Kev nce qib ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm Kas fes taum Ⅰ

Lus Cim: Kas fes yog ib qho khoom noj khoom haus nrov nrog ib qho tsw hauv ntiaj teb. Kas fes taum muaj cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev ua haujlwm lom neeg. Kev tshawb fawb txog cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov taum kas fes xws li alkaloids, suab thaj, organic acids, esters, sterols, thiab diterpenes tau ua tiav tseem ceeb. Cov teebmeem ntawmneurotiv thaiv, tiv thaiv hyperglycemia thiab hyperlipidemia, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, anti-inflammatory,tiv thaiv oxidation, thiabtiv thaiv daim siabtau pom nyob rau hauv kas fes taum. Tsab ntawv xov xwm no tau tshuaj xyuas cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov kev tshawb pom hauv cov taum kas fes, biosynthesis ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb thiab lawv cov txiaj ntsig tshuaj, thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv rau kev tshawb fawb tob thiab kev tsim kho ntawm cov taum kas fes.

Ntsiab lus: Kas fes; Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg; Pharmacological teebmeem; Tus nqi tshuaj

Kas fes (Coffea sp.) yog tsob ntoo kas fes Rubiaceae, ib txwm nyob rau nruab nrab thiab sab qaum teb Africa, thiab tam sim no tau loj hlob hauv Latin America, Africa thiab Asia Pacific. Muaj ntau hom kas fes, txog li 90 hom, uas tau muab faib ua plaub pawg: loj-grain (Coffea liberica), nruab nrab-grain (Coffea robusta), me-grain (Coffea arabica) thiab excelsa (Coffea excelsa) . Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kas fes taum [1].

Kas fes yog cov nroj tsuag siv ntau tshaj plaws thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev lag luam. Tuam Tshoj thawj zaug qhia cov ntoo kas fes rau Taiwan xyoo 1884, thiab tam sim no Hainan thiab Yunnan yog cov chaw tsim kas fes loj hauv Suav teb. Cov tshuaj suav tshuaj suav hais tias kas fes yog iab me ntsis, astringent, thiab tiaj tus; Kas fes muaj ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg xws li alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenes, thiab lwm yam, uas muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev txo cov ntshav qab zib, txo cov ntshav lipids, tiv thaiv oxidation, thiab neuroprotection. Nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshuaj thiab muaj kev loj hlob dav dav. Daim ntawv no nthuav tawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov taum kas fes, thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv siv rau kev tshawb fawb ntsig txog.

1 Chemical composition thiab discovery method

Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm kas fes taum feem ntau suav nrog ob pawg: cov khoom tsis muaj hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom tsis haum. Cov khoom uas tsis yog-volatile ntawm ntsuab kas fes taum yog ntau dua li cov roasted kas fes taum, thiab lawv cov tsis-volatile Cheebtsam feem ntau muaj xws li nitrogen tebchaw, carbohydrates, acids thiab ester tebchaw. Ntawm lawv, cov ntsiab lus muaj nitrogen feem ntau yog alkaloids thiab amino acids, carbohydrates feem ntau yog polysaccharides thiab ib qho me me ntawm oligosaccharides, acids suav nrog chlorogenic acid thiab me me molecular organic acids, thiab esters yog cov roj kas fes, sterols thiab diterpenoids.

1.1 Alkaloids

Ntsuab kas fes taum alkaloids feem ntau yog caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, hypoxanthine, matrine thiab trigonelline, uas trigonelline yog cov khoom ua ntej tsim furan, pyrazine thiab alkylpyridine.

Caffeine yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws alkaloid hauv cov taum ntsuab kas fes thiab lub ntsiab ntawm iab. Cov khoom sawv cev hauv caffeine yog caffeine. Andrade et al. [3] siv supercritical kua extraction los extract caffeine los ntawm ntsuab kas fes taum, thiab pom tias lub siab tshaj plaws tawm los ntawm caffeine yog muab rho tawm nrog ib tug tov hnyav ntawm CO2 thiab isopropanol. Tus kws tshawb fawb [4] tau siv cov kua chromatography siab (High perfarnance kua chromdtograpny, HPLC) los kawm txog kev hloov pauv ntawm caffeine cov ntsiab lus hauv kas fes taum los ntawm ntau qhov chaw tsim khoom thiab qhov siab. Shao Jinliang et al. [5] tau kawm txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm trigonelline thiab caffeine hauv cov taum kas fes ntsuab, taum kas fes thiab kas fes hmoov, thiab pom tias caffeine yog tus yam ntxwv zoo ntawm cov taum kas fes. Basin yog qhov tseem ceeb thib ob.

