Kev Tshawb Fawb Ua Ntej Ntawm Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Memory Training Ntawm Syntax Thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm Ceev hauv Cov Me Nyuam Nrog ASD Part 3

Cov neeg koom nrog

Peb tau nrhiav 30 tus menyuam hais lus Fab Kis (3 tus ntxhais) nrog ASD hnub nyoog 5 txog 11 xyoos (M =8}; 8, SD =1; 8) los ntawm cov chaw hais lus thiab cov tsev kawm tshwj xeeb hauv cheeb tsam Geneva thiab Paris , uas peb tau hu ncaj qha los nthuav qhia txoj kev tshawb fawb thiab nws cov hom phiaj kho mob. Lub hnub nyoog no tau raug xaiv txij li nws sib raug rau cov hnub nyoog ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm WM thiab cov syntax nyuaj tau raug txheeb xyuas yav dhau los (Delage & Frauenfelder, 2019, 2020; Durrleman & Delage, 2016).

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov me nyuam hnub nyoog thiab kev nco yeej ib txwm muaj kev txhawj xeeb. Thaum me nyuam loj hlob tuaj, lawv lub cim xeeb tseem loj tuaj. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov thaum yau, tus me nyuam lub hlwb tseem tsis tau tsim tag nrho, yog li tus me nyuam txoj kev nco yog qhov yooj yim, thiab tsuas yog nco tau qee cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim, xws li xim, qauv, thiab lwm yam.

Thaum cov me nyuam loj hlob tuaj, kev nco tseem yuav txhim kho. Thaum lub caij kawm ntawv theem pib, cov menyuam lub hlwb loj hlob sai thiab pib nkag siab, nco ntsoov, thiab npaj cov ntaub ntawv zoo dua. Lawv tuaj yeem nco tau qee cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj dua, xws li cov lus, kev paub txog lej, thiab lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, cov tub ntxhais kawm theem pib tuaj yeem ua tiav cov haujlwm uas yuav tsum tau nco txog thiab siv cov kev paub, xws li nyeem paj huam, kawm suab paj nruag, thiab lwm yam.

Hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab, cov menyuam yaus lub cim xeeb nce mus txog qhov kawg. Lawv tuaj yeem lim tawm cov ntaub ntawv xav tau los ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv thiab teeb tsa thiab txheeb xyuas nws. Qhov no kuj yog vim li cas cov tub ntxhais kawm theem nrab tuaj yeem ua tau zoo hauv kev kawm nyuaj.

Feem ntau, thaum menyuam loj hlob tuaj, lawv lub hlwb txuas ntxiv txhim kho thiab lawv lub cim xeeb maj mam txhim kho. Cov niam txiv tuaj yeem txhawb nqa lawv cov menyuam txoj kev nco txog kev loj hlob ntawm qee txoj hauv kev, xws li muab cov ntaub ntawv kev kawm nthuav dav thiab sib koom ua ke kev paub hauv lub neej niaj hnub. Kuv ntseeg tias tsuas yog los ntawm kev paub txog kev nco txaus tuaj yeem ua rau cov menyuam yaus pom lawv cov txuj ci hauv kev kawm thiab lub neej yav tom ntej. Nws pom tau tias peb yuav tsum txhim kho peb lub cim xeeb. Cistanche deserticola tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nco, vim Cistanche deserticola tuaj yeem tswj hwm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov paj hlwb, xws li nce qib ntawm acetylcholine thiab kev loj hlob. Cov khoom no tseem ceeb heev rau kev nco thiab kev kawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nqaij kuj tuaj yeem txhim kho cov ntshav khiav thiab txhawb nqa cov pa oxygen, uas tuaj yeem ua kom lub hlwb tau txais cov as-ham txaus thiab lub zog, yog li txhim kho lub hlwb tseem ceeb thiab kev ua siab ntev.

