Abstract Acerola (Malpighia emarginate DC.) yog ib qhov chaw nplua nuj tshaj plaws ntawm ascorbic acid thiab muaj ntau ntau ntawm phytonutrients xws li carotenoid phenolics, anthocyanins, thiab flavonoids. Muaj kev txaus siab rau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo no ntawm cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb thiab cov tuam txhab tshuaj nyob rau ob peb xyoos dhau los. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo muaj ntau npaum li cas ntawm ascorbic acid nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 1500-4500 mg / 100 g, uas yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 50-100 npaug ntawm txiv kab ntxwv los yog txiv qaub. Muaj ib lub pas dej ntawm phytonutrients, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo nthuav tawm muaj peev xwm antioxidant thiab ntau yam khoom siv biofunctional zoo li cov tawv nqaij ua kom tawv nqaij, tiv thaiv kev laus, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov teb chaws xws li Brazil, paub txog lub peev xwm ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tau pib siv nws ua lag luam thiab tau tsim kev lag luam agro-industrial-based. Txawm hais tias muaj cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog lub zog "cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig" rov hais dua, acerola tau siv tsis tau hauv ntau lub ntiaj teb thiab xav tau kev saib xyuas ntau dua. Kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv nthuav dav tau ua tiav txog qhov tseeb frontiers ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Kev tsom xam tau muab rau qhov ntev dua ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm ascorbic acid thiab kev sib koom ua haujlwm thiab pectin thiab pectin methylesterase. Qhov ntau ntawm nutraceutical phytonutrients tam sim no hauv acerola thiab lawv cov khoom siv biofunctional tau tham. Kev nce qib tsis ntev los no hauv tus nqi ntxiv ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo qhia txog kev siv cov tswv yim zoo li pom, encapsulation, ultrasound, sonication, thiab lwm yam kuj tau piav qhia. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj peev xwm siv acerola pulp hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab noj tau thiab siv pov tseg rau kev tsim cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig tau raug qhia.

Raws li kev tshawb fawb cuam tshuam,cistancheyog ib hom tshuaj ntsuab uas hu ua "cov tshuaj ntsuab miracle uas ua rau lub neej ntev". Nws lub ntsiab tivthaiv yogcistanoside, uas muaj ntau yam teebmeem xws liantioxidant,anti-inflammatory, thiabkev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm txhawb nqa. Lub mechanism ntawm cistanche thiabtawv nqaijntxuav hniav dawbnyob rau hauv cov nyhuv antioxidant ntawm cistancheglycosides. Melanin nyob rau hauv tib neeg daim tawv nqaij yog tsim los ntawm oxidation ntawm tyrosine catalyzed los ntawmtyrosinase, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation yuav tsum muaj kev koom tes ntawm cov pa, yog li cov pa oxygen dawb radicals hauv lub cev dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau kev tsim melanin. Cistanche muaj cistanoside, uas yog ib qho antioxidant thiab tuaj yeem txo qhov tsim ntawm cov dawb radicals hauv lub cev, yog li inhibiting melanin ntau lawm.

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Taw qhia

Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) kuj hu ua Barbados cherry lossis West Indian cherry, belongs rau tsev neeg Malpighiaceae. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tau paub tias yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm ascorbic acid hauv ntiaj teb, nws cov ntsiab lus vitamin C piv rau tsuas yog Camu Camu (Mirciaria Dubai) (Delva thiab Schneider 2013a). Cov nroj tsuag muaj cov lus zoo li Malpighia glabra L., thiab Malpighia punicifolia L., tab sis Malpighia emarginata DC. tau txais raws li lub npe scientific tam sim no los ntawm taxonomists (Assis et al. 2008).