Trigonelline yog ib tug derivative ntawm pyridine, uas yog demethylated nyob rau hauv lub roasting txheej txheem ntawm kas fes taum los tsim niacin, uas plays lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txhawb zus tau tej cov aromatic tebchaw, thiab nws cov ntsiab lus yog siab nyob rau hauv Arabica ntau yam [6]

. Liu Hongcheng et al. [7] txiav txim siab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov txheej txheem rho tawm sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm trigonelline los ntawm HPLC, thiab pom tias txoj kev rho tawm tsis zoo rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm trigonelline.

Nyem qhov no kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv txog Cistanche Coffee

1.2 Cov amino acids

Kas fes taum muaj ntau yam proteins thiab cov amino acids dawb, xws li glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine, glycine, thiab alanine. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb siv cov txheej txheem alkali-soluble acid los nag los rho cov protein hauv kas fes taum, thiab tshawb xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov amino acids tseem ceeb hauv lawv. 67.02 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov ntsiab lus protein [6]. Dong et al. [8] ua ib qho kev txheeb xyuas ib nrab ntawm 79 cov tshuaj tsis haum hauv kas fes los ntawm kev siv headspace solid-phase microextraction-GC-MS, thiab kuaj pom cov amino acids tseem ceeb xws li leucine, lysine thiab arginine hauv kas fes taum. .

1.3 Cov carbohydrates

Ntsuab kas fes taum muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm cov suab thaj, suav txog li 50 feem pua ​​​​ntawm qhov hnyav qhuav, feem ntau yog oligosaccharides thiab polysaccharides, nrog cov ntsiab lus monosaccharide tsawg heev. Ntawm lawv, lub ntsiab polysaccharides yog arabinogalactan, mannan thiab cellulose [10], thiab cov ntsiab lus polysaccharide txo qis thaum lub sij hawm ci. Hu Shuangfang et al [9] ntsuas 7

Tom qab kuaj taum kas fes los ntawm ntau qhov chaw tsim khoom, nws tau pom tias cov noob kas fes Golden Mandheling tau muaj qhov txo qis hauv qab zib ntau tshaj plaws, siab txog 11.2 mg / g. Cov txheej txheem ntawm extracting polysaccharides nyob rau hauv kas fes taum muaj xws li nruam extraction, acid hydrolysis, dej kub extraction, enzyme extraction, thiab lwm yam, tab sis kom deb li deb, dej kub extraction tsuas yog txais thiab feem ntau cov txheej txheem, nrog rau cov txheej txheem yooj yim, tsis muaj nqi, thiab tsis muaj. ntxiv. [11], kuj tseem muaj kev sim rau hauv kas fes hauv av los ntawm ethanol soaking, concentration, deproteinization, roj av ether extraction, thiab lwm yam., thiab ntse rho tawm cov polysaccharides los ntawm kas fes hauv av [12]. Delgado et al. [13] pom tias cov khoom tsis zoo nyob hauv kas fes rho tawm feem ntau yog polysaccharides.

1.4 Organic acids

Chlorogenic acid yog ib qho tseem ceeb phenolic compound nyob rau hauv ntsuab kas fes taum. Raws li cov lus ceeb toom, kas fes yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm chlorogenic acid hauv tib neeg noj zaub mov [14]. Cov monomer nrog cov ntsiab lus chlorogenic acid siab tshaj plaws yog 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), uas yog kwv yees li 70 feem pua ​​​​ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus chlorogenic acid [15]. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm chlorogenic acid hauv cov taum kas fes ntsuab yog qhov siab, txog 6.7-12 feem pua ​​, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm chlorogenic acid nyob rau hauv cov taum kas fes taum yog txo qis heev, thiab cov ntsiab lus yog li ntawm 2-3.1 feem pua [16].