Nyem paub 10 txoj hauv kev los txhim kho kev nco

Peb kuj tau xaiv cov qauv uas paub zoo los ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm 6 xyoo hauv kev loj hlob ib txwm, rau kev tsim cov clitics accusative (Delage li al., 2016; Zesiger li al., 2010) thiab cov lus nug hauv paus (Jakubowicz, 2011), rau cov txheeb ze rov qab. clauses (Frizelle & Fletcher, 2014; Frizelle et al., 2017) ntxiv rau kev nkag siab cov kab lus ntxiv xws li cov uas tau sim ntawm no (Durrleman li al., 2019).

Ntxiv mus, hauv peb cov kev kawm yav dhau los uas siv tib cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem, peb tau tshaj tawm tias cov menyuam yaus TD (hnub nyoog 6-12) tau kawm ntawm WM tau pom zoo WM kev ua tau zoo ua tsaug rau WM kev cob qhia, thaum lawv cov qhab nia syntactic tsis txhim kho, muab qhov kev ua tau zoo tuaj. qab nthab ua ntej thiab tom qab kev cob qhia (Delage li al., 2021; Stanford li al., 2019).

Cov txheej txheem suav nrog yog: (i) ntsib DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) cov qauv rau ASD raws li Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, ADOS (Lord et al., 2002; txhais los ntawm Rogé li al., 2015) thiab/los yog ADI-R (Rutter et al., 2003a, 2003b; txhais los ntawm Rogé et al., 2011). Kev kuaj mob ntawm ASD tau muab los ntawm tus kws kho mob hlwb menyuam yaus lossis tus kws kho hlwb nrog ASD cov kws tshaj lij; (ii) cov qhab nia qis (tsawg dua lossis sib npaug rau 1 SD hauv qab qhov txhais tau tias) ntawm cov qauv kev sim ntawm syntax thiab complex WM; thiab (iii) Fabkis ua thawj hom lus.

Rau txhua tus neeg koom, peb tau siv Fabkis txoj kev hloov pauv ntawm Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS, Schopler et al., 1980; txhais los ntawm Rogé, 1989) los ntsuas qhov hnyav ntawm autistic symptomatology, saib cov qhab nia ntawm tus kheej hauv Daim Ntawv Ntxiv A. Tsis hais lus raug soj ntsuam siv Raven's progressive matrices (Raven & Court, 1998). Tsib tus menyuam tau suav nrog hauv txoj kev kawm txawm tias Raven tus qhab nia qis (<2 SD) because the examiners determined that these children had sufficiently strong comprehension and attention to participate. 

Tsis tas li ntawd, rau tus menyuam yaus yog ob hom lus ib txhij, 3 ob leeg muaj ADHD thiab ob leeg ua raws li kev kawm tshwj xeeb (saib Daim Ntawv Ntxiv A). Table 1 nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv pej xeem thiab T1 tus qauv xeem cov qhab nia rau kev ntsuas ntawm qhov tsis yog hais lus (Raven tus qhab nia), cov qauv sau ntawv qhia (ib qho kev xeem ntawm BILO-3C roj teeb, Khomsi et al., 2007), thiab WM (Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm Memory Test, Boutard & Gatignol, 2015). Ob qhov sib xyaw yooj yim- thiab cov qhab-nees sib tw tau raug xam rau WM tus qauv ua haujlwm.

Nonverbal skills were age-typical overall; 14 children had above-average Raven's scores. In expressive syntax, all children obtained low scores, with 20 scoring more than 2 SD below the mean. All children obtained low complex-span WM scores (>1 SD hauv qab lub ntsiab lus rau lawv lub hnub nyoog); Cov qhab nias yooj yim tau hloov pauv ntau dua, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov yooj yim thiab qhov sib txawv yog qhov tseem ceeb, t(58)=4.52, p<0.001. Appendix A provides these results in detail.

