menyuam yaus kev tuag, xws li kev nkag mus rau cov dej huv, kev paub ntawm cov niam txiv, thiab cov nyiaj tau los hauv lub tebchaws (8, 9), cov kab mob parasitic ntawm niam txiv tau cuam tshuam rau kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev yug menyuam ntxov (10, 11), tseem yug menyuam. (11, 12), thiab rho menyuam tawm (13, 14). Cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv uas ntsuas lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cov cytokine zaus tau pom muaj pov thawj ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov ntshav qaum (15, 16), txo qis kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv (17 19), thiab nce kev kis tus kab mob parasitic thib ob (20, 21).

Tam sim no, tsis muaj kev nkag siab meej txog kev kis tus kab mob leej niam li cas ua rau lub neej hloov mus ntev rau kev tiv thaiv cov xeeb ntxwv, tab sis qhov kev tshuaj xyuas luv luv ntawm kev hloov pauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob vim yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob parasitic tus poj niam vam tias yuav nthuav tawm qhov zoo sib xws hauv cov xeeb ntxwv tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov niam txiv kab mob kab mob. Cov qauv uas tau xaiv rau qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no sawv cev rau cov chav kawm ntawm cov kab mob parasites nrog lub cev loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov kab mob sib kis ntawm cov kab mob ntawm leej niam, nrog rau kev cia siab ntawm kev qhia txog kev nkag siab txog kev ua rau leej niam mob cuam tshuam rau cov xeeb ntxwv.

Kab mob ntawm niam: protozoa thiab congenital kab mob

Protozoa yog ib-celled parasitic eukaryotes (22) uas ua rau ntau tshaj li ib lab tus neeg tuag txhua xyoo (23). Cov kab mob ntawm leej niam nrog protozoa, xws li malaria, leishmaniasis, thiab toxoplasmosis, tuaj yeem tshwm sim raws li kab mob hauv lub cev vim yog kab mob ntsug ntawm niam mus rau cov xeeb ntxwv hauv lub tsev menyuam lossis thaum yug menyuam (24). Cov kab mob Protozoan thaum cev xeeb tub feem ntau ua rau qhov hnyav thaum yug me nyuam, nrog rau kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev rho menyuam tawm thiab yug menyuam.

Hais txog kev tiv thaiv cov xeeb ntxwv, cov kab mob ntawm leej niam protozoan tuaj yeem txo cov xeeb ceem tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev txo qis kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob T hlwb los ntawm kev txo qis ntawm kev tsim tawm ntawm IFN-g, ua rau Th2 teb tsis ncaj (25). Tus nqi ntawm kev kis tus kab mob ntawm leej niam mus rau congenital protozoan kab mob yog tam sim no tsis meej. Cov kev tshawb fawb hauv placental malaria, uas Plasmodium-infected RBCs sau nyob rau hauv qhov chaw placental intervillous (26), tau qhia tias tus nqi ntawm tus kab mob malaria, lossis thaum kis tus kab mob RBCs nkag mus rau hauv cov ntshav qaum, tuaj yeem muaj li ntawm 3 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov niam uas muaj kab mob malaria mus rau 34 feem pua, nyob ntawm seb cev xeeb tub, thaj tsam thaj tsam, kab mob parasitemia ntawm leej niam, thiab Plasmodium strain (27 29), ua rau nws tsis paub meej tias pes tsawg tus me nyuam raug cuam tshuam los ntawm tus kab mob malaria.

Lub caij no, qhov kev pheej hmoo rau kev mob qog nqaij hlav hauv lub cev nce ntxiv thaum cev xeeb tub nce los ntawm 2 feem pua ​​​​txog 54 feem pua ​​(30), qhov kev kis tus kab mob hauv canine leishmaniasis tuaj yeem siab txog 72 feem pua ​​(31). Kev hloov pauv los ntawm leej niam lossis tus kab mob placental mus rau tus kab mob hauv lub cev yog xav tias yog ib feem ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm niam txiv, xws li niam txiv mus rau hauv lub cev hloov mus rau hauv lub cev thiab nce ntshav ncig (27, 28), tab sis qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib kis thiab hloov pauv tus nqi ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev txiav txim siab dab tsi. yam tshwj xeeb modulate no kis tau tus mob.

Malaria, cov protozoa uas muaj feem cuam tshuam rau tib neeg (32), yog yoov tshaj cum thiab feem ntau ua rau mob khaub thuas (33). Txawm hais tias muaj cov kev kho mob tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob malaria, lawv tau poob kev ua tau zoo nyob rau lub sijhawm (34) thiab ntau cov tshuaj tsis raug pom zoo kom noj thaum thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm cev xeeb tub (35). Ua ke, nrog rau cov kev sim thiab kev kho mob tsawg (36), kab mob malaria thaum cev xeeb tub, lossis niam txiv malaria, cuam tshuam txog 25 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cev xeeb tub hauv cov cheeb tsam malaria (37).

Thaum cev xeeb tub, tus kab mob malaria tau paub tias yuav ua rau muaj kev nchuav menyuam ntau dua, kev yug menyuam ntxov ntxov, kev yug menyuam qis, thiab kev tuag ntawm menyuam mos (11). Congenital malaria tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm ntawm tus menyuam mos los yog hloov mus rau qhov chaw kho mob txog li 3 lub hlis tom qab yug me nyuam thaum niam Abs pib poob qis (11, 38, 39). Tib neeg cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias thaum lub sij hawm niam txiv malaria, theem ntawm IL-10 tau nce, thaum qib TNF-a, TGF-b, thiab IFN-g qis dua hauv cov ntshav peripheral thiab hauv plab (40, 41). Thaum ntxov thaum yau, niam txiv malaria tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm tus kab mob malaria, nyob ntawm seb tus kab mob parasitemia ntawm leej niam.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, yog tias tus kab mob parasitemia ntawm leej niam tsawg, muaj kev pheej hmoo ntau ntxiv ntawm tus me nyuam mob malaria hauv cov me nyuam mos piv nrog cov niam muaj mob hnyav (42, 43), qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tiv thaiv niam Ab hauv cov me nyuam mos. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev hloov pauv ntawm ob qho tib si malaria-specific Abs thiab Abs tshwm sim los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, xws li tetanus, raug txo thaum lub sij hawm placental malaria (44, 45).

Lwm tus kab mob protozoan uas muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev yug me nyuam thiab kev yug ntxov ntxov yog toxoplasmosis (46). Kev kho mob tshwm sim muaj xws li kub taub hau thiab jaundice mus rau microcephaly thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev paub tsis meej (46 48). Hauv cov menyuam yaus uas muaj qhov mob ntawm qhov muag, uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim txog li 10 xyoo tom qab yug me nyuam, thiab hauv 24 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov menyuam yug los ntawm cov niam uas muaj tus kab mob Toxoplasma gondii (30, 49), muaj kev nthuav dav ntawm proinflammatory monocytes thiab NK T hlwb, nrog rau cov kab mob. nce hauv activated B hlwb (50). Cov menyuam yaus uas muaj tus mob toxoplasmosis muaj ntau dua TNF-a thiab IL-1 ntau dua li cov neeg tau txais thiab asymptomatic cov neeg, nrog rau qis qis ntawm IL-12, cov qib siab uas cuam tshuam rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob (51). Thaum lub sij hawm mob toxoplasmosis, TNFs yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, tiv thaiv tus tswv ntawm kev tuag (52), qhia tias cov neeg mob congenitally muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov kab mob toxoplasmosis, ua rau muaj kab mob ntev.