Cov kuab tshuaj extraction, supercritical kua extraction, adsorption elution thiab muab faib chromatography yog cov feem ntau siv extraction thiab sib cais cov tswv yim rau chlorogenic acid. Upadhyay et al. [17] siv microwave kev kho mob, theem dej yog dej, thiab cov kuab tshuaj theem yog 50 feem pua ​​​​ethanol thiab 50 feem pua ​​​​methanol tov los kawm cov txheej txheem extraction ntawm chlorogenic acid thiab lwm yam tshuaj nyob rau hauv Robusta kas fes ntsuab taum, thiab pom tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws mob yog. microwave. Lub hwj chim yog 800 W, qhov ntsuas kub yog 50 degree, thiab lub sij hawm rho tawm yog 5 min. Tus nqi rho tawm ntawm chlorogenic acid yog 7.25 feem pua ​​​​, uas yog qhov siab dua li ntawm ib qho hnyav nyob rau tib lub sijhawm. Romero-González et al. [28] siv kev sib cais

Kev sib cais thiab rho tawm ntawm peb chlorogenic acids, 5-CQA, 5-FQA, thiab 3,5-diCQA hauv kas fes, tau ua los ntawm countercurrent partition chromatography. Cov theem nyob ruaj khov yog ethyl acetate-n-hexane, thiab theem mobile yog chlorine nrog sib txawv ion gradients. Kev sib cais ntawm peb chlorogenic acids tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm lithium sulfide thiab ammonium sulfate-potassium nitrate. Li Shasha et al[19] siv HPLC los ntsuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm chlorogenic acid nyob rau hauv kas fes taum los ntawm txawv keeb kwm, Phenomenex Luna C18 tau siv raws li cov chromatographic kem, methanol -0.5 feem pua ​​formic acid dej tau siv raws li lub xov tooj ntawm tes. theem, thiab lub wavelength yog 285 nm. Cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj ntawm ortho acid yog 3.333 mg / g.

Ntxiv nrog rau chlorogenic acid, taum kas fes kuj muaj quinic acid, malic acid thiab citric acid. Shao Jinliang et al. [20] kuaj pom 5- Cov ntsiab lus ntawm CQA, 4-CQA, 1,3-CQA thiab lwm yam tshuaj, thiab cov ntsiab lus hauv cov taum kas fes ntsuab yog siab dua li cov khoom kas fes. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb txawv teb chaws tau pom citric acid, acetic acid, acrylic acid thiab fumaric acid los ntawm kev sim ua lag luam instant kas fes hauv Spain [21]. Ntxiv nrog rau cov organic acids saum toj no, cov taum kas fes kuj muaj succinic acid, citraconic acid, erythronic acid, gluconic acid, glyceric acid, thiab lwm yam.

1.5 TSI

Muaj ntau ntau hom ester tebchaw hauv cov taum kas fes, feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov roj crude hauv kas fes taum. Tom qab cov taum kas fes tau ci rau ntau qib sib txawv, cov ntsiab lus ntawm ester tebchaw kuj txawv heev, feem ntau suav nrog kas fes roj, sterols thiab Diterpenoids, thiab lwm yam. [22].