Txoj kev tshawb no tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Psychology thiab Educational Sciences ntawm University of Geneva thiab los ntawm Geneva Cantonal Ethics Commission thiab kuj tau tshaj tawm ntawm 'La Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL)' nyob Fab Kis teb. Cov niam txiv tau sau ntawv tso cai rau kev koom tes.

Kev xeem ua ntej thiab tom qab kev cob qhia: Ua Haujlwm Nco

Ua ntej thiab tom qab kev cob qhia, cov menyuam yaus ua tiav cov kev xeem ntsuas WM nrog peb txoj haujlwm yooj yim span thiab ob txoj haujlwm nyuaj, saib Table 2.

Kev xeem ua ntej thiab tom qab kev cob qhia: Syntax

Ua ntej thiab tom qab kev cob qhia, cov menyuam yaus ua tiav peb qhov kev ntsuas ntsuas kev paub txog kev sib txuas lus, raws li qhia hauv Table 3. Txhua qhov kev ntsuas suav nrog ob hom kev sib tw (A thiab B) rau kev sib npaug. Txhawm rau hloov cov kev ntsuas, peb faib cov khoom hauv thawj cov haujlwm ua ob, tawm hauv ob lub versions uas tau sib tw ntawm (1) lexical zaus thiab (2) hom syntactic qauv tsom.

Elicited Production ntawm cov lus nug hauv paus

Nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm no, yoog los ntawm Jakubowicz (2006), tus kws sim qhia tus menyuam ib daim duab uas tus cwj pwm ua nrog ib feem ntawm daim duab zais. Tus me nyuam raug nug kom tus cwj pwm nug txog qhov zais (xws li, "Saib, muaj ib tug luav thawb ib tug neeg, tab sis peb tsis paub leej twg. Nug nws"). Cov ntsiab lus teb muaj cov ntsiab lus (N =3) lossis cov lus nug (N =9). Rau cov lus nug, tus menyuam tuaj yeem tsim cov lus nug nrog wh-fronted khoom (1 thiab 2) lossis wh-in siteu cov lus nug (3), uas tsis tshua muaj grammatically complex tab sis nquag heev hauv lus Fabkis.

Elicited Production of Accusative Clitics

Hauv txoj haujlwm no tau hloov kho los ntawm Tuller li al. (2011) thiab Delage et al. (2016), tus me nyuam pom cov duab hauv computer thiab teb cov lus nug uas yuav tsum tau siv 3rd tus neeg accusative clitic (piv txwv li tus kws kho mob ua dab tsi nrog tus tub? Xav teb: "il le pèse" 'nws hnyav nws'). Txhua version suav nrog 12 qhov kev sim. Cov lus teb feem ntau muaj (i) lub hom phiaj accusative clitic, (ii) lexical unit (ilpèse le garçon 'nws hnyav tus tub'); cov lus teb no yog grammatical tab sis infelicitous raws li nws unnecessarily repeats tag nrho lexical chav tsev; (iii) clitic nrog poj niam txiv neej yuam kev (xws li: * il la pèse 'nws hnyav nws'), los yog (iv) ib qho clitic omitted (* il pèse 'nws hnyav').

Complex Sentence Repetition

Txhawm rau ntsuas lub peev xwm rov ua cov kab lus nyuaj, peb siv cov kab lus rov ua haujlwm tsim los ntawm Delage thiab Frauenfelder (2019) uas xav kom cov neeg koom ua cov kab lus tam sim nyeem rau lawv los ntawm tus kws sim. Lub luag haujlwm muaj 23 kab lus, tag nrho 14 lub suab ntev: Yim kab lus yooj yim syntactically (tsis muaj embedding) thiab 15 cov kab lus nyuaj syntactically. Cov kab lus nyuaj sib txawv hauv cov hom phiaj (5 qhov kev kawm thiab 10 cov kwv tij txheeb ze) thiab tus naj npawb ntawm embeddings (ib, ob, lossis peb). Lub hom phiaj cov qauv yog li muaj ib qho kev kawm (xws li hauv 4) lossis cov kwv tij txheeb ze (5), thiab qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev kos; piv txwv (4) thiab (5) muaj ib qib ntawm embedding thiab (6) thiab (7), feem, muaj ob thiab peb theem ntawm embedding. Daim Ntawv Ntxiv B nthuav qhia tag nrho cov kab lus rau ob lub versions (A thiab B), uas tau sib phim rau qhov ntev, cov qauv sib xyaw, thiab zaus.