Kab mob ntawm niam: helminths thiab kab mob niam

Helminths yog kab mob cab (53) uas tam sim no kis tau 1.5 billion tus neeg thoob ntiaj teb (54). Vim tias qhov loj ntawm cov neeg laus helminths, ntawm cov kab uas hla ntawm 100 mus rau 350 mm (55), lawv tsis tuaj yeem hla lub placental barrier, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov nkag yog 250 nm (56). Txawm hais tias muaj kab mob hauv lub cev feem ntau tsis tshwm sim, tus kab mob helminth ntawm niam txiv tseem ua rau muaj qhov hnyav (57) thiab tseem yug me nyuam (58) thiab cuam tshuam nrog kev txo qis ntawm kev txawj ntse thaum muaj hnub nyoog 1 xyoos (59). Tag nrho cov teebmeem ntawm niam txiv helminth kab mob rau cov xeeb ntxwv muaj xws li nce qib ntawm IgE, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, thiab TNF-a (60, 61). Cov kab mob helminth feem ntau yog cov kab mob hauv cov kab mob hauv av, xws li Ascaris thiab hookworm, yoov tshaj cum kab mob qog nqaij hlav filarial worms, thiab cov dej kis trematode schistosomiasis (62), tag nrho cov no tau pom tias ua rau tus niam muaj kab mob uas xav tau. modulate kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv.

Cov niam txiv lymphatic filariasis tau pom tias ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau menyuam yaus thaum ntxov rau bancroftian filariasis, qhov tshwm sim xav tias yuav tsum tau tsav los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm filarial Ags xws li circulating filarial Ag (63, 64). Hauv utero filarial Ag, kev hloov pauv tau cuam tshuam nrog kev nce qib ntawm cov ntshav qaum IL-10 thiab txo qis ntawm IFN-g (63) thiab kev loj hlob ntawm Ag-tshwj xeeb T-cell cov lus teb uas tsom iav ntawm patent neeg laus kab mob ( 65). Qhov kev tsim tawm ntawm cytokines tau nce mus rau hauv cov menyuam yaus thaum ntxov thiab hauv cov kev tshawb fawb cais tau cuam tshuam nrog kev ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau ntxiv rau Wucheria bancrofti kab mob (20), qhia tias qhov no immunomodulation primed nyob rau hauv utero muaj cov nyhuv ntev. Ib qho kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes uas tuaj yeem ua rau qhov kev hloov mus sij hawm ntev no yog qhov nce ntawm kev tswj hwm T hlwb (Tregs). Tseeb tiag, kev ua haujlwm tsis ntev los no tau pom tias muaj qhov nce ntxiv hauv Tregs tsim IL-10 hauv ob leeg ntshav qaum thiab thaum yau (66).

Nyob rau hauv leej niam ascariasis, nce plasma qib ntawm IL-10 thaum yug los yog txuam nrog kev muaj peev xwm ua rau cov kab mob ascaris tom qab los ntawm kev ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo (67). Kev nce qib ntawm IgE, vim yog cov tshuaj tsawg tsawg rau helminth Ag thaum lub sij hawm niam ascariasis, yog txuam nrog kev ua xua thiab ua xua hawb pob (68, 69). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntshav qaum los ntawm cov niam uas muaj mob Ascaris muaj ntau zaus ntawm IFN-g thiab IL4 qhia CD41 T hlwb hauv kev teb rau Ascaris Ag stimulation, qhia tias qhov kev tiv thaiv kab mob no tshwm sim hauv utero (15).

Zoo ib yam li niam txiv filariasis, niam txiv schistosomiasis tau pom tias ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog T hlwb, ua rau Ag-specific ntau lawm ntawm IL-5, IL-10, thiab IFN-g (65). Qhov kev tshawb fawb tshaj plaws ntawm niam txiv schistosomiasis yog txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas tau pom muaj rau kab mob siab B (70), bacillus Calmette-Gu Erin (71), thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias (18). Kev nce qib ntawm IL-10 hauv cov ntshav qaum yog ib qho biomarker ntawm kev txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv niam txiv schistosomiasis (72).

Txawm hais tias ib lub tswv yim tshwj xeeb tsis tau raug ntaus nqi rau cov kev hloov no, ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau pom tias muaj qhov txo qis hauv H4 acetylation ntawm IL-4 loci hauv murine cov menyuam yug los rau cov kab mob schistosome (73), txhais tau tias ntawm tsawg kawg hauv tus qauv nas, muaj cov kev hloov pauv hauv lub neej ntev uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Nws kuj tau pom tias cov menyuam mos murine los ntawm cov niam uas muaj tus kab mob no muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, suav nrog qis zaus thiab cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm B hlwb txuas rau cov kev hloov pauv hauv lub voj voog tseem ceeb ntawm tes thiab B cell cim cov noob xws li EBF1 thiab JUN / JUNB txoj hauv kev. , ua rau txo qis kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob humoral (74). Muab ua ke, cov ntaub ntawv no qhia tau hais tias zoo ib yam li niam txiv filariasis, cov xeeb ntxwv immunomodulation tshwm sim los ntawm leej niam schistosomiasis yuav kav ntev mus rau thaum yau, muaj peev xwm txhawb nqa los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis ntev los no uas qhia tau tias kev tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam yug los ntawm Schistosoma mansoni. niam mob (18). Nws kuj tau pom tias thaum kis tus kab mob schistosomiasis tom qab, cov menyuam yaus murine yug los rau cov niam muaj mob tau nce siab rau kev kis kab mob (5, 75).

Qhov no tsis tau lees paub rau tib neeg, tab sis nws tau pom tias muaj schistosome-specific IgE thiab nce naive, qis-affinity B hlwb nyob rau hauv qaum cov ntshav thaum leej niam schistosomiasis (76), qhia sensitization ntawm B cell caj npab ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. rau schistosomes. Txawm hais tias kev kho mob thaum cev xeeb tub tsis ntev los no tau pom zoo (77), 26 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia nyob hauv chav kho mob pom zoo, qhia tias qhov ua tau zoo yog qis dua qhov kev xav yav dhau los lossis muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (78).