Cov nroj tsuag ntsuab ntsuab ntawm acerola uas loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov huab cua sov thiab huab cua sov muaj ib qho me me trilobite cherry zoo li txiv hmab txiv ntoo (Mezadri li al. 2008; Delva thiab Schneider 2013b). Nws loj hlob los ntawm South Texas, los ntawm Mexico thiab Central America mus rau sab qaum teb South America thiab thoob plaws hauv Caribbean thiab tau dhau los ua ntej nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam sub-tropical thoob plaws ntiaj teb suav nrog Is Nrias teb (Assis et al. 2008). Cov ntoo followers los ntawm lub Plaub Hlis mus rau Kaum ib hlis thiab cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo matures nyob rau hauv 3-4 lub lis piam tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg flowering. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog me me (1-4 cm txoj kab uas hla) hnyav 2-15 g, nws cov xim ntawm daim tawv nqaij yog ntsuab nyob rau hauv lub immature theem ntawm ripening uas hloov mus rau txiv kab ntxwv-liab thiab ib tug kawg ci liab xim ntawm maturation (Ntxiv daim duab 1). Txawm hais tias lub qab zib ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo txawv raws li ntau yam txwv tsis pub ob peb hom qab zib, feem ntau ntawm lawv yog cov tart thiab acidic.

Ntxiv nrog rau qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ascorbic acid, txiv hmab txiv ntoo kuj muaj ntau yam phytonutrients xws li carotenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, thiab anthocyanins (Mezadri li al. 2008) thiab muaj ntau yam biofunctional zog. Yog li ntawd, tus nqi ntxiv rau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo no tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tseem ceeb. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no tham txog cov xwm txheej tam sim no ntawm acerola hauv ntiaj teb thiab Is Nrias teb thiab nthuav tawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tshiab thiab patents, nrog rau lawv qhov cuam tshuam rau cov yam ntxwv zoo nkauj, biofunctional zog, thiab muaj txiaj ntsig ntxiv rau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo.

Cov xwm txheej hauv ntiaj teb

Asenjo thiab de Guzman ntawm Puerto Rico yog thawj tus los taw qhia cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm ascorbic acid nyob rau hauv acerola, xyoo 1946. Txij thaum ntawd los, ntau xyoo, qhov nrov ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tau nce thiab tam sim no tau tsim zoo. raws li cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb. Ob peb xyoos dhau los, Brazil tau pib siv acerola ua lag luam thiab tam sim no yog cov neeg tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm acerola, nrog 11, 000 hectares ntawm acerola cog, ua tau 3000 kg / ha thiab tag nrho ntawm 32,990 tons / xyoo (Pommer thiab Barbosa 2009). Brazil kuj tseem muaj kev lag luam thiab xa tawm cov khoom lag luam los ntawm acerolas xws li cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo khov, kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, marmalade, khov concentrate, jam, thiab cawv (Delva thiab Schneider 2013a). Txhawm rau khaws cov noob caj noob ces sib txawv thiab muab kev ntsuam xyuas thiab qhia txog kev cog lus genotypes ntawm acerola, Acerola Active Germplasm Bank (AGB) tau tsim nyob rau lub Rau Hli 1998, los ntawm Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Rural University of Pernambuco, Brazil (Lima li al. 2005). Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo kuj tau cog rau ntawm me me hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas. Hauv Fab Kis, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, thiab Hungary, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tau siv ntau hauv cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thaum nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas, nws tau siv los ntawm kev ntxiv thiab kev lag luam tshuaj raws li kev nplua nuj ntawm ascorbic acid (Delva thiab Schneider 2013b). Hauv Suav lag luam ib yam nkaus, cov tshuaj acerola muaj.

Hauv Is Nrias teb, kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo rov qab mus rau xyoo 1962, uas nws tau cog rau hauv lub vaj ntawm Chennai thiab Mysore lub zos (The Wealth of India 1962). Txog tam sim no, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tau loj hlob raws li tsob ntoo tom qab hauv xeev Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra, thiab Karnataka. Thaum xyoo 1995-1996, qee qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov nroj tsuag tau qhia hauv Andaman thiab Nicobar Islands uas ua tau zoo vim huab cua sov thiab huab cua (Singh 2006). Acerola yog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo txawv uas muaj peev xwm tshwj xeeb ntawm kev lag luam agro-industrial thiab sawv cev rau kev cia siab rau kev lag luam. Vim tias tsis muaj kev paub txog nws cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig thiab kev cog qoob loo, cov qoob loo tseem tsis tau muaj koob meej ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb Indian thiab tseem yog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsis paub thiab tsis siv. Is Nrias teb yog lub teb chaws sov, zoo haum rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov qoob loo acerola tuav lub peev xwm loj heev rau kev lag luam cog qoob loo thiab kev siv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo.