Raws li txoj haujlwm tau ua tiav, cov qauv uas cov menyuam raug hais kom rov ua dua tau nce zuj zus. Muab qhab nia rau kab lus rov ua hauj lwm suav nrog (i) tus lej ntawm cov lus uas raug rov ua kom raug, tsis quav ntsej txog cov lus tsis raug; (ii) suav nrog cov hom phiaj (xws li cov kwv tij txheeb ze), thiab (iii) suav nrog qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev kos (ib, ob lossis peb).

Kev txiav txim siab (ii) thiab (iii) tsuas yog tsom rau cov khoom sib txuas. Yog li, yog tias cov lus teb suav nrog cov qauv tsim nyog thiab / lossis qib kev cia siab ntawm embedding, nws tau qhab nia raws li qhov tseeb txawm tias cov lus teb suav nrog cov lus tsis raug (xws li, yog tus menyuam hais tias "tus poj niam" es tsis yog "tus kws qhia"). Cov lus teb tau raug kaw digitally. Cov kws pab tshawb fawb tau kawm tau sau thiab sau tag nrho cov lus teb, uas tau tshuaj xyuas tag nrho los ntawm thawj thiab thib peb tus kws sau ntawv.

Kev nkag siab ntawm cov kab lus ntxiv

Kev txawj ua kom tiav tau raug ntsuas los ntawm kev ua haujlwm los ntawm De Villiers thiab Pyers (2002). Cov menyuam yaus tau nthuav tawm nrog 12 qhov xwm txheej uas tus cwj pwm qhia txog qhov xwm txheej rau lwm tus. Ib nrab ntawm cov khoom suav nrog kev qhia tseeb ntawm qhov xwm txheej, thiab ib nrab koom nrog kev ntseeg yuam kev lossis kev ntseeg cuav. Cov menyuam yaus yuav tsum nco qab cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev qhuas (tseeb lossis tsis tseeb). Piv txwv li, cov menyuam yaus hnov ​​tias: "Tus ntxhais nug Dad tias Niam ua dab tsi thiab Dad teb tias niam ua haujlwm." Rau qhov tseeb ntxiv, zaj dab neeg txuas ntxiv: "Saib, Niam ua haujlwm" thaum rau cov lus qhia cuav, cov menyuam yaus hnov: "Tab sis saib, Niam tab tom pw tsaug zog hauv chaw ua haujlwm." Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si, cov lus nug yog: "Dab hais tias niam ua dab tsi?" (thaum taw tes rau thawj daim duab); saib Daim Ntawv Ntxiv C.

Tus me nyuam yuav tsum tau taw tes rau daim duab uas sawv cev rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev sib ntxiv thaum xub thawj hnov ​​(piv txwv li, piav txog Niam ua hauj lwm).

Kev xeem ua ntej thiab tom qab kev cob qhia: Nco ntsoov

Selective Attention

Kev pom kev xaiv lub peev xwm raug soj ntsuam los ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Ntuj (TEA-ch, Manly, et al., 2006), uas xav kom cov neeg koom nrog txheeb xyuas thiab voj voog cov khub ntawm qhov chaw zoo sib xws los ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm qhov pom kev zoo sib xws thaum tsis quav ntsej cov neeg cuam tshuam. Plaub caug cuaj lub nkoj tau nthuav tawm thiab 20 yog cov khub zoo ib yam. Ceev (hauv milliseconds) thiab qhov tseeb (tus naj npawb ntawm cov hom phiaj raug) yog qhov kev ntsuas ntawm kev txaus siab.