Tsis tas li ntawd, kev kho mob anthelminthic rau cov av kis tau los ntawm helminths los yog schistosomiasis thaum cev xeeb tub tsis tshwm sim kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob los yog txhim kho ntshav qab zib (79) thiab ua rau muaj kev nce hauv cov menyuam mos eczema, ib qho ntawm cov kab mob ua xua ntxov tshaj plaws (80). Interestingly, qhov nce ntawm cov kab mob ua xua tom qab kev kho mob anthelminthic niam kuj tau pom nrog kev kho niam nrog albendazole nyob rau hauv hookworm- thiab ascaris-infected niam (81). Lub koom haum no nrog cov kab mob ua xua tau raug tshuaj xyuas hauv cov qauv murine uas niam txiv schistosomiasis tiv thaiv los ntawm kev txhim kho cov kab mob ua xua rau hauv txoj kev IFN-g-dependent (82). Cov ntaub ntawv no qhia tias qee qhov kev hloov pauv hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm leej niam tus kab mob tuaj yeem ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab kev kho mob anthelminthic niam yuav tsis muab txiaj ntsig meej rau cov xeeb ntxwv, yog li cov cai kho mob yuav tsum tau tshawb fawb ntxiv.

Cov lus xaus

Kab mob parasitic thaum cev xeeb tub tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau leej niam thiab tus menyuam hauv plab. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm leej niam ntawm tus kab mob parasitic muaj xws li anemia (83, 84), uas tuaj yeem ua rau qhov hnyav thaum yug me nyuam (85) thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev yug menyuam (86). Qhov zoo siab, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev yug menyuam tsis tau muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog niam txiv kab mob parasitic nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas tsis yog neeg dawb (86 88). Qhov no ua rau kev txiav txim siab tias txawm hais tias leej niam tus kab mob tuaj yeem ua rau niam muaj ntshav tsis txaus uas ua rau muaj qhov hnyav thaum yug me nyuam, nws tsis ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev yug menyuam hauv African pawg neeg thiab tej zaum yuav yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm leej niam o thiab kis kab mob, raws li pom nyob rau hauv lwm yam kab mob leej niam ( 89-91).

Rau cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv, kab mob parasitic, ob leeg niam thiab yug me nyuam, ua rau muaj kev nce hauv cov cim kev ua kom lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov ntshav qaum. Cov cytokines loj thiab cov tshuaj chemokines uas tau hloov pauv hauv niam thiab yug menyuam yog IL-1, IL-4, IL-12, TNF-a, thiab IFN-g. Cov kev hloov no tsis sib xws ntawm cov kab mob cab, zoo ib yam li qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov kab mob no hauv cov neeg tsis cev xeeb tub (Fig. 1). Qhov no qhia tau hais tias vim qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov kab mob parasitic, uas tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm Th1 mus rau Th2 (92) nyob ntawm theem ntawm kev kis kab mob thiab qhov hnyav ntawm tus kab mob, qhov cuam tshuam ntev ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. cov xeeb ntxwv yuav muaj ntau yam thiab tej zaum yuav tsis pom thaum yug los.

Raws li kev sib tham, zoo li yuav muaj kev nce qib ntawm cov cytokine nyob ruaj khov ntawm IL-6 thiab IL-10 hauv cov ntshav qaum (Daim duab 1), ob qho tib si feem ntau zais cia los ntawm kev siv zog los kho homeostasis. tom qab o (93), qhia tias cov menyuam yug los rau cov niam uas muaj kab mob parasite tau hloov inflammatory nyob ruaj khov-lub xeev tiv thaiv thaum yug los. IL-6 yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau embryo implantation thiab placental txoj kev loj hlob nrog nce qib cuam tshuam nrog nchuav menyuam (94), qhia txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov cytokine no hauv fetal poob thiab txwv kev loj hlob ntawm cov poj niam muaj mob.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, IL-6 tau nce siab hauv lwm cov qauv kev mob ntawm niam txiv (95-97), thaum IL-10 txo qis hauv cov menyuam mos los ntawm cov poj niam uas muaj kab mob hauv niam thiab cov kab mob thiab thaum muaj kev sib kis ntawm cov neeg laus ({ {3}}). Qhov no qhia tau hais tias IL-6 tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm hauv cov lus teb rau leej niam / menyuam hauv plab uas muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm Ag, tab sis qhov IL-10 hauv cov ntshav qaum, yuav ua tau los ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv, yog nyob ntawm hom ntawm niam txiv kab mob / mob thiab yog Ag-driven. Vim tias cov kev hloov cytokine no, tshwj xeeb hauv IL-6 thiab IL-10, nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias cov xeeb ntxwv no feem ntau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau ntau yam kab mob. IL-6 overexpression paub tias yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov kab mob kis kab mob thiab kab mob cab, feem ntau txhawb nqa lawv cov kev loj hlob thiab kev ciaj sia. Lub caij no, IL -10 kev qhia tuaj yeem ua rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm Tregs, ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam dav ntawm lub cev. Cov kev sib txuas ua ke no tsim ib qho chaw zoo rau cov kab mob muaj sia nyob hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm niam txiv kab mob parasitic. Txog tam sim no, cov ntshav qaum IL-10 yog qhov kev kwv yees ntau tshaj plaws ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov xeeb ceem tiv thaiv kab mob nyob hauv niam txiv kab mob, tab sis xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv los xyuas qhov no thiab txheeb xyuas cov biomarkers ntxiv ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv immunomodulation.

Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob ntawm leej niam yog kev hloov ntawm niam Abs mus rau cov xeeb ntxwv. Nws tau pom tias leej niam IgG Abs tuaj yeem hla cov placenta nyob rau hauv ib qho FcRn receptor-dependent yam (102). Thaum kis kab mob parasitic, muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm IgE ntxiv rau IgG. Nws tau pom tias niam txiv IgE thaum muaj kev tsis haum xeeb tuaj yeem hloov pauv kev tsis haum rau cov xeeb ntxwv los ntawm mast cell activation (103), qhia txog kev ua tau zoo ntawm lub tsev menyuam thaum muaj kab mob hauv niam, thaum leej niam muaj kab mob helminth hloov IgGs thiab IgE, ua rau txo qis rhiab heev. . Maternal Ab kuj kis tau thaum pub niam mis, uas tau pom tias muab kev tiv thaiv rau cov menyuam mos tiv thaiv kab mob (104).

Txawm hais tias muaj cov ntaub ntawv me me hais txog kev raug mob hauv lub tsev menyuam Ab piv rau cov mis nyuj thiab cov txiaj ntsig sib txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv menyuam yaus, nws paub tias feem ntau Ag-specific IgGs raug thauj mus thoob lub placenta thiab IgA yog cov tseem ceeb ntawm Ab hauv cov kua mis thiab. yog tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab txhawb lub plab thiab microbiome ntawm tus me nyuam mos (105). Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm kev tshawb fawb murine saib qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev yug los rau leej niam muaj kab mob helminth tiv thaiv kev nqus los ntawm ib qho uas cov suckled muaj kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv kab mob tom ntej thiab tus yug tau kis kab mob (106).

Txawm hais tias muaj ob txoj kev hloov pauv Ab, nws tau pom tias muaj kev hloov pauv Ab poob qis thaum lub sij hawm placental malaria (107), qhia tias cov me nyuam mos no tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tib yam rau ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob xws li lwm cov me nyuam mos, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sij hawm. lub sij hawm neonatal uas tiv thaiv los ntawm niam Abs yog qhov tseem ceeb. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lwm yam kab mob parasitic leej niam ntawm leej niam txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv Abs xav tau kev kawm ntxiv.