Txiv hmab txiv ntoo kev loj hlob thiab kev hloov thaum lub sij hawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo ripening

Acerola txiv hmab txiv ntoo qhia ib tug biphasic qauv ntawm kev loj hlob, nrog ib tug nce nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm nws loj nyob rau hauv thawj theem ntawm kev loj hlob thiab ib tug sib npaug yuag nce nyob rau hauv txhua theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm txog 2 lub lis piam ntev. Kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho kev loj hlob ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo nrog sib sib zog nqus liab xim yog mus txog tom qab 24-26 hnub ntawm anthesis. Nws yog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo climacteric uas muaj qhov ua pa siab heev (900 ml CO2 kg-1 h-1 ) thiab qis qis ntawm cov ethylene ntau lawm (3 ll C2H4 kg-1 h{11 }}). Tag nrho cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo acerola paub tab yog qhov muag heev nrog lub txee lub neej tsuas yog 2-3 hnub ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo muaj kev ua haujlwm siab metabolic tom qab sau qoob loo thiab ua rau tsis zoo rau lub khw tshiab (Delva thiab Schneider 2013a).

Lub ripening ntawm acerola koom nrog ib ntus ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg biochemical. Muaj cov hydrolysis ntawm starch, hloov ntawm chloroplast rau hauv chromoplast, zus tau tej cov carotenoids, anthocyanins, thiab lwm yam phenolic tebchaw, thiab tsim cov volatile tebchaw (Vendramini thiab Trugo 2000). Tag nrho cov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau lub peculiar tsw thiab cov yam ntxwv zaum kawg ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo paub tab.

Vendramini thiab Trugo (2000) txheeb xyuas cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm acerola txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm peb theem ntawm kev loj hlob. Lawv pom tias titrable acidity, suab thaj, thiab soluble solids tau nce thiab Vitamin C thiab protein txo nrog ripening. Tsis tas li ntawd, Lima et al. (2005) tau soj ntsuam tag nrho cov phenolic thiab carotenoid cov ntsiab lus hauv 12 acerola genotypes ntawm peb theem ntawm ripening thiab pom tias phenolics degrade thiab carotenoids yog biosynthesized thaum lub sij hawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo maturation. Ib qho kev ua haujlwm antioxidant qis dua tau pom hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo siav los ntawm Oliveira li al. (2012) vim qhov txo qis ntawm tag nrho cov vitamin C thiab tag nrho cov ntsiab lus soluble phenols. Lawv tau tshaj tawm ntxiv hais tias ntawm ripening muaj qhov txo qis hauv cov haujlwm ntawm oxygen-scavenging enzymes thiab nce hauv daim nyias nyias lipid peroxidation, qhia tias acerola ripening yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nyuaj siab oxidative.

Kev sib xyaw ntawm acerola

Acerola yog ib qhov chaw ntawm ob peb macro thiab micronutrients, uas tau muab sau tseg nyob rau hauv Table 1. Glucose, fructose, thiab ib tug me me ntawm sucrose yog cov suab thaj loj nyob rau hauv cov laus acerola txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Ntawm cov organic acids, malic acid sawv cev rau 32 feem pua ​​​​ntawm tag nrho cov kua qaub tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo paub tab whereas citric acid thiab tartaric acid muaj nyob rau hauv me me (Righetto li al. 2005). Lub physicochemical zog ntawm acerola txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab nws cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig nyob ntawm ntau yam, suav nrog qhov chaw loj hlob, ib puag ncig, kev coj noj coj ua, theem ntawm kev loj hlob, kev ua, thiab kev cia (Delva and Schneider 2013a). Cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog tham ntawm no.