1.5.1 Kas fes Roj

Kas fes roj yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv unsaturated fatty acids thiab saturated fatty acids. Cov unsaturated fatty acids feem ntau yog linoleic acid, thiab cov saturated fatty acids feem ntau yog palmitic acid. Nws kuj muaj ib qho me me ntawm myristic acid, stearic acid, thiab arachidic acid. Ntxiv rau cov roj fatty acids tseem ceeb, cov roj kas fes kuj muaj lwm yam tshuaj lom neeg, xws li tocopherol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, squalene, thiab lwm yam. kas fes roj feem ntau muab rho tawm nrog ether, roj av ether lossis n-hexane organic hnyav. Dong et al. [23] piv cov teebmeem ntawm kev rho tawm sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov roj kas fes hauv kas fes taum, thiab pom tias cov roj kas fes cov ntsiab lus ntawm ultrasonic-microwave-pab extraction yog qhov siab tshaj plaws, siab li 10.58 feem pua. ± 0.32 feem pua. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb [24] tau sim cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm 7 hom kas fes taum hauv Hainan. Siv cov cuab yeej siv tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom tseem ceeb, kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas hierarchical pawg thiab kev tshuaj xyuas ib txoj kev heterogeneity, lub ntsiab fatty acids hauv kas fes roj tau ntsuas li linoleic acid, linoleic acid, Palmitic acid thiab oleic acid. Zeng Fankui [25] siv roj chromatography mass spectrometry (Gas chromatograob-mass spectrometel, GC-MS) los tshuaj xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm kas fes roj fatty acids hauv Yunnan Arabica kas fes taum, Xinglong Robusta kas fes taum thiab Nyab Laj Robusta kas fes taum, thiab pom tias Arabica taum. kas fes taum muaj cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj plaws ntawm fatty acids. Nws cov ntsiab lus los ntawm siab mus rau qis yog 36.77 feem pua ​​~ 46.12 feem pua ​​​​ntawm linoleic acid, 29.27 feem pua ​​~ 31.62 feem pua ​​ntawm palmitic acid, thiab 18.835 ~ 25.20 feem pua ​​ntawm oleic acid. Peb hom fatty acids suav nrog 95 feem pua ​​​​ntawm tag nrho cov fatty acids. Behenic acid, qhov tshwm sim no zoo ib yam nrog cov txiaj ntsig tau pom los ntawm Chen Yiping [26] los ntawm kas fes hauv av ntawm cov khoom kas fes.

1.5.2 Sterol

Kas fes taum muaj ntau cov sterols, nrog ntau tshaj -sitosterol, ua raws li stigmasterol, campesterol, thiab Δ5-avenasterol. Nzekoue et al. [27] sau 14 hom kas fes taum residues los ntawm 12 lub teb chaws, thiab rho tawm plaub phytosterols, uas yog -sitosterol.

188.5 ~ 688.5 mg / kg, campesterol 48.6 ~ 214.5 mg / kg, stigmasterol 8.9 ~ 188.5 mg / kg.

1.5.3 Diterpenoids

Cov diterpenoids nyob rau hauv kas fes taum yog feem ntau pentacyclic diterpene alcohols, nrog cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj ntawm enantio-kaurane thiab cafestol diterpenes, uas cafestol, kahweol, 16- Sawv cev los ntawm O-methyl cafestol, cafestol thiab kahweol yog resistant rau acid,

Lub teeb thiab cua sov yog rhiab heev, nrog rau tej yam volatility thiab tshwj xeeb aroma [28]. Lima et al. [29] catalyzed lub extraction ntawm cafestol thiab cafestol los ntawm ntsuab kas fes taum, siv platinum catalysts (Pd/C, Pd/CaCO3, Pd/BaSO4, thiab Pd/Al2O3) thiab Pd catalysts, thiab cov khoom purity yog siab.

Tsukui et al. [30] tau ua microwave-pab extraction ntawm 13 ntsuab kas fes taum los sau kas fes roj, uas yog rau lub sij hawm npaum npaum li cas ntawm cov tsoos Soxhlet txoj kev. Txhawm rau kawm txog kev hloov pauv ntawm bioactive tshuaj nyob rau hauv kas fes roj thaum lub sij hawm cia, Hong Qidi [31] muab cov roj kas fes los ntawm Hainan Xinglong kas fes taum, thiab siv HPLC txoj kev kawm kas fes hauv kas fes taum khaws cia ntawm 60 degree rau 36 hnub nyob rau hauv ceev ceev cia. Cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov roj biochemical indexes tau pom tias thawj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cafestol thiab cafestol yog 23.44 ±{16}}.52 mg / g thiab 21.01 ± 0.31 mg / g, raws li, thiab txo mus rau 8.99 ± 0.02 mg / g thiab 8.21 ± 0.10 mg / g tom qab 24 hnub. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm biologically active Cheebtsam poob mus rau txawv degrees, uas qhia tau hais tias cov kas fes roj underwent oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thaum lub sij hawm cia.