Txoj kev tshawb fawb txog tus kab mob parasitic ntawm niam yog ib qho kev nthuav dav sai heev. Txawm hais tias cov menyuam yaus tuag coob zuj zus tuaj, cov cheeb tsam uas muaj kab mob parasites tseem muaj feem ntau ntawm cov menyuam yaus tuag. Vim hais tias kev kho tsis ua hauj lwm rau kev kho mob antiparasitic yog nce ntxiv (108 110), nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm leej niam tus kab mob ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tiv thaiv xeeb tub. Vim tias lawv muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev hloov pauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob vim yog leej niam o thiab txo qis ntawm kev hloov pauv Ab passive, niam txiv kab mob thiab cov txheej txheem tom qab lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm los txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab txo qis kev mob menyuam yaus hauv thaj chaw muaj xwm txheej.

Qhia tawm

Cov neeg sau ntawv tsis muaj teeb meem nyiaj txiag ntawm kev txaus siab.

Cov ntaub ntawv

1. Abu-Raya, B., C. Michalski, M. Sadarangani, thiab PM Lavoie. 2020. Maternal immunological adaptation thaum cev xeeb tub. Pem hauv ntej. Immunol. 11: 575197 ib.

2. Dauby, N., T. Goetghebuer, TR Kollmann, J. Levy, and A. Marchant. 2012. Tsis muaj kab mob tab sis tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam: kab mob niam txiv mob ntev thaum cev xeeb tub, kev tiv thaiv menyuam hauv plab, thiab kis tau tus kab mob tom qab yug menyuam. Lancet Infect. Dis. 12: 330-340}.

3. Yockey, LJ, thiab A. Iwasaki. 2018. Interferons thiab proinflammatory cytokines hauv cev xeeb tub thiab kev loj hlob ntawm fetal. Kev tiv thaiv 49: 397 412.

4. Marzi, M., A. Vigano, D. Trabattoni, ML Villa, A. Salvaggio, E. Clerici, thiab M. Clerici. 1996. Yam ntxwv ntawm hom 1 thiab hom 2 cytokine ntau lawm profile hauv physiologic thiab pathologic tib neeg cev xeeb tub. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 106: 5: XIV.

5. Lewert, RM, thiab S. Mandlowitz. 1969. Schistosomiasis: prenatal induction ntawm kam rau antigens. Xwm Txheej 224: 1029-1030.

6. Mupfasoni, D., A. Mikhailov, P. Mbaazi, J. King, TW Gyorkos, and A. Montresor. 2018. Kev kwv yees tus naj npawb ntawm cov poj niam ntawm lub hnub nyoog yug me nyuam xav tau kev tiv thaiv kev kho mob rau cov kab mob helminth hauv av. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 12: e0006269.

7. Lub Koom Haum Ntiaj Teb Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv. 2003. Lub neej muaj kev pheej hmoo: malaria thaum cev xeeb tub. Nkag mus: Lub Xya Hli 7, 2021.

8. Ester, PV, A. Torres, JM Freire, V. Hernandez, thiab A. Gil. 2011. Cov xwm txheej cuam tshuam nrog kev tuag ntawm cov menyuam mos hauv Sub-Saharan Africa. J. Public Health Africa 2: e27.

9. Ness, TE, V. Agrawal, K. Bedard, L. Ouellette, TA Erickson, P. Hotez, thiab JE Weatherhead. 2020. Maternal hookworm kab mob thiab nws cov teebmeem ntawm leej niam noj qab haus huv: kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev tshuaj xyuas meta. Am. J. Taub. Med. Hyg. 103: 1958-1968 ib.

10. Mahande, AM, and MJ Mahande. 2016. Kev kis tus kab mob parasitic thiab koom nrog kev xeeb tub thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab qaum teb Tanzania: kev sau npe-raws li kev tshawb fawb hla ntu. BMC Kab mob. Dis. 16:78 ib.

11. Schantz-Dunn, J., and NM Nour. 2009. Malaria thiab cev xeeb tub: kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv thoob ntiaj teb. Rev. Obstet. Gynecol. 2: 186-192.

12. McClure, EM, DJ Dudley, UM Reddy, thiab RL Goldenberg. 2010. Kab mob ua rau tseem yug me nyuam: ib qho kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 53: 3 :ua.

13. Shaapan, RM 2016. Cov kab mob zoonotic protozoal ua rau rho menyuam. J. Parasit. Dis. 40: 1116-1129}.

14. Reiterova, K., O. Tomasovicova, thiab P. Dubinsky. 2003. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm niam txiv kab mob rau cov xeeb ntxwv tiv thaiv kab mob hauv murine larval toxocariasis. Parasite Immunol. 25: 361-368}.

15. Guadalupe, I., E. Mitre, S. Benitez, ME Chico, TB Nutman, thiab PJ Cooper. 2009. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj rau hauv-utero rhiab heev rau Ascaris lumbricoides hauv cov menyuam yug tshiab ntawm cov niam uas muaj ascariasis. J. Kab mob. Dis. 199: 4: XIV.

16. King, CL, I. Malhotra, P. Mungai, A. Wamachi, J. Kioko, JH Ouma, thiab JW Kazura. 1998. B cell rhiab heev rau helminthic kab mob tshwm sim nyob rau hauv utero nyob rau hauv tib neeg. J. Immunol. 160: 3578-3584} ib.

17. Malhotra, I., M. McKibben, P. Mungai, E. McKibben, X. Wang, LJ Sutherland, EM Muchiri, CH King, CL King, thiab AD LaBeaud. 2015. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kab mob antenatal parasitic rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob IgG hauv cov menyuam yaus: kev tshawb fawb txog kev yug me nyuam hauv Kenya. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 9: e003466.

18. Ondigo, BN, EMO Muok, JK Oguso, SM Njenga, HM Kanyi, EM Ndombi, JW Pov Thawj, N. Kittur, WE Secor, DMS Karanja, thiab DG Colley. 2018. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov niam txiv Schistosomiasis thaum cev xeeb tub rau menyuam yaus cov tshuaj tiv thaiv IgG cov lus teb rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv niaj hnub 2 xyoos tom qab thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob npaws los ntawm cov menyuam mos hauv Western Kenya. Pem hauv ntej. Immunol. 9:140 2.

19. Owens, S., G. Harper, J. Amuasi, G. Offei-Larbi, J. Ordi, thiab BJ Brabin. 2006. Placental malaria thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob rau me nyuam mos measles. Arch. Dis. Me nyuam. 91:507 508 ib.

20. Malhotra, I., JH Ouma, A. Wamachi, J. Kioko, P. Mungai, M. Njzovu, JW Kazura, thiab CL King. 2003. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm niam txiv filariasis rau menyuam yaus thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob rau Wuchereria bancrofti hauv Kenya. Kab mob. Immun. 71: 3 :ua.