Ascorbic acid

Ascorbic acid yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws dej-soluble vitamins, tseem ceeb rau collagen, carnitine, thiab neurotransmitter biosynthesis. Cov tsiaj txhu thiab cov nroj tsuag feem ntau tuaj yeem tsim cov ascorbic acid, tab sis tib neeg tsis tuaj yeem ua rau nws tsis tuaj yeem ua rau nws vim qhov tsis ua haujlwm enzyme L-guano-1,4,-lactone oxidase, uas ua rau cov kauj ruam kawg hauv ascorbic acid biosynthesis hauv cov tsiaj. (Naidu 2003). Yog li ntawd, tib neeg xav kom nws ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntxiv hauv lawv cov khoom noj. Acerola yog ib tug natural qhov chaw ntawm vitamin C, nws cov ntsiab lus ntawm 1000 mus rau 4500 mg / 100 g, uas yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 50–100 npaug ntawm txiv kab ntxwv los yog txiv qaub (Moreira li al. 2009; Almeida li al. 2014). Cov Kev Pom Zoo Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv (RDA) ntawm ascorbic acid rau cov neeg laus ([19 xyoo) yog 75 mg / hnub rau cov poj niam thiab 90 mg / hnub rau txiv neej (Naidu 2003). Yog li ntawd, kev noj peb cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo acerola ib hnub tuaj yeem txaus siab rau cov vitamin C RDA rau cov neeg laus (Matta li al. 2004). Txawm li cas los xij, ib tus yuav tsum tsis txhob noj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntau vim tias qhov kev noj cov vitamins muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li pro-oxidant thiab tsim cov kev hloov hauv DNA. Txhawm rau lees paub qhov kev xav, Dusman et al. (2012), tshawb xyuas cytotoxic thiab mutagenic cuam tshuam ntawm acerola txiv hmab txiv ntoo pulp thiab vitamin C hauv tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag systems. Lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias acerola pulp tshiab diluted hauv dej ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 0.4 mg ml -1 thiab kev lag luam khov acerola pulp diluted ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 0.2 mg ml -1 inhibited cell division hauv Allium cepa L. Wistar nas, tag nrho cov kev kho mob ntawm acerola, txawm mob los yog subchronic, tau pom tias tsis yog cytotoxic lossis mutagenic.

Nws tau raug tshaj tawm tias cov vitamin C ntawm acerola yog absorbed los ntawm tib neeg zoo dua li hluavtaws ascorbic acid (Assis li al. 2008). Uchida et al. (2011) tau kawm txog kev sib piv ntawm kev nqus thiab tshem tawm ntawm ascorbic acid ib leeg thiab kua txiv acerola hauv cov neeg Nyij Pooj noj qab haus huv. Lawv cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias qee yam ntawm cov kua txiv acerola nyiam cuam tshuam rau kev nqus thiab tso tawm ntawm ascorbic acid. Vitamin C yog nkag tau yooj yim thaum noj txog li 100 mg / hnub; thiab nyob rau theem siab ntawm kev noj haus (500 mg / hnub), kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev nqus ntawm ascorbic acid sai sai poob (Naidu 2003). Kev tshawb fawb ntxaws ntxaws txog kev nqus, bioavailability, thiab toxicological nyhuv ntawm ascorbic acid tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov matrix ntawm acerola yog xav tau los xyuas kom meej cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo.

Txawm li cas los xij, raws li ascorbic acid tsis ruaj khov, nws qhov poob tshwm sim hauv cov khoom muaj nqis ntxiv thaum ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab. Peb pab pawg tau qhia txog * 18–29 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov ascorbic acid nyob rau hauv ntau yam ketchup formulations tsim los ntawm acerola thiab txiv lws suav (Prakash li al. 2016). Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb, Moreira li al. (2009) tau tshaj tawm txog 6-15 feem pua ​​​​poob ntawm ascorbic thaum lub sij hawm txau kom qhuav ntawm acerola pomace extract.

Nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem molecular ntawm cov noob lub luag haujlwm rau kev nplua nuj ntawm vitamin C hauv acerola tuaj yeem qhib txoj hauv kev tshiab rau kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov qoob loo uas nquag cog qoob loo nrog cov ntsiab lus vitamin C hauv lawv. Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb ntxaws txog cov qauv qhia ntawm cov noob ntawm cov enzymes uas koom nrog ntau cov kauj ruam ntawm ascorbic acid synthesis hauv acerola los ntawm txoj kev Smirnoff- Wheeler (SW) tau kawm los ntawm Badejo thiab nws pab pawg neeg Nyij Pooj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb fawb ntxaws ntxiv yuav tsum tau ua kom paub meej cov txheej txheem molecular meej rau kev nce biosynthesis ntawm ascorbic acid hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo (Badejo li al. 2008).