Processing Ceev thiab Inhibition

Kev ua tau zoo ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Kev Ua Haujlwm (TEA-ch, Manly, et al., 2006), uas tau tsim los ntawm ob qho xwm txheej, tau ua qhov qhia txog kev saib xyuas / hloov pauv. Nyob rau hauv tib lub ntiaj teb xwm txheej, uas ntsuas kev ceev ceev, cov neeg koom tau nthuav tawm pom kev nrog txoj hauv kev uas tus lej 1 thiab 2 tau tawg. Cov neeg koom tau raug hais kom ua raws li lawv tus ntiv tes, sau npe txhua tus lej nrov nrov (xws li hais tias "ib" txhua zaus lawv pom tus lej 1 thiab "ob" txhua zaus lawv pom tus lej 2).

Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb sab nraud qhov xwm txheej, uas ntsuas kev txwv tsis pub thiab kev hloov pauv, cov neeg koom tau raug qhia kom hais tias "ib qho" thaum lawv pom cov ntawv luam "2" thiab "ob" thaum lawv pom cov ntawv luam "1". Qhov yuam kev ua rau lub sijhawm raug nplua raws li cov neeg koom nrog raug tiv thaiv los ntawm txoj kev mus rau tus lej tom ntej kom txog rau thaum qhov yuam kev raug kho. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, cov neeg koom tau pom ob lub ntiaj teb nrog tib lub ntiaj teb txoj cai thiab ob lub ntiaj teb nrog Cov Cai Hauv Ntiaj Teb uas tau nthuav tawm raws li hauv qab no: Tib Lub Ntiaj Teb 1—Lub Ntiaj Teb 1—Lub Ntiaj Teb 2—Lub Ntiaj Teb 2. Cov qhab nia raug suav nrog lub sijhawm nruab nrab. los ua kom tiav Tib Lub Ntiaj Teb thiab Lub Ntiaj Teb Tsis Zoo.

Working Memory Training Program

Kev cob qhia WM tau xa los ntawm iPad siv tib yam Magic Memory program siv hauv peb cov kev kawm kev cob qhia yav dhau los (Delage et al., 2020, 2021; Stanford et al., 2019). Hauv qhov kev hloov pauv no, theem ntawm qhov nyuaj tau nce ntxiv raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus menyuam txoj kev vam meej. Tsib qhov kev ua ub no sib txawv, piav qhia hauv Daim Ntawv Ntxiv D, tau nthuav tawm hauv qhov kev txiav txim tsis sib xws. Txhua tus neeg koom ua raws li cov dej num tib yam (tsib yam dej num ntawm txhua qhov kev cob qhia), nrog rau cov kev sib tw sib tw zoo tib yam (5 feeb rau ib qho haujlwm). Cov kev ua ub no tsom rau kev txiav txim nco, WM hloov tshiab, thiab ua haujlwm dual.

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub cim xeeb, tus me nyuam tau hnov ​​​​ib cov lus paub monosyllabic thiab siv tus ntiv tes los rub cov duab sib xws rau hauv lub tsheb ciav hlau hauv qhov kev nthuav qhia. Qhov kev hloov kho WM yog ib txoj haujlwm n-rov qab uas cov neeg koom tau nyem ib qho khoom (ntawm qhov screen) yog tias nws tshwm sim ib, ob, lossis peb qhov kev sim ua ntej. Hauv ob txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm, tus menyuam yuav tsum khaws cov npe ntawm cov kev paub txog kev hnov ​​​​lus (xws li cov khoom siv hauv tsev, cov suab nrov, lossis cov suab paj nruag) thaum tib lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thib ob (kev sib piv ntawm cov haujlwm ntau).

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