21. Le Hesran, JY, M. Cot, P. Personne, N. Fievet, B. Dubois, M. Beyeme, C. Boudin, thiab P. Deloron. 1997. Maternal placental infection nrog Plasmodium falciparum thiab malaria morbidity thaum thawj 2 xyoos ntawm lub neej. Am. J. Epidemiol. 146: 826831 ib.

22. Yaeger, RG 1996. Protozoa: qauv, kev faib tawm, kev loj hlob, thiab kev loj hlob. Hauv Kev Kho Mob Microbiology, 4th ed. S. Baron, ed. Galveston, TX, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX.

23. Lozano, R., M. Naghavi, K. Foreman, S. Lim, K. Shibuya, V. Aboyans, J. Abraham, T. Adair, R. Aggarwal, SY Ahn, et al. 2012. Ntiaj teb no thiab cheeb tsam kev tuag los ntawm 235 ua rau tuag rau 20 pawg hnub nyoog nyob rau hauv 1990 thiab 2010: ib tug systematic tsom xam rau lub ntiaj teb no Burden ntawm kab mob Study 2010. [Published erratum tshwm nyob rau hauv 2013 Lancet 381: 628.] {Lancet 1180: }}.

24. Carlier, Y., C. Truyens, P. Deloron, thiab F. Peyron. 2012. Congenital parasitic infections: kev tshuaj xyuas. Acta Trop. 121: 55-70} ib.

25. Petersen, E. 2007. Protozoan thiab helminth kab mob hauv cev xeeb tub. Lub sij hawm luv thiab ntev ntawm kev kis tus kab mob los ntawm leej niam mus rau fetus. Parasitology 134: 1855-1862.

26. Zakama, AK, N. Ozarslan, and SL Gaw. 2020. Placental malaria. Curr. Trop. Med. Rep.

27. Xi, G., Leke RG, Thuita LW, Zhou, RJ Leke, R. Mbu, DW Taylor. 2003. Congenital exposure to Plasmodium falciparum antigens: Prevalence and antigenic specificity of in utero-produced antimalarial immunoglobulin M antibodies. Kab mob. Immun. 71:12421246 ib.

28. Tobian, AA, RK Mehlotra, I. Malhotra, A. Wamachi, P. Mungai, D. Koech, J. Ouma, P. Zimmerman, thiab CL King. 2000. Muaj kab mob umbilical cord-blood thiab maternal-blood infections nrog Plasmodium falciparum, P. malaria, thiab P. ovale hauv Kenya. J. Kab mob. Dis. 182: 5: XIV.

29. Thapar, RK, Saxena, A. Devgan. 2008. Congenital malaria. Med. J. Armed Forces India 64: 185-186.

30. Peyron, F., C. L'ollivier, L. Mandelbrot, M. Wallon, R. Piarroux, F. Kieffer, E. Hadjadj, L. Paris, thiab P. Garcia-Meric. 2019. Maternal and congenital toxoplasmosis: Kev kuaj mob thiab kev kho mob cov lus pom zoo ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pabcuam Fab Kis. Cov kab mob 8:24.

31. Andrade, HM, VD Toledo, W. Mayrink, and O. Genaro. 2001. Passive kis ntawm humoral thiab cellular tiv thaiv kab mob hauv canine visceral leishmaniasis. Rev. Med. Vet. (Toulouse) 152: 317-324.

32. Andrews, KT, G. Fisher, thiab TS Skinner-Adams. 2014. Tshuaj repurposing thiab human parasitic protozoan kab mob. Int. J. Parasitol. Tshuaj Yeeb Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv. 4: 95-111. 33. Winters, RA, and HW Murray. 1992. Malaria–tus mime rov mus saib dua: kaum tsib xyoos ntxiv ntawm kev paub hauv New York City qhia tsev kho mob. Am. J. Med. 93: 8 :ua. 34. Dawb, NJ 2004. Antimalarial tshuaj tiv thaiv. J. Clin. Kev nqis peev. 113: 1084-1092} ib.

35. Nosten, F., R. McGready, U. d'Alessandro, A. Bonell, F. Verhoeff, C. Menendez, T. Mutabingwa, thiab B. Brabin. 2006. Antimalarial tshuaj thaum cev xeeb tub: kev tshuaj xyuas. Curr. Tshuaj Safe. 1: 1-15.

36. Makanjuola, RO, and AW Taylor-Robinson. 2020. Txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm kev kuaj mob malaria nyob rau hauv underserved nyob deb nroog thiab tej thaj chaw deb thaj chaw ntawm sub-Saharan Africa: ib tug hu los tsim multiplexing ceev diagnostic xeem. Scientifica (Cairo) 2020: 3901409.

37. Desai, M., FO ter Kuile, F. Nosten, R. McGready, K. Asamoa, B. Brabin, and RD Newman. 2007. Kab mob thiab lub nra ntawm malaria thaum cev xeeb tub. Lancet Infect. Dis. 7: {3}.

38. Falade, C., O. Mokuolu, H. Okafor, A. Orogade, A. Falade, O. Adedoyin, T. Oguonu, M. Aisha, DH Hamer, thiab MV Callahan. 2007. Kab mob malaria congenital hauv Nigeria: kev tshawb fawb ntau qhov chaw. Trop. Med. Int. Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv 12: 1279-1287.

39. Natama, HM, DF Ouedraogo, H. Sorgho, E. Rovira-Vallbona, E. SerraCasas, MA Some, M. Coulibaly-Traore, PF Mens, L. Kestens, H. Tinto, and A. Rosanas-Urgell. 2017. Kev kuaj pom tus kab mob malaria hauv qhov chaw sib kis tau zoo: kev soj ntsuam qhov tseeb thiab qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm P. falciparum HRP2-raws li kev sim. Sci. Cov Thawj 7: 2080.

40. Fried, M., RO Muga, AO Misore, thiab PE Duffy. 1998. Malaria elicits hom 1 cytokines nyob rau hauv tib neeg placenta: IFN-gamma thiab TNF-alpha cuam tshuam nrog kev xeeb tub. J. Immunol. 160: 2523-2530}.

41. Kabyemela, ER, A. Muehlenbachs, M. Fried, JD Kurtis, TK Mutabingwa, thiab PE Duffy. 2008. Cov ntshav niam peripheral theem ntawm IL-10 yog ib qho cim rau inflammatory placental malaria. Malar. j 7:26.

42. Tassi Yunga, S., GG Fouda, G. Sama, JB Ngu, RGF Leke, DW Taylor. 2018. Kev nce siab rau Plasmodium falciparum hauv cov menyuam mos yog txuam nrog qis, tsis siab, placental malaria parasitemia. Sci. Ntawv Nkauj 8:169.

43. Harrington, WE, SB Kanaan, A. Muehlenbachs, R. Morrison, P. Stevenson, M. Fried, PE Duffy, thiab JL Nelson. 2017. Maternal microchimerism kwv yees nce tus kab mob tab sis txo tus kab mob vim Plasmodium falciparum thaum yau. J. Kab mob. Dis. 215: 3: XIV.

44. Brair, ME, BJ Brabin, P. Milligan, S. Maxwell, thiab CA Hart. 1994. Txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tetanus nrog placental malaria. Lancet 343: 208-209 .