Phytonutrients

Phytochemicals yog cov tsis muaj cov khoom noj muaj nyob hauv cov nroj tsuag, uas paub tias muaj ntau yam kev ua ub no thiab txo kev pheej hmoo ntawm ntau yam kab mob. Cov pab pawg loj ntawm phytochemicals suav nrog carotenoids, phenolics, alkaloids, nitrogen-muaj cov tebchaw, thiab organosulfur compounds. Acerola yog ib qho ntawm ob peb txiv hmab txiv ntoo, sib nrug los ntawm muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm ascorbic acid, kuj muaj ntau ntau ntawm lwm cov phytonutrients xws li phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, thiab carotenoids nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj nqi. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo kuj muaj cov vitamin A, vitamins B1 thiab B2, niacin, albumin, hlau, phosphorus, thiab calcium (Assis li al. 2000; Delva and Schneider 2013a). Aptly, acerola suav hais tias yog "cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo super".

Phenolic compounds yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov metabolites theem nrab uas muaj ntau yam qauv uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag. Qhov loj phenolics tam sim no nyob rau hauv acerola yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm phenolic acids, flavonoids, thiab anthocyanins. Cov ntsiab lus phytonutrient txawv nyob ntawm ntau yam, genotype, theem ntawm kev loj hlob, thiab kev loj hlob thiab kev ua haujlwm. Mezadri et al. (2008) soj ntsuam tag nrho cov phenolics nyob rau hauv txawv kev lag luam khov pulps thiab crushed thiab squeezed kua txiv thiab qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 452–751, 805–1050, thiab 973–1060 mg gallic acid sib npaug ib 100 g (GAE/100 g). Cov ntsiab lus anthocyanins nyob rau hauv kev lag luam pulps yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 2.7 mg / 100 g cyanidin-3- glucoside thaum cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv crushed thiab squeezed kua txiv nyob ib ncig ntawm 46.9–52.3 mg / L cyanidin-3-glucoside. Cov ntsiab lus phenolic hauv acerola pulp thiab kua txiv yog siab dua cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo xws li maqui, pineapple, txiv nkhaus taw, guayaba, thiab lwm yam, tab sis cov ntsiab lus anthocyanins qis dua lwm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas nplua nuj nyob hauv anthocyanins xws li txiv pos nphuab lossis ntshav txiv kab ntxwv (Mezadri li al. 2008) Prakash et al. (2016) tau tsim ketchup los ntawm ntau qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm acerola thiab txiv lws suav thiab pom muaj ntau yam khaws cia ntawm cov xim tom qab sib tov thiab sib tov.

Carotenoids yog cov organic pigments tam sim no nyob rau hauv ntau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub, uas paub tias muaj ntau yam physiological functions. Cov ntsiab lus carotenoid nyob rau hauv 12 qhov sib txawv acerola genotypes sau nyob rau hauv qhuav thiab lub caij ntuj nag tau pom nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 9.4–40.6 lg g-1 b carotene sib npaug los ntawm Lima li al. 2005. Plaub loj carotenoids b-carotene, lutein, b-cryptoxanthin, thiab carotene raug txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv acerola los ntawm Rosso thiab Mercadante 2005.

Pectin

Pectin, ib qho methylated ester ntawm polygalacturonic acid uas muaj li ib feem peb ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm tes qhuav tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag siab dua, tau ntse siv rau xyoo nyob rau hauv cov khoom noj thiab dej haus kev lag luam raws li ib tug gelling neeg sawv cev, ib tug thickening neeg sawv cev, thiab ib tug colloidal stabilizer. Hauv acerola, Assis et al. (2001) tau tshaj tawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm 4.51 feem pua ​​​​pectin hauv qhov tsis paub qab hau ntsuab ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, uas tau pom tias txo qis rau 2.99 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ripening. Cov txiaj ntsig yog qhov sib piv tsawg dua li lwm qhov chaw nplua nuj pectin zoo li txiv apple pomace (10-15 feem pua) thiab citrus tev (20-30 feem pua) (Srivastava thiab Malviya 2011).