1.6 Cov tshuaj tsis haum

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj tsis hloov pauv hauv cov taum ntsuab kas fes yog qhov tsawg heev, vim tias cov kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo hauv cov taum kas fes thaum lub sijhawm ci ua rau cov khoom lag luam ntau yam tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw [32], suav nrog Maillard thiab Strecker cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog rau cov protein. , qab zib, trigonelline thiab taum ntsuab. Kev puas tsuaj ntawm ortho acids [33] Cov tshuaj volatile ntawm kas fes taum feem ntau muaj xws li cawv, aldehydes thiab ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, pyrazines, pyrroles, pyridines, alkalis, sulfides, furans, phenols, thiab lwm yam. Qhov ntau tshaj yog furans thiab pyrazines, thiab pyrazine compounds muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj tshaj plaws. ntawm kas fes [34]

1.6.1 Cov

Furan yog cov khoom tsis muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv cov taum kas fes, thiab qhov tsw ntawm furan yog qhov pom tseeb tshaj plaws hauv cov taum kas fes. Cov txheej txheem ntawm furan tiam yog qhov nyuaj. Muaj tsib txoj hauv kev rau kev tsim furan: (1) thermal degradation ntawm carbohydrates xws li qabzib, lactose, thiab fructose; (2) Maillard cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov amino acids tshwj xeeb thiab txo cov suab thaj hauv qab cua sov; (3) ascorbic acid thiab nws cov derivatives Thermal degradation tshwm sim; ④ unsaturated fatty acid oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv; ⑤ carotenoid oxidation

cov lus teb [35]. Volatile furans nthuav tawm malt thiab qab zib roasted aromas.

1.6.2 Pyrazines Cov

Pyrazine kuj yog cov nplua nuj volatile compound nyob rau hauv kas fes taum, thiab alkylpyrazine tebchaw tej zaum yuav tsim los ntawm condensation ntawm amino acids generated nyob rau hauv lub Strecker cov tshuaj tiv thaiv [35]. Feem ntau, pyrazine tebchaw nthuav tawm nutty, earthy, toasty flavors. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias ethylpyrazine thiab vinylalkylpyrazine feem ntau pom muaj lub ntiaj teb aromas [36], thaum 2-ethyl-3, 5-dimethylpyrazine thiab 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine Pyrazine kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb pyrazine compound hauv kas fes [37].

1.6.3 Phenol

Thaum lub sij hawm roasting txheej txheem, kas fes taum yuav tsim phenolic tebchaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog guaiacol, thiab 4-ethylguaiacol yog lub ntsiab carrier tshuaj rau lub ntsim aroma ntawm kas fes [36]. Phenolic tebchaw yog tsim los ntawm degradation ntawm chlorogenic acid nyob rau hauv kas fes taum los ua caffeic acid, quinine ferulic acid lactone, thiab lwm yam, thiab ces generated los ntawm thermal degradation [35].

1.6.4 Furanones

Lub ntsiab tsw ntawm furanone yog caramel aroma[35], feem ntau suav nrog 4-hydroxy-2, 5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone, 4-hydroxy{ {8}}ethyl-5-methyl v3 (2H)-furanone thiab 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone, thiab lwm yam. [38]. Furanones yog tsim los ntawm monosaccharides thiab dawb amino acids los ntawm Maillard cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tom qab enolization, degradation, isomerization, cyclization, thiab lub cev qhuav dej [35].

1.6.5 Sulfur-muaj cov tebchaw

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm sulfur-muaj cov tebchaw kuj tsawg, tab sis lub zog roasted tsw ntawm leej faj kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb aromas ntawm kas fes taum. Cysteine, acetaldehyde, methyl mercaptan, thiab lwm yam hauv cov taum kas fes tau txais Strecker cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog hydrogen sulfide los ua sulfur-muaj cov tshuaj sib xyaws [35], suav nrog 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, 3-methyl{{ 6}}butane alkene-1-thiol, 2, 4-dimethyl-5-ethylthiazole, thiab lwm yam. [38].

1.6.6 Extraction thiab txiav txim siab ntawm volatile Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv kas fes taum. Kas fes taum yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv volatile Cheebtsam. Zhan Jiafen et al. [39] siv ultrasonic extraction thiab distillation extraction los soj ntsuam cov volatile Cheebtsam hauv Lao kas fes taum. Tag nrho ntawm 77 cov khoom tsis hloov pauv tau raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm GC-MS, suav nrog 25 nitrogen oxides, 12 ketones, 12 esters, 10 phenols, 6 acids, 6 hydrocarbons, thiab aldehydes. 3 hom, 2 hom ethers, 2 hom cawv. Wu et al. [40] siv cov txheej txheem rho tawm xws li kev tshem tawm cov kuab tshuaj ncaj qha thiab pab tsw tsw evaporation los ua cov taum kas fes. Siv cov txheej txheem roj chromatography-olfactory, aroma extraction dilution analysis method thiab gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method, tag nrho ntawm 46 volatile compounds, suav nrog 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl{22} }(5H)-fulanone, 2-methylpropane, 3-methylbutane, thiab lwm yam. Dong et al. [41]