45. Riley, EM, GE Wagner, BD Akanmori, thiab KA Koram. 2001. Puas yog niam txiv tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv menyuam mos los ntawm tus kab mob malaria? Parasite Immunol. 23:51 59.

46. ​​McAuley, JB 2014. Congenital toxoplasmosis. J. Pediatric Infect. Dis. Soc. 3(Suppl 1): S30-S35.

47. Freeman, K., L. Oakley, A. Pollak, W. Buffolano, E. Petersen, AE Semprini, A. Salt, thiab R. Gilbert; European Multicentre Study on Congenital Toxoplasmosis. 2005. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm congenital toxoplasmosis thiab kev yug ntxov ntxov, kev yug me nyuam qis, thiab me me rau lub hnub nyoog gestational yug. BJOG 112: 31-37.

48. Al Malki, JS, NA Hussien, and F. Al Malki. 2021. Maternal toxoplasmosis thiab kev pheej hmoo ntawm me nyuam yaus autism: serological thiab molecular cov kev tshawb fawb me me. BMC Pediatr. 21:133.

49. Wallon, M., L. Kodjikian, C. Binquet, J. Garweg, J. Fleury, C. Quantin, thiab F. Peyron. 2004. Ntev mus ntev ocular prognosis nyob rau hauv 327 cov me nyuam uas congenital toxoplasmosis. Pediatrics 113: 1567-1572.

50. Machado, AS, ACAV Carneiro, SR Bela, GMQ Andrade, DV Vasconcelos-Santos, JN Januario, JG Coelho-dos-Reis, EAV Ferro, A. Teixeira-Carvalho, RWA Vitor, and OA Martins-Filho; Ufmg Congenital Toxoplasmosis Brazilian Group -UFMG-CTBG. 2014. Biomarker tsom xam qhia txawv profiles ntawm innate thiab adaptive immunity nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mos uas muaj ocular txhab ntawm congenital toxoplasmosis. Mediators Inflamm. Xyoo 2014: 910621.

51. Yamamoto, JH, AL Vallochi, C. Silveira, JK Filho, RB Nussenblatt, E. Cunha-Neto, RT Gazzinelli, R. Belfort, Jr., thiab LV Rizzo. 2000. Kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm cov neeg mob uas tau txais toxoplasmosis thiab congenital toxoplasmosis raws li kev tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov kab mob parasite antigens. J. Kab mob. Dis. 181: 4: XIV.

52. Chang, HR, GE Grau, thiab JC Pechere. 1990. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm TNF thiab IL-1 hauv kev kis kab mob Toxoplasma gondii. Immunology 69: 33-37.

53. Wakelin, D. 1996. Helminths: pathogenesis thiab defenses. Hauv Kev Kho Mob Microbiology. 4th ed. S. Baron, ed. Galveston, TX, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX.

54. Lub Koom Haum Ntiaj Teb Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv. 2020. Av kis kab mob helminth. Nkag mus: Lub Xya Hli 8, 2021.

55. Mathison, BA, thiab BS Pritt. 2018. Ib qho txheej txheem txheej txheem ntawm cov kab mob zoonotic helminth hauv North America. Lab. Med. 49:e93 :ua.

56. Wick, P., A. Malek, P. Manser, D. Meili, X. Maeder-Althaus, L. Diener, PA Diener, A. Zisch, HF Krug, thiab U. von Mandach. 2010. Barrier peev xwm ntawm tib neeg placenta rau nanosized cov ntaub ntawv. Ib puag ncig. Txoj Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv. 118: 4: XIV.

57. Aderoba, AK, OI Iribhogbe, BN Olagbuji, OE Olokor, CK Ojide, AB Ande. 2015. Feem ntau ntawm helminth infestation thaum cev xeeb tub thiab nws cov koom haum nrog rau leej niam anemia thiab yug me nyuam qhov hnyav. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 129: 3: XIV.

58. Yatich, NJ, E. Funkhouser, JE Ehiri, T. Agbenyega, JK Stiles, JC Rayner, A. Turpin, WO Ellis, Y. Jiang, JH Williams, et al. 2010. Malaria, plab hnyuv helminths, thiab lwm yam kev pheej hmoo rau kev yug menyuam hauv Ghana. Kab mob. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol. Xyoo 2010: 350763.

59. Mireku, MO, MJ Boivin, LL Davidson, S. Ouedraogo, GK Koura, MJ Alao, A. Massougbodji, M. Cot, and F. Bodeau-Livinec. 2015. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm tus kab mob helminth thaum cev xeeb tub rau kev txawj ntse thiab lub cev muaj zog ntawm cov menyuam muaj hnub nyoog ib xyoos. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 9: e003463.

60. Arinola, GO, OA Morenikeji, KS Akinwande, AO Alade, O. OlateruOlagbegi, PE Alabi, thiab SK Rahamon. 2015. Cov qib ntshav ntawm cytokines thiab IgE hauv helminth-infected Nigerian cov poj niam cev xeeb tub thiab menyuam yaus. Ann. Ntiaj teb. Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv 81: 689-693.

61. Olateru-Olagbegi, OA, EC Omoruyi, RA Dada, VF Edem, and OG Arinola. 2018. Cov theem ntawm inflammatory cytokines nyob rau hauv cov poj niam cev xeeb tub uas muaj kab mob helminth thiab qaum cov ntshav ntawm lawv cov me nyuam txog kev xeeb tub. Niger. J. Physiol. Sci. 33: 5: XIV.

62. Hotez, PJ, PJ Brindley, JM Bethony, CH King, EJ Pearce, thiab J. Jacobson. 2008. Kab mob Helminth: cov kab mob loj heev uas tsis saib xyuas. J. Clin. Kev nqis peev. 118: 1311-1321} ib.

63. Achary, KG, NN Mandal, S. Mishra, R. Mishra, SS Sarangi, AK Satapathy, SK Kar, thiab MS Bal. 2014. Hauv utero sensitization modulates IgG isotype, IFN-c, thiab IL-10 cov lus teb ntawm neonates hauv bancroftian filariasis. Parasite Immunol. 36: 5 :ua.

64. Bal, MS, NN Mandal, MK Das, SK Kar, SS Sarangi, thiab MK Beuria. 2010. Transplacental hloov ntawm filarial antigens los ntawm Wuchereria bancroftiinfected niam rau lawv cov xeeb ntxwv. Parasitology 137: 669-673.

65. Malhotra, I., J. Ouma, A. Wamachi, J. Kioko, P. Mungai, A. Omollo, L. Elson, D. Koech, JW Kazura, thiab CL King. 1997. Nyob rau hauv utero raug rau helminth thiab mycobacterial antigens generates cytokine teb zoo ib yam li cov neeg laus pom. J. Clin. Kev nqis peev. 99:3 :ua.

66. Bal, M., M. Ranjit, KG Achary, and AK Satapathy. 2016. Cov kab mob ntawm niam txiv filarial cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev tswj T hlwb hauv cov me nyuam los ntawm me nyuam mos mus rau thaum yau. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 10: e0005144.