Pectin methylesterase

Lub enzyme pectin methylesterase (PME), muaj nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov ntaub so ntswg, tshem tawm methyl pawg ntawm cell phab ntsa pectic constituents thaum lub sij hawm ripening, uas yuav ces depolymerized los ntawm polygalacturonase, txo cov intercellular adhesivity thiab cov ntaub so ntswg rigidity (Assis li al. 20 }01). PME kev ua haujlwm tau pom tias yog siab tshaj (2.08 units g-1 /g) nyob rau theem tsis paub qab hau ntawm acerola (Assis li al. 2001). Hauv kev tshawb fawb sib txawv, lawv tau tshaj tawm tias acerola PME yog qhov ruaj khov ntawm 50 degree thiab xav tau 110 min rau inactivation ntawm 98 degree. Cov txiaj ntsig no tau pom tias muaj ntau dua li cov citrus PME inactivation, uas tsuas yog 1 min ntawm 90 degree rau inactivation. Lub tshav kub inactivation ntawm acerola PME tau pom tias yog nonlinear, uas qhia tias muaj cov feem ntawm PME nrog cov cua sov sib txawv (Assis li al. 2000). Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib qho kev tshawb fawb cais, tib pab pawg tau ua kom huv si ib nrab thiab ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm acerola PME thiab tshaj tawm tias tag nrho thiab ib nrab purified PME cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb tau nce nrog qhov kub thiab txias. Tag nrho acerola PME khaws cia 13.5 feem pua ​​​​ntawm nws cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb tom qab 90 min ntawm incubation ntawm 98 degree. Cov Km qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 0.081 thiab 0.12 mg / ml tau tshaj tawm rau tag nrho thiab ib nrab purified PME isoforms feem (Assis et al. 2002).

Txij li thaum immobilized pectic enzymes tuaj yeem siv los qhia meej txog ntau yam kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo (Demir li al. 2001), tib pab pawg neeg tshawb fawb ntxiv mus sim acerola PME immobilization ntawm kev txhawb nqa sib txawv. Lawv immobilized tag nrho thiab ib nrab purified PME los ntawm acerola ntawm ntxeem tau silica hais thiab qhia cov efficiency ntawm 114 thiab 351 feem pua ​​(Assis li al. 2003). Tom qab ntawd, lawv tau tshuaj xyuas ntau yam kev txhawb nqa viz. iav, Celite, chrysolite, agarose, concanavalin A Sepharose 4B, qe, polyacrylamide, thiab gelatin rau immobilization. Ntawm lawv, qhov siab tshaj plaws immobilization yields tau nrog concanavalin A Sepharose 4B (81.7 feem pua) thiab hauv dej gelatin (78.0 feem pua) (Assis et al. 2004b).

Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb, lawv tau ua kom zoo dua cov xwm txheej rau kev tsim cov methoxyl pectin tsawg siv PME los ntawm acerola immobilized hauv gelatin siv cov txheej txheem factorial thiab teb. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv immobilized enzymes tau pom tias nyob ntawm NaCl concentration ntawm {{0}}.15 M thiab pH ntawm 9.0 (Assis li al. 2004a).

Novel compounds

Ob peb lub tebchaw tshiab tau tshaj tawm los ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo acerola thiab ntau qhov chaw ntawm tsob ntoo. Leucocyanidin-3-ObD-glucoside, ib qho tshiab flavonoid uas muaj 4,200-glycosidic linkage raug cais tawm ntawm ntsuab mature acerola puree thiab hu ua "aceronidin" los ntawm Kawaguchi li al. (2007). Los ntawm cov ceg thiab cov hauv paus hniav ntawm tsob ntoo acerola, Liu li al. (2013) cais peb qhov tshiab norfriedelanes, A–C. Ntawm lawv, Norfriedelin A (muaj ib pawg a-oxo-b-lactone) thiab norfriedelin B (nrog rau pawg keto-lactone) tau pom tias muaj cov teebmeem acetylcholinesterase tseem ceeb. Tom qab ntawd, cov pab pawg tau txheeb xyuas peb qhov tshiab tetranorditerpenes acerolanins los ntawm qhov chaw huab cua ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas tsis tshua muaj 2H-benz[e]inden-2-ib qho kev ua haujlwm uas muaj cytotoxic (Liu li al. 2014).