Cov taum kas fes tau qhuav nyob rau hauv tsib txoj kev sib txawv: chav sov kom qhuav, solar drying, tshav kub twj tso kua mis kom qhuav, cua kub kom qhuav thiab khov kom qhuav, thiab 62 volatile tshuaj tau kuaj pom. Ntawm lawv, cov cua kub kom qhuav txoj kev tau txais cov feem ntau volatile Cheebtsam, thiab lub freeze drying txoj kev tau cov feem ntau volatile Cheebtsam. qhov siab tshaj volatile Cheebtsam.

2 Biosynthesis ntawm lub ntsiab active tshuaj nyob rau hauv kas fes taum

Muaj ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg hauv cov taum kas fes, thiab cov txheej txheem metabolic hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab taum kas fes yog qhov nyuaj heev. Muaj ob peb tsab ntawv ceeb toom. Tshwj xeeb, muaj qee qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov khoom hloov pauv hauv cov taum kas fes thaum ua, thiab tsuas yog caffeine muaj txoj hauv kev ntshiab biosynthetic. , Trigonelline thiab Chlorogenic Acid.

2.1 Biosynthesis ntawm caffeine

Caffeine yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov taum kas fes thiab belongs rau methamphetamine alkaloids. Txoj kev biosynthetic ntawm caffeine hauv kas fes taum feem ntau muaj plaub theem: xanthine methylation rau 7-methylxanthine, N-methyl nucleotide synthase los ua 7-methylxanthine, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau 7-methylxanthine. Theobromine synthase reacts tsim theobromine, uas thaum kawg reacts nrog caffeine synthase los tsim caffeine. Txawm hais tias cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom lwm txoj hauv kev hluavtaws rau caffeine hauv lub sijhawm tom qab, txoj kev no tseem yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau caffeine biosynthesis [42].

2.2 Trigonelline Cov

Hauv kas fes, trigonelline suav txog 2 feem pua ​​​​ntawm nws qhov hnyav qhuav. Txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no qhia tau hais tias muaj ob txoj hauv kev sib xyaw rau trigonelline hauv kas fes taum: thawj yog de novo synthesis txoj kev pib los ntawm aspartic acid thiab phosphotrisaccharide: aspartic acid-quinolinic acid-nicotinate mono Nucleotide - nicotinic acid adenine nucleotide - nicotine adenine dinucleotide nicotinamide mononucleotide - nicotinamide riboside - nicotinamide - nicotinic acid - trigonelline [43].

Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem synthesis no, nicotinic acid tuaj yeem tsim nicotinate mononucleotide nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase, yog li tsim lub amphetamine nucleotide voj voog [44]; txoj kev sib txuas thib ob yog qhov nruab nrab ntawm de novo synthesis pathway Cov khoom nicotinate mononucleotide ncaj qha generates nicotinic acid riboside los tsim nicotinic acid, precursor ntawm trigonelline [45].

2.3 Biosynthesis ntawm chlorogenic acid

Chlorogenic acid yog phenylpropanoid compound, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv kas fes taum los ntawm cinnamic acid thiab quinic acid los ntawm txoj kev shikimic acid: phenylalanine-cinnamic acid-p-coumaroylquinic acid-coumaroyl-CoA- p-Coumaroylquinic acid-5-CQA , 4-CQA, 3-CQA—5-FQA, 4-FOA, 3-FQA, thiab p-coumaroylquinic acid kuj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog catechol-O-methyl Lub hauv paus hloov pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsim cov caffeic acid thiab ferulic acid, thiab tom qab ntawd ua haujlwm nrog coenzyme A ligase los tsim 5-CQA, 4-CQA, 3-FQA, thiab lwm yam. [46].

Kev them nyiaj yug: wallence.suen@wecistanche.com 0015292862950