67. Mehta, RS, A. Rodriguez, M. Chico, I. Guadalupe, N. Broncano, C. Sandoval, F. Tupiza, E. Mitre, thiab PJ Cooper. 2012. Cov kab mob geohelminth ntawm niam txiv muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev kis kab mob geohelminth hauv cov menyuam yaus: kev tshawb fawb txog kev tswj xyuas. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 6 ib:1753.

68. Dold, S., J. Heinrich, HE Wichmann, thiab M. Wjst. 1998. Ascaris-specific IgE thiab allergic rhiab heev nyob rau hauv ib pawg ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv yav tas los East Germany. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 102: 414 420.

69. Palmer, LJ, JC Celed on, ST Weiss, B. Wang, Z. Fang, X. Xu. 2002. Ascaris lumbricoides kab mob yog txuam nrog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev mob ntsws asthma thaum yau thiab atopy nyob deb nroog Suav. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 165: 1489 1493 ib.

70. Ghaffar, YA, M. Kamel, M. el-Sobky, R. Bahnasy, thiab GT Strickland. 1989. Teb rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab B hauv cov menyuam mos yug los rau cov niam uas muaj tus mob schistosomiasis. Ntawv Nkauj 2:272.

71. Malhotra, I., P. Mungai, A. Wamachi, J. Kioko, JH Ouma, JW Kazura, thiab CL King. 1999. Helminth- thiab Bacillus Calmette-Gu erin-induced immunity nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam sensitized nyob rau hauv utero rau filariasis thiab schistosomiasis. J. Immunol. 162: 6843 6848 ib.

72. Malhotra, I., AD LaBeaud, N. Morris, M. McKibben, P. Mungai, E. Muchiri, CL King, thiab CH King. 2018. Cord blood antiparasite interleukin 10 ua ib qho kev pheej hmoo rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob thaum yau. J. Kab mob. Dis. 217: 1426 1434 : kuv.

73. Klar, K., S. Perchermeier, S. Bhattacharjee, H. Harb, T. Adler, R. Istvanffy, E. Loffredo-Verde, RA Oostendorp, H. Renz, thiab C. Prazeres da Costa. 2017. Chronic schistosomiasis thaum cev xeeb tub epigenetically reprograms T-cell sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov niam muaj kab mob. Eur. J. Immunol. 47:841 847 ib.

74. Cort es-Selva, D., L. Gibbs, A. Ready, HA Ekiz, R. O'Connell, B. Rajwa, and KC Fairfax. 2021. Maternal schistosomiasis impairs offspring Interleukin -4 ntau lawm thiab B cell expansion. PLoS Pathog. 17: e1009260.

75. Attallah, AM, AT Abbas, MI Dessouky, HM El-empathy, and HM Elsheikha. 2006. Kev raug mob ntawm cov nas me uas yug los rau Schistosoma mansoniinfected thiab noninfected niam mus rau tom ntej kab mob S. mansoni. Parasitol. Res. 99:137 145 ib.

76. Seydel, LS, A. Petelski, GJ van Dam, D. van der Kleij, YC Kruize-Hoeksma, AJ Luty, M. Yazdanbakhsh, thiab PG Kremsner. 2012. Association ntawm utero rhiab heev rau Schistosoma haematobium nrog txhim kho qaum ntshav IgE thiab nce zaus ntawm CD5- B hlwb hauv African cov menyuam yug tshiab. Am. J. Taub. Med. Hyg. 86: 613 619.

77. Friedman, JF, RM Olveda, MH Mirochnick, AL Bustinduy, thiab AM Elliott. 2018. Praziquantel rau kev kho mob schistosomiasis thaum cev xeeb tub tib neeg. Bull. Lub Koom Haum Ntiaj Teb Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv. 96:59 65 ib.

78. Fallon, PG, thiab MJ Doenhoff. 1994. Drug-resistant schistosomiasis: resistance to praziquantel thiab oxamniquine induced in Schistosoma mansoni in nas yog tshuaj tshwj xeeb. Am. J. Taub. Med. Hyg. 51:83 88 ib.

79. Nash, S., AJ Mentzer, SA Lule, D. Kizito, G. Smits, FR van der Klis, and AM Elliott. 2017. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev kis tus kab mob ua ntej yug menyuam thiab kev kho mob anthelminthic ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv niaj hnub muab rau menyuam yaus: Kev tshuaj xyuas thib ob ntawm kev sim tshuaj randomized. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 11: e0005213.

80. Mpairwe, H., EL Webb, L. Muhangi, J. Ndibazza, D. Akishule, M. Nampijja, S. Ngom-wegi, J. Tumusime, FM Jones, C. Fitzsimmons, et al. 2011. Kev kho anthelminthic thaum cev xeeb tub yog txuam nrog kev pheej hmoo ntawm tus menyuam mos eczema: randomized-tswj cov txiaj ntsig. Pediatr. Kev tsis haum tshuaj Immunol. 22: {5}}.

81. Ndibazza, J., H. Mpairwe, EL Webb, PA Mawa, M. Nampijja, L. Muhangi, M. Kihembo, SA Lule, D. Rutebarika, B. Apule, et al. 2012. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev kho mob anthelminthic thaum cev xeeb tub thiab menyuam yaus ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, kab mob, thiab kab mob eczema thaum yau: kev sim tshuaj randomized. PLoS Ib 7: e50325.

82. Straubinger, K., S. Paul, O. Prazeres da Costa, M. Ritter, T. Buch, DH Busch, LE Layland, thiab CU Prazeres da Costa. 2014. Niam lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov kab mob helminth thaum cev xeeb tub txiav txim rau cov me nyuam muaj kev tsis haum rau txoj hlab pas. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 134: 1271-1279.e10.

83. Tay, SC, EA Nani, thiab W. Walana. 2017. Kab mob parasitic thiab maternal anemia ntawm cov niam muaj kev cia siab nyob rau hauv Dangme East District of Ghana. BMC Res. Phau Ntawv Nkauj 10:3.

84. Bodeau-Livinec, F., V. Briand, J. Berger, X. Xiong, A. Massougbodji, KP Hnub, thiab M. Cot. 2011. Maternal anemia hauv Benin: feem ntau, muaj feem cuam tshuam, thiab koom nrog kev yug me nyuam. Am. J. Taub. Med. Hyg. 85:4 :ua.

85. Figueiredo, ACMG, IS Gomes-Filho, RB Silva, PPS Pereira, FAFD Mata, AO Lyrio, ES Souza, SS Cruz, thiab MG Pereira. 2018. Maternal anemia thiab low birth weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Khoom noj khoom haus 10: 601.

86. Tomashek, KM, CV Ananth, thiab ME Cogswell. 2006. Kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev yug menyuam txog niam txiv hemoglobin concentration thaum cev xeeb tub. Matern. Me Nyuam Nutr. 2:19 28.

87. Nair, M., D. Churchill, S. Robinson, C. Nelson-Piercy, SJ Stanworth, thiab M. Knight. 2017. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm niam txiv hemoglobin thiab tseem yug me nyuam: kev kawm sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau haiv neeg hauv tebchaws Askiv. Br. J. Haematol. 179: 5 ib.