Cov dej num lom neeg

Cov kev ua haujlwm hauv vitro antioxidant ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo acerola, nws ntau yam extracts, thiab purified phytonutrients tau raug coj los siv cov kev ntsuam xyuas sib txawv xws li DPPH, ORAC, TEAC, thiab lwm yam los ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb hauv ob peb xyoos dhau los. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev sib piv cov txiaj ntsig tau tshaj tawm los ntawm cov chaw soj nstuam sib txawv vim tias ntau ntawm lawv tsis tau hais txog ntau yam siv hauv kev sim, thiab muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv kev npaj, kev rho tawm cov tshuaj antioxidants, xaiv cov ntsiab lus kawg, thiab kev qhia ntawm tau txawm rau tib txoj kev. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov matrix complex ntawm ntau yam antioxidants, tag nrho cov antioxidant muaj peev xwm ntawm acerola yog xav tias yog vim muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm nws cov phytonutrients. Mezadri et al. (2008) tau tshaj tawm tias kev koom tes ntawm ascorbic acid rau hydrophilic antioxidant kev ua haujlwm hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo acerola, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ua lag luam, thiab cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm 40 thiab 83 feem pua, thaum cov haujlwm tseem ceeb yog vim polyphenols, feem ntau yog cov phenolic acids. Lawv tau tshaj tawm tias qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua haujlwm antioxidant tau txais los ntawm cov kua txiv acerola ntau dua li cov uas tau tshaj tawm rau lwm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv polyphenols xws li strawberry, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Hauv kev kawm sib txawv los ntawm Righetto li al. (2005), nws tau tshaj tawm tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant ntawm cov kua txiv acerola nyob ntawm qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov feem sib txawv, nrog rau cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog phenolic tebchaw thiab vitamin C Delva thiab Schneider (2013b) soj ntsuam kev koom tes ntawm phenolic feem. nyob rau hauv acerola rau antioxidant muaj peev xwm thiab qhia cov nram qab no kev txiav txim: anthocyanins phenolic acids ＜ flavonoids.

Hauv kev kawm dav dav los ntawm Motohashi li al. (2004), acerola txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog fractionated siv kem chromatography nrog ntau yam organic solvents, thiab ib tug ntau yam ntawm biofunctional zog tau soj ntsuam viz. tiam radical, superoxide anion scavenging kev ua, qog-tshwj xeeb cytotoxic kev ua, kev tiv thaiv kab mob HIV, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, kev tiv thaiv Helicobacter pylori, thiab MDR reversal kev ua. Lawv tau tshaj tawm tias ob peb acetone thiab hexane feem ntau pom tias muaj kev ua haujlwm cytotoxic ntau dua rau cov kab mob qog nqaij hlav ntau dua li cov kab mob ib txwm muaj. Lawv qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog MDR thim rov qab ua haujlwm ntawm ob peb hexane feem, uas inhibit Pgp kev ua haujlwm hauv MDR cov qog nqaij hlav cancer, ua tau zoo dua li kev tswj xyuas zoo, verapamil. Yog li, cov kws sau ntawv nthuav tawm hais tias cov qog nqaij hlav tshwj xeeb cytotoxic kev ua haujlwm thiab MDR thim rov qab ua haujlwm ntawm Barbados cherry qhia tias nws muaj peev xwm siv tau hauv kev kho mob qog noj ntshav thiab tiv thaiv.

Siv cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo acerola ua cov khoom xyaw nquag, cov kab mob bacteriostatic tiv thaiv cov kab mob thermo-resistant thiab acid-resistant tau patented los ntawm Tanada li al. (2007). Sib nrug los ntawm cov no, ob peb lwm yam kev ua ub no xws li hepatoprotective, kev ua haujlwm anticarcinogenic, antihyperglycemic effect, anti-genotoxicity kev ua, thiab lwm yam kuj tau kawm hauv acerola, uas tau sau tseg hauv Table 2.