88. Chuwa, FS, AH Mwanamsangu, BG Brown, SE Msuya, EE Senkoro, OP Mnali, F. Mazuguni, and MJ Mahande. 2017. Cov niam txiv thiab menyuam hauv plab yuav muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev yug menyuam hauv Northern Tanzania: kev sau npe-raws li kev tshawb fawb rov qab. PLoS Ib 12: e0182250.

89. Harrison, MS, VR Thorsten, DJ Dudley, CB Parker, MA Koch, CJR Hogue, BJ Stoll, RM Silver, MW Varner, MH Pinar, et al. 2018. Stillbirth, inflammatory markers, and rog: tau los ntawm Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network. Am. J. Perinatol. 35: 1071-1078}.

90. McClure, EM, thiab RL Goldenberg. 2009. Kab mob thiab tseem yug me nyuam. Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med. 14: 182-189}.

91. McClure, EM, RM Silver, J. Kim, I. Ahmed, M. Kallapur, N. Ghanchi, MB Nagmoti, S. Dhaded, A. Aceituno, SS Tikmani, et al. 2020. Maternal infection and stillbirth: a review. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. DOI 10.1080/14767058.2020.1852206 PAB.

92. Jankovic, D., A. Sher, thiab G. Yap. 2001. Th1/Th2 effector choice in parasitic infection: kev txiav txim siab los ntawm pawg neeg. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 13: {5}}.

93. Sapan, HB, I. Paturusi, I. Jusuf, I. Patellongi, MN Massi, AD Pusponegoro, SK Arief, I. Labeda, AA Islam, L. Rendy, thiab M. Hatta. 2016. Tus qauv ntawm cytokine (IL-6 thiab IL-10) theem ua mob thiab tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis ntawm ntau yam kab mob hauv lub cev tsis ua haujlwm (MODS) hauv polytrauma. Int. J. Burns Trauma 6: 37-43.

94. Prins, JR, N. Gomez-Lopez, thiab SA Robertson. 2012. Interleukin -6 nyob rau hauv cev xeeb tub thiab gestational teeb meem. J. Reprod. Immunol. 95:5 :ua.

95. Hava, G., L. Vered, M. Yael, H. Mordechai, H. Mahoud. 2006. Kev hloov pauv ntawm tus cwj pwm hauv cov neeg laus cov nas tom qab tus poj niam mob thaum cev xeeb tub. Dev. Psychobiol. 48: 3: XIV.

96. Ingvorsen, C., S. Brix, SE Ozanne, and LI Hellgren. 2015. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm leej niam Inflamation ntawm fetal programming ntawm cov kab mob metabolic. Acta Physiol. (Oxf.) 214: 440-449.

97. Hsiao, EY, and PH Patterson. 2011. Kev ua kom lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm niam txiv induces endocrine hloov hauv cov placenta ntawm IL-6. Lub hlwb Behav. Immun. 25: {4}}.

98. Yang, Y., Liu, B. Li, Q., Wang, S. Fan, H. Wang, thiab L. Wang. 2018. Kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm kev tswj hwm T cell los ntawm interleukin 10 kho cov txheej txheem hauv induction ntawm gestational diabetes mellitus. DNA Cell Bio. 37: 4: XIV.

99. van Exel, E., J. Gussekloo, AJ de Craen, M. Fr€olich, A. Bootsma-Van Der Wiel, RG Westendorp, thiab S. Leiden; Leiden 85 Ntxiv Kev Kawm. 2002. Tsawg tsim muaj peev xwm ntawm interleukin-10 koom nrog cov kab mob metabolic thiab ntshav qab zib hom 2: Leiden 85-Plus Study. Ntshav Qab Zib 51: 1088-1092.

100. Lohman-Payne, B., B. Gabriel, S. Park, D. Wamalwa, E. Maleche-Obimbo, C. Farquhar, RK Bosire, thiab G. John-Stewart. 2018. Cov menyuam mos uas tsis muaj kab mob HIV kis tau: cord blood interleukin 8 (IL-8) muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog rau niam txiv HIV kab mob thiab kab mob IL-8 hauv Kenyan pawg. Clin. Txhais lus. Med. 7:26 ib.

101. Pedersen, JM, EL Mortensen, RH Meincke, GL Petersen, E. BudtzJørgensen, H. Brunnsgaard, HJ Sørensen, and R. Lund. 2019. Cov kab mob niam mis thaum cev xeeb tub thiab cov xeeb ntxwv midlife o. Matern. Kev noj qab haus huv Neonatol. Perinatol. 5:4 ib.

102. Simister, NE, CM Story, HL Chen, thiab JS Hunt. 1996. Ib qho IgG-transporting Fc receptor qhia nyob rau hauv lub syncytiotrophoblast ntawm tib neeg placenta. Eur. J. Immunol. 26: {4}}.

103. Msallam, R., J. Balla, APS Rathore, H. Kared, B. Malleret, WAA Saron, Z. Liu, JW Hang, CA Dutertre, A. Larbi, et al. 2020. Fetal mast cells mediate postnatal allergic responses depend on maternal IgE. Science 370: 941-950.

104. Sadeharju, K., M. Knip, SM Virtanen, E. Savilahti, S. Tauriainen, P. Koskela, HK Akerblom, thiab H. Hy€oty; Finnish TRIGR Study Group. 2007. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv niam mis tiv thaiv tus menyuam los ntawm tus kab mob enterovirus. Pediatrics 119: 941-946.

105. Saso, A., thiab B. Kampmann. 2020. Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv niam txiv: xwm raws li kev saib xyuas. Pem hauv ntej. Microbiol. 11:1499 : kuv.

106. Santos, P., VM Lorena, ES Fernandes, IR Sales, WR Nascimento, YM Gomes, MC Albuquerque, VM Costa, thiab VM Souza. 2016. Kev xeeb tub thiab pub niam mis rau cov niam schistosomotic sib txawv hloov kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov menyuam laus mus rau tom qab yug menyuam Schistosoma mansoni. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 111: 83-92.

107. Cumberland, P., CE Shulman, PA Maple, JN Bulmer, EK Dorman, K. Kawuondo, K. Marsh, thiab FT Cutts. 2007. Cov niam txiv HIV kab mob thiab placental malaria txo cov transplacental antibody hloov thiab tetanus antibody qib hauv cov menyuam yug tshiab hauv Kenya. J. Kab mob. Dis. 196: 3: XIV.

108. Hyde, JE 2007. Drug-resistant malaria - kev pom. FEBS J. 274: 4688-4698.

109. Hadighi, R., M. Mohebali, P. Boucher, H. Hajjaran, A. Khamesipour, thiab M. Ouellette. 2006. Unresponsiveness to Glucantime treatment in Iranian cutaneous leishmaniasis vim tshuaj-resistant Leishmania tropical parasites. PLOS Med. 3 ib:162.

110. Fenwick, A., thiab JP Webster. 2006. Schistosomiasis: cov teeb meem rau kev tswj, kev kho mob thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv. Curr. Opin. Kab mob. Dis. 19: 577-582}.

For more information:1950477648nn@gmail.com