Tus nqi ntxiv thiab cov txheej txheem rau tus nqi ntxiv

Acerola, muaj cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, muaj lub neej luv luv nrog kev tsis txaus siab (Sousa li al. 2010). Ua kom perishable thiab acidic, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog los ntawm thiab loj noj tom qab ua tiav, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm pulps thiab kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog kev lag luam ua tiav rau hauv cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, los yog kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab yog zoo meej rau kev npaj jams, jellies, kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab tshuaj ntxiv. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo kuj tuaj yeem siv los npaj ntau yam khoom lag luam xws li ice cream, gelatin, kua txiv, dej qab zib, qab zib, pos hniav, txiv hmab txiv ntoo khaws cia, nutraceuticals, yogurts, thiab dej qab zib. Nws kuj yog siv rau hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov khoom noj me nyuam mos thiab tsim cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab tshuaj (Badejo li al. 2008). Tsis ntev los no, ntau yam khoom tshiab thiab txawv txawv tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Brazilian kev ua lag luam xws li blends ntawm acerola thiab cashew, acerola thiab txiv kab ntxwv, thiab blends nrog guarana, hmoov refreshments, thiab concentrated kua txiv (Matta li al. 2004).

Hmoov

Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau sim npaj cov hmoov ascorbic acid nplua nuj los ntawm acerola. Nyob rau hauv 1961, Morse thiab Habra nyob rau hauv ib tug patent thov kom npaj ib tug vitamin C mloog zoo nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hmoov los ntawm acerola nrog txhim khu kev ruaj ntseg, zoo heev xim, thiab txo ascorbic acid oxidase cov ntsiab lus uas yuav tsum tau ncaj qha mus rau hauv me me koob tshuaj rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Cov kauj ruam koom nrog hauv kev tsim muaj xws li fermentation thiab hnyav nag lossis daus ntawm cov khib nyiab insoluble. Tom qab ntawd, hauv lwm qhov kev tsim khoom, lawv tau tsim cov hmoov tsis muaj hygroscopic uas muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ascorbic acid, nrog rau lub neej txee zoo heev (ib xyoos lossis ntau dua yam tsis muaj tub yees) thiab qab ntxiag tsw. Rau kev tsim cov hmoov no, cov neeg tsim khoom tau npaj cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo ib leeg, coj nws cov pH nyob ib ncig ntawm 7 lossis 7.5 siv lub hauv paus tsim nyog, thiab tso cai rau nws los nag. Cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo tau lim, concentrated, thiab qhuav hauv cov hmoov nplej (Morse thiab Habra 1963). Tseem, tom qab ntawd, ib txoj hauv kev los npaj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo acerola hmoov uas suav nrog 51-60 pawg feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo acerola thiab 40-49 pawg feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab oxidized tau piav qhia los ntawm Chai li al. Nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv patent luam tawm nyob rau hauv 2014. Lawv txoj kev muaj xws li npaj ib tug concentrate ntawm acerola cherry kua txiv, ntxiv oxidized starch rau cov concentrate, thiab tshuaj tsuag-qhuav nws.

Sib tov

Kev sib xyaw cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo sib txawv muaj qhov zoo dua li cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev noj haus thiab kev hnov ​​​​lus zoo los ntawm kev sib txuas cov aromas thiab flavors (Lima li al. 2009; Matsuura li al. 2004). Txij li thaum, acerola tuaj yeem yooj yim sib xyaw nrog ntau cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo (Lima li al. 2009); ob peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tsom mus rau kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw los ntawm acerola thiab kev kawm ntawm nws cov physicochemical, microbial, thiab sensorial cwj pwm. Qee qhov piv txwv suav nrog - kev npaj cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo los ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, papaya, guava, acerola txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo mob siab rau nrog ntxiv caffeine (Sousa li al. 2010), nectar los ntawm acerola pulp, papaya pulp, thiab kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo (Matsuura li al. 2004) thiab kev npaj dej haus los ntawm whey butter cheese thiab kua txiv acerola (Cruz li al. 2009).

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